Counter - UHlaziyo na inkcaso zendalo owatshabalalisa iYurophu kwi XVI-XVII eminyaka. Kulwa ezilahlekileyo yonke ingqondo zinkulu Catholic Church ngamandla kakhulu kwaye ukwandisa ngakumbi nangakumbi, bagqubuthele kumazwe amaninzi eYurophu ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba eVatican kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphendule nokuzalisekisa neempendulo.
sokuzuza
Counter - oko umlinganiselo onzima ukuziphindiselela, nto leyo ezijolise ekolulweni ukholo yamaKatolika kunye nokubuyiselwa entembeko iziko koopopu. Kuvuthelwa UHlaziyo yashukumisa iziseko Catholic Church, kodwa ukuba siyitshabalalise ngokupheleleyo kwaye kwathintela ngexesha kubanjwa Counter-uHlaziyo. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ezi ntshukumo ezimbini ezinamandla zimele imvukelo nxamnye kumazwe ngaphantsi obuphambili eItali, ngelo xesha abakrelekrele kakhulu urhulumente free. Ukuxhasa eli ngoluvo kukuba nomsindo lokuxhaphaza yamaKatolika iCawa yaqala eJamani emva kwentetho Martina Lyutera, ngoko ezingekhoyo France, eNgilani, Holland, eSpeyin, Czech Republic kunye neSwitzerland. Italy ngelo xesha sithiywe kangaka ukuba wonke umntu alibale ngayo indawo awazalelwa kuyo Renaissance. Counter - Le ntsabelo Italian-Spanish kubamelwane.
Eyona isixhobo i-Counter-neNguquko
Misa i ngoqhankqalazo kuye kwanceda vekela Ignatius Loyola wamaJesuit esinguMyalelo weNkundla kwi-1534. Icala Italian iye ubeke phambili iqela ofanele abantu ezinjengezo uMartin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan UGus. Mhlawumbi kwakungayi kuba yimpumelelo impendulo yamaKatolika iCawa, ukuba ngaphakathi kwinkqubo ngokwayo ayinayo nomnqweno ngumnikazi noHlaziyo kunye nokukhululwa ezonweni apho ummangalelwa bangi. Kungenxa yoko le nto Counter-uHlaziyo - oko kwakhona ngelinge ngokutsha engaphakathi Catholic Church. Ayehamba onamandla enamandla kakhulu - abathetheli akumazantsi Germany nase Italy, i uCharles V, Pope of the Holy baseRoma uBukhosi noKumkani of Spain, uPhilip II. izixhobo zazo eziphambili aba -odolo emishini, Kwamacala kunye lalikhathazwe baseRoma. I Ukuncinwa ngokwayo, ebangela kunye korhwebo kwezono ke ukunganeliseki enkulu Ukujala zabantu, yaye ngowe-1542 iye yatshintshwa yaza yaba isicelo ngqo kweqiwa.
ukuqala imicimbi
Counter-UHlaziyo eYurophu iseti amanyathelo kwi inxalenye Catholic Church ukuze ukubuyisela eliphakamileyo. Ngowe-1545 enkantolo yi liBhunga of Trent. Xa liphulo Paul III, nelalisakuba Pope, e Tridente ekuphumeni XIX zeformula Council, wehla embalini phantsi kwegama Serdikskogo. Njengoko intetho Martina Lyutera kwaye ke bambethelela odumileyo "95" bakhe emnyango ophum ibandla kucingwa ekuqaleni UHlaziyo kunye XIX Cathedral nguye kwindawo yokuqala ye-Counter-uHlaziyo. It yaphela ngo-1563 yaye akukho mathandabuzo, bomeleze kwisikhundla yamaKatolika. Enye iziganeko lukhulu yecawa, ikuvumela ukulawula kakhulu ngakumbi phezu iingqondo abemi, waye nokudalwa Index of iincwadi akuvumelekanga, kurhoxiswa kuphela 1966, kwaqhubeka iinkulungwane ezine zonke. UHlaziyo and Counter-UHlaziyo EYurophu ingcambu unobangela nemvelaphi yabo, ihleli ezinzulwini yobuKatolika ubuKristu ngokubanzi.
umoni oguqukayo
Counter-UHlaziyo eYurophu yayisekelwe ikakhulu phezu kumyalelo bamaKatolika, wadalwa 1534 kwaye ngokusemthethweni yi uPopu Paul III ngo-1540. Indlela ezenze ukuba Counter-koHlaziyo, uthi isilogeni yakhe eziphambili - "Isiphelo Mathews indlela." impumelelo yayo sachaza uMyalelo kwefowuni kunye imigca zomkhosi, ingqeqesho kunye nokuthobela kunawo, kwinqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo ye-bamaKatolika kunye nokuzinikela kwabo ezingunaphakade kubuKatolika. I-bamaKatolika babehlala ehlabathini kwaye indumasi inkohlakalo yakhe, yaye umsebenzi wobuvangeli. Kukholelwa ukuba le bangi ziincutshe - owayesakuba isono. Ngokutsho Diderot, kwempambano ulutsha Loyola wachitha kwiimfazwe uburheletyo. intshutshiso ngokungenalusini kwanokupheliswa kwasemzimbeni nabawexuki baye benza elithi "wamaJesuit" igama indlu, leyo ubungcwele ngobuqili, ubuqhophololo kunye isimilo. Kwakhona eyayenzelwa wavutha kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Omnye wabo batshiswa 1600 yi UGIORDANO Bruno.
Zonke akukho lutho
"I-Society of uYesu," Ignatiya Loyoly, owalwa ekuhlambululeni ukholo, ukuba bayeke yayikukuhambela phambili kobuProtestanti, kwaye umnike ubambe Italy, eSpeyin, Austria. E France, emva kubulawa onegazi St. uBhartolomeyu, eyabakho 1572, xa 30,000 Huguenot, nengqondo zonqulo lusekiwe anqamka. steel amaProtestanti Sweden, eNgilani, Prussia, Saxony kunye Denmark. UHlaziyo and Counter-UHlaziyo Europe - into emele iimfazwe zonqulo amakhonkco umxokelelwane omnye. Ingxabano phakathi lamaProtestanti kunye yamaKatolika iCawa wakhohlwa ukugqiba 30 kuphela emva kokuba amadoda. Uxolo LwaseWestphalia, ngowe-1648, wenza umnxeba kwi Rights ecaweni. Le nkolo entsha ingqalelo yezono ezinkulu ukonqena, bubunqene- ukuchitha. Luhambisana ngokupheleleyo capitalism asakhulayo. Abantu watyala nomnqweno wokwenza imali sisityebi, kunye nokhuphiswano asakhasayo. Sinokutsho ukuba noHlaziyo kunye Counter-UHlaziyo negalelo ukuvela ubudlelwane amatsha kwezoqoqosho kunye namabandla kokutshintsha. Eminqubeni, apho ubuKatolika abe engekawungenisi phezu kwizikhundla zabo, capitalism beza kakhulu kamva.