Periodization waseRoma yamandulo. Imihla Key and Events

IRoma ise kumbindi ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo malunga zokuhlala kufutshane iTiber River. Ababhali-mbali bathi iRoma ezavelayo BC ngenkulungwane IX. e. njengoko kwidolophana wamisa izizwe ezibini engundoqo Latins kunye Sabines. Periodization waseRoma yamandulo kuquka izigaba ezithathu eziphambili: yasebukhosini, republic futhi zinkulu.

Okwakufudula kusenzeka Etruscans

The Etruscans - an isizwe wamandulo ukuba ahlala kwintsimi enkulu losingasiqithi (Tuscany yanamhlanje). Baye udale impucuko enkulu ephuhliswe kakuhle elisingise phakathi imilambo iTiber kunye Arno. inkcubeko Etruscan waba negalelo elikhulu amaRoma, ngubani ilifa inxalenye enkulu nezithethe zabo kunye namasiko. Le impucuko kwakhokelwa zamaRoma kwaye babomelele ngakumbi kuye. Kodwa ke amaRoma yayingeyonxalenye wayichitha Etruscans. Periodization waseRoma bamandulo ukuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle Etruscans, njengokuba amaRoma basebenzisa yonke imbali ababengaphambi kwakhe ukuze udale imo enamandla.

Sokuqala waseRoma

Sokuqala waseRoma luqala kwebali Romulus kunye Remus - amawele amabini, ababuyela kwindawo yayo efanelekileyo, wamphindezelela utatomkhulu wakhe Numitor.

Phakathi II amawaka. BC. e. ITiber waqala ukuhlala ezantsi zezizwe Latin Siculo. Latina bachaza indawo yawo basezintabeni ezimbini - ePalatine kunye Veliey. Eziseleyo iinduli Sabines anazo. Ngexesha elifutshane izizwe ezibini, njengoko kulindelwe, bafana, ngenxa yokuba iinjongo yabantu yaye bayazingca. In VIII. BC. e. kwinkulungwane ye ubunye izizwe ezibini, leyo laba sisiqalo kokumkani enkulu. Iinzame ezidibeneyo yale nqaba yakhiwa eRoma, apho ibekwe phezu Capitol Hill. Ivela apha kuphuma periodization waseRoma yamandulo.

Ukuba ngaphezulu ukuya legend, kufuneka kunokuthiwa Vestal uRhea wahlala phakathi Etruscans. Isiphetho kwaba wazala oonyana ababini uthixo Mars - Romulus kunye Remus. Ngokutsho legend, uRay wayalela ukuba phosa abantwana ingobozi emlanjeni. Bawelela phantsi emlanjeni, yaye kungekudala waya ePalatine Hill, apho uyichole ingcuka. Umhla ekusekweni eRoma - 753 BC. e. Kulo nyaka, Romulus esakhiwe endulini waseRoma, yaye ingcuka sele isilwanyana engcwele iziqu.

period yasebukhosini

Umhla base eRoma laqalisa ixesha tsarist ngexesha apho ulawulo karhulumente ookumkani 7. Balawula ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Romulus, numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius noLukiyo Tarquinius Superbus. Periodization waseRoma yamandulo ngaphandle ookumkani 7 lee, kuba wabeka isiseko esisisiseko ikamva bukhosi.

Ekuqaleni, Romulus ulawula kunye Tatsiem - ukumkani Sabines, kodwa emva kokufa kwakhe, Romulus waqhubeka kulawula yedwa (753-715 BC ..). wobukumkani bakhe kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba udale wamadoda, wakwazi ukomeleza ePalatine nokumila zoluntu baseRoma.

Ukumkani wesibini, numa Pompilius, ayesahluka a ukuhlonela enkulu kunye nobulungisa. Tullus Hostilius ke kukumkani uYarebhi ngubani alwa Fidenami, uSabina kunye Veyyami. Ankh Marcius wandisa imida eRoma ngaselwandle, ukomeleza ubudlelwane kunye Etruscans. Uye bachitha imfazwe enye.

Tarquinius Priscus waba Etruscans. IRoma ukuba ahlanganiswe ezintsha ulwimi, kwezopolitiko nonqulo. Tarquin Yeengwevu landa ngabantu 100. Yena walwa nabo kunye nabamelwane, waza waqalisa inkqubo elide yokutsala iindawo afumileyo umzi. Servius Tullius ebesoloko umntu ongaqondakaliyo, ekubeni noba imvelaphi yayo igcina ingaziwa. Tarquinius Superbus, unyana ka-Tarquinius uPriska, bambamba amandla ngokubulala. Walawula kabuhlungu kwaye akuthathwa imbono Yeengwevu.

Eliwaka Tarquinius Superbus kwaye zibhuqe likaSextus Tarquinius (unyana kakumkani) kwakhokelela ekubeni eli gunya lehla. Ubukhulu becala oku kwaba njengoko patricians Latin-USabine.

Ekusekweni weRiphabhliki

Republic ixesha kunokuba elide, ngoko mbali alabe libe zizabelo ezimbini: i-Early Roman Republic nongasekhoyo Roman Republic. Early Roman Republic luphawulwa ngamandla abasebukhosini patricians, ngubani ingxelo plebs - inzala abantu wamoyisa. Le nje ukuba akukho malungelo: balelwa ukuba aphathe umpu, kwaye imitshato yabo ayibonwa njengemali ezisemthethweni. Konke oku kwenzelwa ukuba ukuzihlutha abona ukukhuselwa macala onke. Intlekele eyehlele i-baseRoma Republic kubangelwe kanye yile ngxabano patricians kunye nje.

inkqubo Republican akukho kakhulu ukutshintsha isakhiwo sezopolitiko ka eRoma. Endaweni yoko, amandla obomi-elide ukumkani abangafumani consuls ezimbini abanyuliweyo abalawula unyaka wonke. Ekupheleni kwekota yabo, loo consuls ingxelo iNdlu Yeengwevu.

Ngexesha republic ekuqaleni amaRoma inxaxheba kuthotho iimfazwe ezakhokelela ukuba kuthinjwe Italy. Kakade ngawo 264 BC. e. IRoma kakhulu enamandla isizwe sonke kwiMeditera. Ngasekupheleni Republic yabalasela kukho inani Punic iimfazwe, amaRoma ezakhokelela ekoyiswa Carthage. Nangona kunjalo, umbhodamo waseRoma Republic wakhula ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Roman Samnite Wars (343-290 BC. E.)

Roman Samnite Iimfazwe iqulathe emaxesheni amathathu, kwaye uthotho ungquzulwano. Unobangela umlo kwiimfazwe zokuqala ezimbini waba iphulo - kummandla entle otyebileyo of Italy. I-episode sesithathu imfazwe kubangelwa lokuphelisa bahlaselwa Samnites e Central Italy.

Okwesithathu msebenzi War (74-71 BC. E.)

E Rome, luya luhlangana ngokuthe chu landa inani amakhoboka, kunye nesikhundla lwabo kuluntu ngokomlinganiselo maxongo. Ezi zinto kunye ulawulo ekhohlaleleyo Sulla - inezizathu ezimbini eziphambili ze imvukelo nguSpartacus. Kwaqala emva kokufa umlawuli kwaye sele ifikelele enkulu kakhulu. Ngokuba impi yase uSpartacus waqhubeka ukufika amakhoboka engalawulekiyo, ababefundisiwe kwakusilwelwa kulo. Kwanempi yakhe abavukeli wacanda Italy yaye wayefuna wawelela kwisiqithi esasiseSisili, kodwa ukukhohliswa iipirate. Yaba isikali inani kunye nobungakanani yemvukelo, leyo lubonise isibindi ukunxanelwa inkululeko ngamakhoboka.

Ngenxa yoko, imvukelo wakrwitshwa. Watsho wawa edabini uSpartacus ngokwakhe, yaye zonke nabalandeli emnqamlezweni ecaleni Apiyo Indlela isilumkiso kwabanye.

Uyanibulisa uGayo Yuliy Tsezar

Uyanibulisa uGayo Yuliy Tsezar yaba uzwilakhe, lo unozakuzaku, wada waba Pontifex Maximus of uBukhosi baseRoma. nempembelelo enkulu ubukhosi aba kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela. Caesar yeyendlu a patrician, ngoko ukususela ekuzalweni sele benawo amandla athile.

Yena waba yezopolitiko ubuqili anyotywa abantu ngazo zonke iindlela. Oku kusebenza mkhulu, waza waba inkxaso olomeleleyo phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. ukulawulwa kaKesare kwaye ezifunwayo isimbonono bonke. Uye wabonisa iitalente bakhe umphathi enkulu zephephandaba kwi mbobo War, abakwa amaJamani.

Wenza uhambo ezininzi, wandisa bukhosi. Caesar ke lowo wengcibi yokuluka, kodwa lumka. Ababhali-mbali bathi isithethi kwakhe isipho, kuba amaxesha amaninzi wavusa umoya amajoni intetho emfutshane. Caesar washiya ngasemva imisebenzi ezininzi ziyahlonelwa of Latin iprozi ( "Amanqaku kwi leMfazwe mbobo" yaye "Notes kwi War Civil"). Umsebenzi wakhe uye waba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso Western Europe.

Fall weRiphabhliki

Ukuwa kwiriphabliki okukhulu, njengoko umyalelo ukunganeliseki endala landa. Wamadoda amandla Uyekile ukuba nobulungisa, oko buzinze ezandleni iintsapho amanene. Kwacaca ukuba le nkqubo republic asinto ifanele ukuba uhlanga olukhulu. Abahlukunyezwa abasemagunyeni engazivumeli kuphela ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, izikhalazo phantse leminyaka ubudala Republic wawa. Indima ephambili kule ebidlalwe ngumkhosi.

umbuso

Irhuluneli waseRoma, uye waqaphela yi umlawuli yokuba urhulumente omdala wabhukuqwa umkhosi (ebizwa ngokuba ngaphambili labalawuli iinjengele). I-amathathu ekhulwini lokuqala eRoma wahlala ukuze republic. Lo mlawuli ibinguye oyintloko kwi yeeNgwevu waza wabizwa ngokuba "Princeps". Ekuqaleni, uBukhosi baseRoma kakhulu lwentando yesininzi, yaye onke amandla wayeselapho Yeengwevu. Umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma yaba Octavian Augustus. Wayigqiba ukuyilwa professional umkhosi wamaRoma, eyathatha malunga nenkulungwane. Amajoni kwafuneka ukuba ukukhonza iminyaka 20-25, ngaphandle ilungelo ukuqala nosapho kunye eziphilayo umxhesho rhoqo.

Julio-Claudian ubukhosi waqala kukaTibheriyo Klavdiy Neron - umlawuli yesibini waseRoma, nto leyo landiswa kakhulu imida nezinto zabo. Ngokwahlukeneyo kuyimfuneko ukuba isinye esithathwini yoMlawuli - uCaligula, wayala ezibiza "UThixo 'yaye watyala yehlelo. Wayephila ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kunye eninzi imali wokulondoloza imali echithwa xa womelo Ingxenye oluntu. ulawulo lwakhe kuye kwadala ukungaxoli, waza wabulawa ngenxa yenye yelenqe.

Okulandelayo, ngokwamandla eRoma lafika Flavian ubukhosi, leyo ngokumfaneleyo ukumela nommandla wayo kwaye yandisa imida yayo. Kwakhona, kuyaziwa ukuba uye wakha theatre yaso - Colosseum. Ke ilungelo kunye Emantla Antonine ubukhosi.

Flavian ubukhosi kunye Colosseum (69-96 BC. E.)

Le indlu iye wakha izakhiwo edumileyo - yemidlalo yeqonga eColosseum, nto leyo ephakathi iinduli ezintathu. Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo wawufuna iminyaka 8 yomsebenzi onzima. Ukuvulwa eColosseum eRoma yabalasela ezinkulu-scale isiqhazolo izilwi. mbali abaninzi yamandulo achaza njenge elikhulu-isikali open-air yeqonga kunye umbono omangalisayo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba sele enalo igama "Colosseum" kuphela kwinkulungwane VIII. Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini yegama. Eyokuqala ubungakanani kunye nobukhulu lwezakhiwo, kunye nenguqulelo yesibini kukuba lo gama livela oqingqiweyo elikhulu uNero, waza wamisa njengentlonipho yokumbulela.

In enkundleni wayithwala ngamakrele, igrishcha zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana baiting. Konke oku kwenziwa amalungiselelo leeholide, okanye imbeko zindwendwe ezibalulekileyo. Ngowe-217 isakhiwo watshayiswa umlilo kanobom, kodwa ngokomyalelo Alexander Severus ke labuyiselwa.

ubukhosi Antonine

Ubukumkani Antonine ubukhosi uthathwa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi izinze eRoma. Kwimbali Antonina eyaziwa ngokuba yi "abalawuli ezintlanu ezilungileyo". I waseRoma ngexesha ebukumkanini Antonine ubukhosi yayina. uxolo kuye ngempumelelo ubudlelwane kunye iNdlu yeeNgwevu, oko ekugqibeleni zaqatshelwa lobuzwilakhe. Ngokubhekiselele nkqubo angaphandle, eRome nkulu emideni yabo.

Ubukumkani Antonina Piya (96-192 BC. E.)

Ulawulo * uKhesare Antonina Piya luphawulwa i nokugqama nanto kwiilali ezincinane kunye namaphondo. Yena phandle kwaye ifumaneke ngamnye phantsi kwezandla zakhe, kwaye utsale ngamandla kuye abantu. imisebenzi yayo entsimini zomthetho nezobudlelwane yaba kukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane III umthetho waseRoma waqala ukuba ngu ephala. Mbusi wanceda 5 amagqwetha ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ngubani bakwazi ukukhulisa umthetho waseRoma kwinqanaba elitsha. Wabuye wasungula umgaqo obalulekileyo, nto leyo sifunda ukuba abantu pre-kwetyala ngeke babe netyala nantoni na.

Pius kwakhona waphakamisa ubume amakhoboka eluntwini, nokulingana ukubulawa njengekhoboka ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, amakhoboka wafuna indawo yokusabela phakathi kweendonga zetempile ayikwazanga ibuyiselwe abanini bazo. Mbusi wathamba bahlukunyezwa ngenxa amakhoboka zavala ubukhoboka ukuba abantwana ukuya kwiminyaka eli-14. Kwakhona wavelisa umthetho eyayisithi ukuba iintombi kukhetho kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa ungena kwisivumelwano lomtshato. IBhodi uPius ingqalelo kakhulu enobuntu, nto leyo ebe negalelo impembelelo-bulumko yamaGrike kunye ubuStoyike.

mark Avrely

LoMlawuli Marcus Aurelius ukusuka ubukhosi Antonine ikakhulu wayama postulates Antonina Piya. Mark Avrely ebesoloko wagxininisa intlonipho yeeNgwevu, ingqalelo kakhulu ihlawulwa ukuya ekunene. Wayezixhasa iintsapho amahlwempu, waba bulumko. Yimvelo kuwo yena cwaka, kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwemfazwe.

The Fall of the Empire

Ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma kwenzeka nxamnye ulungelane ngokuwa Western uBukhosi baseRoma. Isizathu ukuba ukuhlasela bakhona kwi yonke indawo eRoma. 476 ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma yaba umhla wembali, leyo kumakishwa kokugqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwimbali eRoma. Ngomhla kummandla amaVisigoth ngenkuthalo yokugqibala Ostrogoths, i Burgundians kunye abonakalisi beprophathi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uxinzelelo phezu Empire zizizwe zaseJamani nangakumbi kuphela, yaye 476 ukuwa uBukhosi baseRoma yaba apogee. Kungekudala itrone wamaRoma yaba CD amahle likhetha amaqaba.

Ubalo imbali eRoma yamandulo izele iziganeko eyoyikisayo, engaqhelekanga kunye wamagazi. Kodwa emva kokungena onke la manyathelo, eRome kwakungayi kuba ubukhosi enamandla, nto leyo nako kuba negalelo elikhulu phezu kwelimiweyo liphela. Ushiye inani elikhulu ezikhumbuzo yenkcubeko, kwakunye angathethekiyo kwabalawuli okusemandleni alo, zobulumko.