20 Congress of the Party kunye nexabiso layo. ingxelo Nikity Hruscheva "Kwi Nonqulo Personality and Imiphumo yayo '

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev isahleli amanani kakhulu qembu kwaye ludale kwimbali Russian. Loko Kwathi babizwa ngokuba "nobudlelwane" kwi neentlobano kunye nehlabathi nkulu, kodwa, kwangaxeshanye, ihlabathi kwenyama nozipho yemfazwe yenyukliya. Weza amandla, ukuba nasekuthandweni Stalin, kodwa emva kokufa yokugqibela wagalela ludaka ukusuka entloko ukuya toe, kokuba ufunde ingxelo ngayo ukunqulwa ubuntu kunye neziphumo zawo.

I. V. Stalin, okanye noko kuthethwa "ubuntu yoluntu"

Xa kujongwa umba olunzima, nto leyo ibonisa impembelelo ulwazi ngeziphumo umntu omnye kwi uphuhliso lwangaphakathi nangaphandle kurhulumente, nanku umbuzo, yintoni na lo mntu? Kweli hlabathi namhlanje kukholelwa ukuba umntu omnye ayikwazi ukutshintsha uphuhliso lonke eli lizwe kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Noko ke, ukuba ezinye iintlobo ezikhoyo amandla kuba kunokwenzeka, ingakumbi xa loo mntu uneempawu eziphakamileyo volitional ezikuvumela ukuba ukukhuthaza izimvo zabo, ie, "Hlala kumgca."

Ukuqalisa evela 20, esemantloko karhulumente Soviet bajamelana ubuntu eyomeleleyo - I. V. Stalin. Wakwazi ukuqhuba imigudu yayo utshintsho kakuhle kakhulu ukuze kwakhiwe wolawulo yileyo. Zonke amandla kule meko yaba ezandleni ubunkokheli beqela, kwaye inkokheli ibe 'phantsi ukwesona "ukusuka Stalin ngokwakhe. Kuba phantse 30 iminyaka ixesha iSoviet wakwazi ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo amanqwanqwa zopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye nezentlalo zelizwe. Kufuneka wavuma, waba kakhulu. Kodwa oku kakhulu akazange nje izibakala ezintle. Kubekho eyoyikekayo, zenkohlakalo ngokungenabuntu, leyo kunzima ukufumana izaba.

Nikita Khrushchev zonke ezi izinto ezimbi yomsebenzi wayo zezopolitiko Ukuveza yonke; kunye "bangaphandle '" yakhe ", kangangokuba elidluleyo uyavuya kakhulu yaye ihlombe. Ngelo efanayo kakhulu eSoviet Union iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu umonakalo ngaphakathi elizweni.

Ekubeni kokufa kukaStalin sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-60. Eli xesha kakhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze babone kwindawo yayo kwimbali elimiweyo sikatata. Ixesha uyaqhubeka phandle "umgqomo ezineengongoma" ezahlukeneyo kwaye ihlala ibaluleke kakhulu - igalelo.

Namhlanje, kukho mbali ababhala malunga loyiso kunye negalelo Stalin kuphuhliso ukuphakama, wabulawa emlilweni yemfazwe yamakhaya, urhulumente Russian. Ngoko ke, ngoku lixesha lokuba ukuvavanya Stalin wokwenene njengomntu wonke. Ukuba uyakhumbula uPetros mna, ukuba kwenzeka xa lo mthetho na encinane, kodwa ke imbali yelizwe yena iqhawe lesizwe, vyvevshim Russia kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kule minyaka, Stalin naye liqhawe, kodwa kufuneka uye kwezinye kwixesha elingenammiselo.

kohlanga

20 Congress of the qembu omnye elifutshane iziganeko zembali nempembelelo enkulu ngamazwe kwezopolitiko kwezopolitiko malunga zonke izinto oluntu ezimbalwa - kunye namagunya oko, yaye abemi abaqhelekileyo. Oku kukhokelele kwiinguqu ezimandla kurhulumente likhulu - USSR. Kodwa leyo ndawo yale ngxelo yembali?

Izwe lase ulawulo ngokupheleleyo iyonke. Le urhulumente makangenelele nkqu kwimicimbi yobuqu nawuphi na ummi. Yaye umntu obambe isikhundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente, angabi nako kubakho inzolo yobomi bakhe kwaye nasemsebenzini, kunye nentsapho yakhe.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, kunye imi- 20-lwekhulu XX, abasemagunyeni eSoviet watshabalalisa amandla yonke yenkcubeko yoluntu xa kuphuhliswa kakhulu. Ngaloo minyaka kwakukho kohlanga lokwenyani inkcubeko karhulumente Russian. Osesikhundleni yatshatyalaliswa njengeklasi. Abefundisi ivalwa - shot, wamxhoma, wabethwa ekufeni, amashumi, amakhulu namawaka kwilizwe liphela. Enterprise, njengoko uphawu iimpawu zomntu, ukuba ndingabatshabalalisi neengcambu - oohlohlesakhe kunye nabalimi bezinhanha wathi amanqindi, wathabatha ilifa yabantu 'ubutyebi. " Anikwa kwi inceba sikhanyise ngamandla abasebenzi. isabelo Ingonyama ngayo amathuba ngokwasengqondweni, ayeba ubukhosi Russian, "sabetha 'ukuya eNtshona. ababhali Russian kunye izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ilizwe labo yesibini "apho" aphesheya, kude ngoloyiko ebomvu. Stalin, njengoko amagosa aphezulu ngurhulumente omtsha, emehlweni inxaxheba kulo, ngoko ke XX Congress of the CPSU yaba zibonakalisa ubunyani ukuba ikona into eyenzekayo kweli lizwe.

Yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko Stalin, "kwiStalinism"

Isiphumo kuphuhliso ngentla yaba avareji jikelele oluntu. Kwaye hayi kuphela ngokwemigaqo eziphathekayo, kodwa emva kweenkcubeko ngokwasengqondweni. Ukuphikiswa ekupheleni 30 abazange ukuba athi - nje wayengekho apho. Bonke abemi wabagxotha kuyo intloko ukuchaneka indlela anyuliweyo uphuhliso Communist Party. Abemi ngokwayo ukubulala naziphi na amathandabuzo malunga semthethweni amanyathelo. Bekukho ulawulo ongabhalwanga etafileni lokuphakamisa umbulelo "ngenxa Stalin", nabo bonke bamlandela. Nakubhalwa kwakuyingozi ukuba ukuqikelela into apho "ukuthatha", kwaba nzima. Ngokubhekiselele koku, kunokwenzeka ukuba i bhalo malunga ngaloo mihla;

"Hlala, ezintathu camera.

- Kutheni wabeka?

- Joke wamxelela. Kwaye wena?

- I wayephulaphule bhalo.

- uQabane, kwaye ngapha apha?

- Ngokuba ivila! Ngaba kule nkampani, ndeva bhalo. Ndaya ekhaya yaye wathi: ukuba ingxelo okanye ingxelo. Eyonqenayo, hayi ngxelo. Yaye ngubani na amavila kakhulu. "

Kakade ke, i bhalo. Kodwa njengoko bathi, inxalenye nje a joke kuzo zonke joke apho. Nangona izigidi zabantu kule nkampu. Ukuba akukho njalo, phantse yonke intsapho ilahlekelwe ngamandla umntu evela kumalungu azo. Kodwa akukho zange ndixelele nabani na ngayo. Kwakuyingozi ukuvula umlomo wakhe, kwakhona. 20 Congress of the qembu ingongoma kuwo, kukho ithuba lokuba ingxoxo siphambuka, ingakumbi Stalin.

On mbono isakhiwo nje omkhulu kaStalin - ezolimo, ishishini phambili ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Yonke hung iipowusta kunye abavuya ngayo abemi Soviet neefowuni abanethemba ukusebenza.

Ukususela lonke eSoviet Union ababezahlule - ukuqapha ulwazi, labantu radio angaphandle hayi yasentabeni ngenxa yokusilela kwakhe oonomathotholo mfutshane-ngumtshangatshangiso. Ezinye eendaba zixhomekeke ideology kunye ubuxoki zizele.

akabonakalanga ukugxeka kwiStalinism esithubeni - oko ndithetha ngako, kodwa lowo wokuqala waqala ke, akubanga Khrushchev, ukuba Beria, kodwa akazange ayive into. Nikita wakhe "ukubetha".

"Pospelov Commission"

Nikita kudala uwulungiselele lo Congress. inzala yakhe encinane kuninzi ajenda kunye neengxelo akanye zabo. Yena wayenomdla umbuzo omnye kuphela - ingxelo kwi nobuntu lehlelo Stalin kaThixo. Ukuze wenze oku, Khrushchev wachitha umsebenzi wokulungiselela. Okokuqala, wamcenga lonke ulawulo phezulu imfuneko uvandlakanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho "inkokeli." Elandelwa liqela okhethekileyo lasekwa, kamva ngokuba "iKhomishini Pospelov."

Ikomishoni wathetha umba nokuvuselelwa abemi enetyala ngokungekho mthethweni lwe izixhobo USSR kaStalin. Enye amangqina ezibalulekileyo ezo ziganeko wayelibanjwa Boris yaseRhodes. Phantsi Stalin, waba i umphandi ukuba amatyala ingakumbi ebalulekileyo MGB, yaye phakathi baqhube kakuhle le nkqubo ephathelele kwi "lezopolitiko", lwenzeka kwi-40. Amazwi akhe kuqinisekiswa izothuso Stalin nxamnye nabantu babo yaye, ingakumbi, abasebenzi iqela kunye nabasebenzi bakarhulumente. Waza wacela uxanduva generalissimo, kodwa kunjalo akukho ezinye amanani ezopolitiko. Khrushchev kwake kwadingeka kuyo. Nangona yena uyazi kakuhle ukuba onke amagosa yombutho kunye neenkokeli nakwiiriphabliki womanyano banoxanduva siganeko, akukho ngaphantsi Stalin. Ngapha koko, baba ngokwenza "imida" kukhalaza yinkokeli kokufumana "imida" entsha kwabanjwa rhoqo.

Ukulungiselela le XX Congress

Amalungiselelo yengxelo Khrushchev kwi XX Congress of the CPSU akazange athabathe indawo kakuhle. Xa itshiswe ngeqondo mpikiswano malunga nomba yovavanyo kukaStalin ngokwakhe. Molotov wahlala enyanisekile kwinkokeli yangaphambili, waqiqa ngelithi "phezu kwayo yonke, uStalin ke continuer lokwenyaniso isizathu Lenin ngayo", wafumana inkxaso evela Voroshilov kunye Kaganovich. Saburov and Mikoyan, phezu koko, amangalelwe ngayo iimbono anti-zobuKomanisi yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, isenzo. uluvo Khrushchev yahlukile. Wayekholelwa ukuba Stalin wamngcatshayo olobusoshiyali, kodwa zonke iinzame zakhe zenziwa zasendle, singamaqaba. Akamntu abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, uthi Khrushchev, All Saints, oko kukuthi umntu, wabatshabalalisa bonke sivumelane nazo leyiswa ilizwe.

"Pospelov iKomishoni" lenze ingxelo isishwankathelo kulenyanga ingqalelo Stalin omenzelayo 1935-1940 gg. Kukho esinombala imifanekiso yabo inkohlakalo. Yonke idatha sele iyangqinwa amaxwebhu agciniweyo, ngoko ke baba ngaphezu ekholisayo. Ngokukodwa, ezi nkcukacha-manani ezibonisiweyo ngaphezulu kwe-1.5 million. Man wabanjwa ngenxa 1937-38., Malunga ne-700 lamawaka kubo adubule! Kukho kwakhona inika iinkcukacha-manani kokutshatyalaliswa Party kunye neenkokheli Soviet. Yonke lwalupayintiwe ngokukodwa sub-izinto zibonisa umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo le meko kweli lizwe ngokubhekiselele khomiwile, ingcinezelo kunye nokubulawa.

NgoFebruwari 9, 1956, t. E. Kwiveki ngaphambi kokuqalisa nkongolo, ingxelo sindise Elawulayo leKomiti Central. Iholo ebona oko weva, kwaye umbuzo wavuswa malunga imfuneko befunda ezinjalo. 20 Party Congress ukuba bachukumise ngokufutshane phezu iminyaka umsebenzi Stalin Noko ke, njengoko kanti, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ingqalelo kuye.

Kusuku ngaphambi kwendibano, okt. E. Februwari 13, kwagqitywa ukuba babambe intlanganiso labucala, nto leyo iya kugqithisa ingxelo Khrushchev. Kuphela 18 yombhalo yokuthetha lalungiselela Pospelov kunye Aristov, kodwa Nikita Sergeyevich akazange ukwamkela ngokupheleleyo, uhlaziyo ke waqala. Ngosuku olulandelayo, Khrushchev wabiza stenographer yaye emlonyeni eyakhe le ngxelo. Le nguqulo umxube lolwazi, "Pospelov iKomishoni" kunye nezizathu nokuvakalisa Khrushchev.

20 Party Congress

Umhla we Congress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. Malunga neeveki ezimbini kudlula esi siganeko zembali, wenza nje imini yakhe imbali lokugqibela - 25 Februwari. Naso xa Khrushchev funda intetho yakhe edumileyo eyimfihlo. Kodwa sonke ukuze. Iindawo 20 Party Congress lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe iinxalenye ezimbini ukungalingani.

I kuqala ibe iintlanganiso zikawonke-19. Le nxalenye akukho yahlukile kwezinye kwinkongolo iqela ebeziqhutywa. Njengoko umthetho, ingxelo isithethi nganye baqalisa bedumisa imisebenzi Communist Party, ngoko walandela loo ngxelo. Ndimele ndithi, zonke iingxelo babenethemba kwi isingqi kunye nokubengezela nemiba kakhulu ezintle ezenziwa entsimini iqela kwimimandla. Kwakubonakala ukuba iqela lisebenza esingenamakhwiniba. Kodwa ke, enyanisweni, ukususela ngowe-1952 yaba ocacileyo iintsilelo ezinzulu neempazamo.

Xa ubulungisa, oko kufuneka wathi, ukongeza badumise iqela nowayesakuba yinkokheli Iosifa Stalina, ezinye izithethi wavakalisa nokugxekwa. Ngokukodwa, Anastas Mikoyan wabanika uvavanyo elibi kukaStalin kaThixo "Ikhosi Mfutshane" kunye neencwadi, zicacisa imbali Enkulu Oktobha Revolution kunye nengcitho imfazwe yamakhaya yaye imbali karhulumente eSoviet. Ndimele ndithi, iingxelo ezinjalo ayixhaswa kwiinkongolo, yaye akukho nto ayimangalisi kukuba Mikoyan akazange afumane inkxaso phakathi kwabo babekho. Ayaziwa Pankratova academician kwakhona liveza iqiniso of ukuguqula yembali.

kwiseshoni esekhusini kunye "ingxelo efihlakeleyo" Khrushchev

Isigaba sesibini nkongolo saba sibi uphuhliso kweUSSR kunye noluntu Soviet. Siye wathi iinxalenye ezimbini Congress azanelanga - ngempela. Inxalenye yokuqala ezingu-11 yaye akukho ngaphezulu okanye ebalulekileyo ngaphantsi oko ayizange yenzeke. Isigaba sesibini senzeka ngomhla wokugqibela nkongolo. Nikita Khrushchev ufunda "ingxelo efihlakeleyo", apho savelisa holo kwimo wobuthongo nokothuka kakhulu. Yena achithwa iphupho ubuntu yehlelo Stalin kaThixo , waza wamenza ngumtyholwa ephambili kuphela repressions ubunzima kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiminyaka kokuhlala kwakhe ngamandla, okt. E. Kuba yonke iminyaka engama-30. Akumangalisi ke, kwagqitywa ekubeni phelisa mpikiswano kunye nengxoxo kwengxelo - kwiholo kwabakho cwaka ibulalayo kule ngxelo, yaye emva kwakhe akuzange kubekho intswahla, leyo yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo.

wazi ngokuthembekileyo kanye oko Khrushchev waxelela abathunywa, ngoxa banikwe ithuba. umbhalo olushicilelweyo beza kuthi, ukuba ukuyihlela, kwaye odiyo amakhasethi ngeli thuba ixesha alikazaliseki zifunyenwe. Kodwa kunikwa improvisation Enyanisweni, le ngxelo "Kwi Nonqulo Personality and Imiphumo yayo 'zingohluka kwitekisi, owaqala ngo ubunzima ngenxa sakho.

Isiphumo kunye impendulo uluntu ukuba i "ingxelo efihlakeleyo"

Ukuhlola ifuthe intetho Khrushchev ngelo kwinkongolo yama-20 kunzima kakhulu. Abantu bayalibala 'ampontshwa "ukusuka kakhulu omnye komnye. De February 25, 1956, Stalin waba i "icon", nkqu ingcinga ngokusilela kwakhe ngumpolitiki ukuba kwenzeka, yaye ngakumbi njalo zenkohlakalo kunokwenzeka ezenziwe ngabo. Yonke loo nto babaxelela 20 Party Congress. ukubaluleka yayo yomlando into engalindelekanga. Kungenzeka, nkqu Khrushchev wayengenayo ingcamango yintoni umsebenzi wakhe.

Le bakhona ahlulwe Ngokwengxelo yovavanyo ibe ngamaqela amabini - omnye wenza "ukuba", yaye wacela ukuba siqhubeke ukusebenza kweli cala, inxalenye yesibini uye wenza kakhulu nxamnye nabagxeki inkokeli onke amaxesha kunye neentlanga.

IKomiti Central waqalisa ukufumana iileta kunye namanqaku, apho kucetywa ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi ukuveza i "intsomi kukaStalin." Kwakukho izindululo ezahlukeneyo ilungu ngalinye iqela ukuthetha, ngokubhekiselele kulo mba.

Njengoko izihlwele bafunda le ngxelo? Eyona nto kukuba kamsinya nje kwaphela 20 Congress of Communist Party, baqala iphulo elikhulu-abasakhasayo ukuze abantu bazo zonke iindidi nombhalo intetho Khrushchev kaThixo.

Emva koko, kwakukho imibuzo malunga semthethweni lokufumana umzimba kukaStalin ecaleni uLenin. Kwakukho iziphakamiso kwisimo olwela lukhuni, noTrotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. Ngaphandle kwabo, kwakukho amawaka amaninzi-NMMU kwi wokubuyiswa igama elihle abemi yabamba eSoviet.

Iziganeko kwegazi e Tbilisi

Ezinye zihlandlo baba iziganeko e Tbilisi, nto leyo eye yabangela 20 Party Congress. 1956 yazisa ntlekele kubantu baseGeorgia. Nikita Sergeyevich kwafuneka ukuqonda yintoni ndimalathise amagama abangenankathalo. WaseGeorgia kwilizwe Stalin kaThixo. Ngeli xesha ke ngamandla, yaba igunya ukuba yaqala kubizwa ngokuba demigod waza waba nguthixo. Hi ndlela leyi, unanamhla kuye eGeorgia kuchaphazela ethile. Ingxelo Secret ezifundwe ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1956, yaye ngoMatshi waqalisa izixholoxholo abaninzi.

Khrushchev kokuthumela eGeorgia abanamava abakhuthaza, owayeza kuba nako zonke "ekunene" ukuchaza nokwazisa uluntu. Kodwa Khrushchev wayenomdla kuyo na - walithumelayo imikhosi sazela. Isiphumo - ligazi elininzi ndichithe. Kwaye kule mini Georgia Khrushchev wakhumbula igama embi.

Ukubaluleka zembali

Ingxelo Khrushchev kaThixo waba iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, kwaba ekuqaleni nokulawulwa ngokwentando kurhulumente - zavalwa ingcinezelo kunye izothuso kumzabalazo party. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente akafuni ukunika abantu eninzi inkululeko amanyathelo. Ngelo xesha, abantu abaselula, njengoko nxalenye ngcembe yoluntu, ukuqonda iziganeko kwezopolitiko, ngokwahlukileyo. Ukholelwa ukuba ngelixa kumakhamandela elidlulileyo, lifikile inkululeko yokwenene.

Kodwa kwaba yimpazamo. Khrushchev wayefuna ukubuyela yonke umva, isantya inkqubo de-Stalinization, kodwa kakhulu ixesha, kwaye ngoku kwafuneka ukuba ziziqhelanise iziganeko ngoku, ekuzuzeni ulawulo lwentando yesininzi.

Le ubunkokheli beqela kwakhona itshintshe - ihleli ngokufanayo, kodwa ufuna kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwi ityala elikhulu Stalin kunye Beria, nokubabonisa imisebenzi yabo ukukhanya priglyadnom ngakumbi.

Isigqibo Congress ekukhuthazeni jikelele "ingxelo efihlakeleyo" Khrushchev kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho enkulu, kodwa iinkokheli eziphezulu babengayiqondi into iziphumo oku kuya kukhokelela. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ngokutshatyalaliswa kukarhulumente oluntu ukulingana jikelele.

"Nobudlelwane"

Isiqingatha sesibini iminyaka engama-50 - yee-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane XX weza kwimbali yesizwe njengoko ixesha Khrushchev obuhle. Eli lixesha ukuyijika eSoviet Union ukusuka totalitarianism ukuya into idemokhrasi efana. Ibe ngcono ubuhlobo kunye nehlabathi nkulu, i "umkhusane intsimbi" iye akubonakali ngakumbi. Phantsi Khrushchev, emthendelekweni intsha yamazwe ngamazwe eMoscow.

intshutshiso kwabasebenzi zeqela ayisenziwa, abaninzi kwabo enetyala phantsi koStalin zaye yesiqhelo. A nokuvuselelwa encinane kamva phantsi abemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngelo xesha kwakukho ileta ebhaliweyo echaza isizathu kwezizwe abancethezi, eziquka Chechens, Ingush, amaJamani kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Abalimi zaxibilika "ebukhobokeni ifama nemibutho" lancipha isonto. Abantu bayithabatha optimistically, apho waba negalelo omhle kuqoqosho. Kulo lonke eli lizwe waqala ukwakha olusebenzayo kwiindawo zokuhlala. Nanamhla oku, akukho namnye eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe awayesakuba Union of mzi, apho kukho ubuncinane enye "Khrushchev".

20 Party Congress isiganeko nje vnutrisovetskogo isikali, kodwa ngamazwe. Kuba intetho kule nkongolo, Khrushchev nje eninzi - iziganeko isiHungary, kwabulawa e Tbilisi kunye Novocherkassk, unqulo West, inxaxheba wakhe inxaxheba izenzo ingcinezelo ngexesha lokulawula Stalin, isimo sengqondo boorish kakubi malunga nezazi. Kule minyaka perestroika, kukho nkqu isindululo rebury Nikita Sergeyevich emazantsi eludongeni yesicelo. Ewe, kunjalo, waba nani ihlabathi ngenxa enye intetho yakhe edumileyo. Oku kufana emva kwentetho Fulton Churchill ukuba ichaze ekuqaleni "IMfazwe," yaye kweso waba Oyena usembindini kwipolitiki ehlabathini.