Nxaxheba ye Iphulo Okwesithathu, injongo

Yobu nje into yasemkhosini-zonqulo yavela ebudeni bolawulo waseRoma Pope Gregory owesixhenxe yaye wayalela ukuba imvume ukusuka 'amaRoma' of Palestine neYerusalem, apho engcwabeni kaNdikhoyo, kunye nokwanda kobuKristu ngokusebenzisa zomkhosi kuthetha phakathi kweentlanga, amaSilamsi, nabahlali Orthodox ithi neentshukumo heretical . Kwinkulungwane elandelayo Zomnqamlezo kakhulu ukuba yeyobuKristu abemi aseBalti, lo kwezithandani ukwenza izinto heretical kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, okanye ukusombulula iingxaki zobuqu abo bakhokelwa kwetrone eVatican.

Zizonke amaphulo zomkhosi ezilithoba. Nizondelele ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili Third Iphulo? Table kalukhuni ibonisa amabango abo iphulo ethile wacacisa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ngubani waya Zomnqamlezo?

amalungu eziqhelekileyo yenkolo lweSithathu kumafa yawo eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka anokuvela, abathabatha inxaxheba izenzo ezifanayo ngaphambili. Umzekelo, kwi komjikelo wokuqala wawuzinyaswe French izidwangube ezininzi ixesha, lowo kunye retinues zabo lendela ezikufutshane kunye elula (kwakukho abantwana ubani ukulungele ukuya kwi "amaRoma" ngenxa yesithembiso upopu ukuze kuxolelwe izono) ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo weza eConstantinople ngo 1097 sawela Bosphorus.

Ezingamakhulu amathathu Omnqamlezo inxaxheba kwenye luhambo olusinga

Inani elipheleleyo le Crusaders ifikelele kumyinge womfundi omnye kwabathathu abantu kwesigidi. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Alwa kufika eYerusalem, ukusika inxalenye enkulu yabantu yamaSilamsi abahlala apha. Emva koko ke kartel ngokwemikhosi yabo ulwe iimfazwe kunye zombini Muslims namaGrike, Byzantines, kunye nabanye. Bona waliseka eziliqela ithi zamaKristu eLebhanon, leyo ilawulwa urhwebo phakathi eYurophu, China kunye India logama nje kungekho umhlaba omtsha Asia kwavulwa umhlaba Eastern Russia. urhwebo Russian elizweni kwaye bazama ukulawula kunye Omnqamlezo, ngoko abaxhasi intshukumo emkhosini-zonqulo nto iyeyona inde okanye ugcinwe kwi aseBalti.

Edessa yaMandulo benyhwalaza imfazwe

Nxaxheba ye Iphulo yesiThathu (1147-1149) Enyanisweni inxaxheba yesibini yenkolo. Esi siganeko kwakhona luqala ukufika eConstantinople, uKumkani Conrad German kunye namajoni akhe 1147. Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze sihlandlo sesibini neemeko kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele yaba kukuba lo impucuko Muslim baba ngakumbi yaye baqalisa ukubuyela ngaphambili kuye wathimba elizweni. Ngokukodwa, oko yathinjwa Edessa, wafa iYerusalem, Korol Fulk, naye ukuma eFransi, kunye nentombi yakhe nako ukunika ukhuselo olwaneleyo izilangazelelo ngenxa yemvukelo ka akhonze.

St. Bernard wabasikelela amaJamani kunye French ezisendleleni

Abathathi-nxaxheba kule Impi lweSithathu (eneneni yesibini, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-12) zalungiselelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye. Bekucingelwa ukuba kuye ukuba enze ngokubonakalayo Pope Eugene wesithathu, leyo, Noko ke, ngelo ukuba buthathaka xesha njengoko igunya izinto lwentando yesininzi Italy (phantsi kolwalathiso Arnold of Brescia). umlawuli French Louis i seSixhenxe, a knight lomoya, kakhulu, benze ezinye ukuhla, ngoxa phulo lakhe zange bongani Pope egameni St. Bernard, ngubani na okunike intshumayelo ngemfuneko ukukhulula ingcwaba oyiNgcwele 1146, abantu ophakathi kunye nakumazantsi France neyoyikekayo. amalungu 3 Iphulo (mbali bathi kuye okwesibini) wavela eFrance abantu abangama-70 amawaka, anamathele kwindlela abantu abaninzi bahambi. Emva konyaka, St. Bernard ebizwa iliza efanayo intshukumo ethandwayo phakathi kwabantu waseJamani, xa ufike kutyelelo kuKumkani Conrad.

Ukuwela Bosphorus, uKumkani Conrad esiJamani ujongene kweelana i Seljuks, ababanga nako ukungena elizweni kwaye, ekugqibeleni, wabuyela ekhaya (kubandakanywa Conrad kunye Korol Lyudvig lwesixhenxe). The French waya kunxweme lwe Asia Minor, yaye abaninzi abadumileyo kubo ngesikhephe esiya eSiriya ngo-1148. Umkhosi Ground phantse kwi bapheleleyo zalahleka ngethuba lenguqu. Edessa, wabethwa ingabikho Crusaders kwi "amaRoma", kwakhona yoyiswa amaSilamsi, Nur ad Din wathimba ilizwe ecaleni Antiyokwe, i Kurds, ikhokelwa ngu bayayibaleka woyisa iYiputa, ubengukumkani emva Saladin odumileyo, ukubenza kunye Muslim eSiriya, eDamasko, inxalenye waseMesopotamiya.

Ukuqhubela phambili ubudlelwane eMpuma emva kokufa Baldwin wesine

Kuloo minyaka eYerusalem, imithetho nezibi liqhenqa Baldwin yesine, obeyindoda ngonozakuzaku elungileyo yaye igcinwe kakuhle cala phakathi eYerusalem eDamasko. Noko ke, emva kokufa kwakhe, omnye Gi De Luzinyan watshata kunye udade Baldwin, yazibeka ukumkani waseYerusalem kunye Saladin waqalisa ukuba bandiqumbise inyathelo emkhosini, apho loo nkokheli ingaphezulu baphumelela, akuba waphumelela Crusaders phantse lonke ilizwe.

Iimpumelelo wamajoni Saladin kwakhokelela ekubeni eYurophu kwakukho nxaxheba ezinokwenzeka kwi Impi Okwesithathu, ababefuna ukuziphindezelela kuye. Umsebenzi omtsha kwezomkhosi empumalanga yintsikelelo uPopu wakhokela Frederick Barbarossa, Korol filipp Augustus II (French) noRichard i Lionheart - King of England ngelo xesha. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uFilipu noRichard nyanya ngokucacileyo enye kwenye. Oku kungenxa yokuba uFilipu ukuba inkosi ngamayelenqe (kubandakanywa umfowethu uRichard, uYohane bengenamhlaba, owakukhupha eNgilani kungekho umlawuli esisiseko), nto leyo yayimenza umdlali yakhe IsiNgesi. Le yokugqibela, Noko ke, ubunzima kakhulu, hayi edada umkhosi wamajoni karhulumente.

Frederick Barbarossa waba umphathi ayiveze

ubudlelwane ezinjalo phakathi intloko karhulumente - nxaxheba yenkolo yesiThathu. Frederick i Okokuqala, kukholelwa ngabanye mbali, bekude kwiingxwabangxwaba ezinjalo nokulungiselela inkampani yakhe eMpuma ngokusondeleyo kakhulu. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba phambi phulo, yaye yabamba iintetho kunye baseByzantium uBukhosi, kwaye Sultan of eIkoniyo, mhlawumbi kunye naye natalie Saladin. Ngesivumelwano kunye nxaxheba koMlawuli Byzantine 3 elwela wafumana sicatshulwa simahla ngokusebenzisa izibonelelo emhlabeni kunye lonikezelo rates kwangaphambili. Hungarian Korol Bela, ngubani na inxaxheba kweli phulo, waba umkhosi Barbarossa kummandla indlela intsulungeko. Kodwa endleleni eya amaJamani baqalisa ukuba ahlasele amatutu. Phakathi Crusaders baqala ukungena abahlali bendawo abo ngamalungelo kunye nabaphathi bawo, nelenyuse inani ukungqubana axhobileyo.

Yintoni na iingxaki ezijongene nxaxheba German le Iphulo yesiThathu? Friedrich 1 wayengazi ukuba emva kokuwela Bosphorus ngoMatshi 1190 ukuba sele badinwe abantu kuya kufuneka aye eya eAsia Minor, phambi kokuba umonakalo wempi i Seljuks, apho baya kufumana iingxaki kunye namaqegu kunye nezibonelelo. King of Germany iphumelele uloyiso enkulu eIkoniyo, kodwa yelaseKiliki, xa edlula umlambo intaba Salef Friedrich belivile, baza bafa. Wonakaliswe impumelelo kwishishini njengenxalenye Crusaders kwafuneka sibuyele eYurophu elwandle, yaye inxalenye lifikile phantsi Agra (iphulo engundoqo injongo), elikhokelwa iNkosana Swabia wathabatha inxaxheba iimfazwe kunye namanye amaKristu.

URichard uFilipu, waya elwandle

Amanye amalungu aphezulu Iphulo yesiThathu (1189-1192) weza elungqingweni Agra, kwanempi yakhe entwasahlobo ka-1190. Endleleni, uRichard wakwazi ukuba kuthinjwe eSipro. Kodwa Agra, ikakhulu ngenxa ukuphikisana phakathi URichard noFilipu, waze ngehlobo lika 1191, phantse iminyaka emibini. Inxalenye French kartel koko waya kwilizwe lawo phantsi kobunkokheli ngukumkani wabo. Kodwa abanye, efana uHenry ka-Champagne, iBurgundy, uHugo et al. Ngaba ekhohlo ukuya kulwa eSiriya, apho Saladin babulala bahlulwa Arsuf, kodwa wasilela ukubuyela eYerusalem. NgoSeptemba 1192 utyikitywe Sultan le isivumelwano soxolo, phantsi amaKristu ukuba utyelele i-City oyiNgcwele kuphela nxaxheba yenkolo yesiThathu. ngoko Richard i Lionheart wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe. Malunga nama kwixesha lixa beza leTeutonic umyalelo amaqhawe efunyanwa zokuguqula kwisibhedlele waseJamani St. uMariya bakwinkonzo balungiselelwa babekwa ngendlela ngexesha ayehlasela East.

Iziphumo ze Zomnqamlezo

Yintoni iziphumo yaba States amaQela Third Iphulo? Le theyibhile ibonisa ukuba baseYurophu kunye nezizwe East, kunokuba ngaphezu abalahlekileyo kwezi ziganeko zembali. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba Zomnqamlezo ngenxa yoko kwafuneka ukuba kukufa amanani amakhulu abantu, ukuba buthathaka iintlobo zamaxesha aphakathi karhulumente, kodwa negalelo rapprochement phakathi udidi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nezizwe, ikhuthaze uphuhliso navigation norhwebo, ukusasazeka kobuKristu, interpenetration lwamaxabiso lenkcubeko East kunye West.