2 uFilipu, uKumkani of Spain: ngembali yobomi kunye nentsapho. anika umdla

Philippe 2 - King Spanish. biography emfutshane yomphathi sibonisa despotism kunye ngumkhinkqi bobuntu bakhe. Kweli thuba wobukumkani bakhe - ngelixa amandla beli lizwe.

Philip 2 Imbali Spanish

Ngexesha lokulawula lo kumkani - 1527-1598 gg. Yayingubani uFilipu 2 Spanish? Izinyanya yomphathi - uCharles V kunye Isabella of Portugal. Wazalelwa ngukumkani kwixesha elizayo Valladolid. Xa ndandityelele izinto zazo eJamani, eNetherlands kunye Italy, lo mlawuli elizayo nangoko izifundo ubutshaba. Kamva, ukungaqondani kwabo sahlanganisa kukuba irhuluneli wayengazi kakuhle naluphi na ulwimi ngaphandle isiCastilian.

ebuntwaneni

2 Spanish uFilipu wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe Castile. Uyise loMlawuli waseRoma yaye yindlalifa ukuya kwintsimi zaseHapsburg. Ukususela ngo 1516, uCharles V naye ukumkani Spain. Walawula, baya kuMntla Afrika naseYurophu. Valladolid ne Toledo baba imizi emikhulu ros filipp 2 Spanish. Usapho ngenkankulu wabona uyise. Kwimicimbi karhulumente wawufuna ukuba uCharles V kwaba njalo abakhoyo kwintsimi phantsi kwakhe. Xa uFilipu wafa unina wakhe, yena wayengekho 12. Kwiminyaka yokuqala waba uthando wendalo. Fishing, ukuzingela, utyelelo nemvelo labo imisebenzi apho kukho inzolo uFilipu 2 Spanish. I self-isenesazela kumkani baqalisa ukubonisa kwangoko ngokwaneleyo. Ndisemncinane wayebalasele yi ukuhlonela uThixo, uthando umculo. Abacebisi wafaka kuye umnqweno wokufunda. kwithala lakhe yayiba-14 amawaka. uMqulu.

Intshayelelo ulawulo

Philip 2 Spanish (photo yakhiwe incwadi enemifanekiso apho lucaciswa kule nqaku) liphuhlise iimbono zakhe kwezopolitiko inxaxheba ngqo kayise. Nangona engekho elide kunye notyelelo kunqabile ekhaya, uCharles V wazama buqu, ngeeleta kunye nemiyalelo ezizodwa ukuze ndibafundise unyana wakhe kwimiba yolawulo. Uyise Wayesoloko ethetha uxanduva olukhulu kwezopolitiko, imfuneko yokuthembela kuThixo. UCharles wabiza unyana wakhe ukulingana nobulungisa kwizigqibo bakhuthazwa ukuba ukukhusela ukholo endala, kungekhona ukuvumela ngabaqhekeki phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko.

I lokuqala ulawulo

Ngexesha Regency yakhe yokuqala (ngo 1543 nge-1548 gg.) Philip 2 Spanish yaba yeyona ibalulekileyo karhulumente. It ixhase pilot kwincam yeBhodi. Ukongeza, wayesoloko wacebisana noyise, elungelelanisiweyo imiba emininzi kunye naye. Ngeli xesha, uPhilip 2 Spanish wakhonza umsebenzi ezimbini. Kuqala kwinto zonke, wenza njengoko ibamba uxanduva. Kule meko, emva umdla kwezopolitiko, watshata ngowe-1543 ukuya uMariya - intombi umlawuli Portugal. Okwesibini, uFilipu 2 Spanish kwafuneka ukuba bawajonge ngenyameko kakhulu yonke into eyenzekayo eJamani. Ngelo xesha, isenzo iphambili kule ndawo ikhutshwa phandle uyise. UFilipu, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba akwazi ukulungiselela izibonelelo Spain-nkqubo ngakumbi eninzi. Ngowe-1547, uCharles V wawoyisa amaProtestanti. Lo mzuzu ephawulwe ekunyukeni kaKesare encotsheni bamandla ayo.

Ukufika ku Germany

Ezenzeka kwintsimi zeziganeko ubukhosi, ngokunjalo into yokuba unyana wakhe uFerdinand (umzalwana Charles), ababeprofeta iminyaka abalawuli livelana amaProtestanti, uyise kaFilipu evunyiweyo uluvo ukuba lixesha lokuba ukulungiselela yindlalifa. Wayexelelwe ukuba eze eNetherlands naseJamani. iminyaka 1548-1559 aba isikolo abatsha kumkani obalaseleyo ubomi yaseYurophu kwezopolitiko. Ekuqaleni kowe-1548, uFilipu 2 Spanish waya eItali. Endleleni wahlala yena nabantu bakhe amawaka amabini e Milan, Genoa, Trient, Mantua. Emva koko wawela Alps, watyelela Heidelberg, yaseSpeyer, eMunich. Via Luxembourg, waya eBrussels, apho athi adibane naye noyise.

Nolwazi Netherlands

uhambo Yibone mfana sakhatshwa ngemithendeleko abaninzi neeholide, apho nxalenye esebenzayo wathabatha uFilipu 2 - Ukumkani Spanish. biography emfutshane uzele ezahlukeneyo iziganeko. Ngoko ke, ukususela ngoJulayi 1550 kwada Meyi 1551 we-, yena wayekho ngelo Ukudla of Augsburg. Apha savela idibene uFerdinand (nomalume wakhe) kunye nonyana wakhe - Maximilian. Ngowe-1549, uFilipu zaboniswa Netherlands. Yibani wayeqhelene lizwe, wafunda ukwazisa kuyo. Bathunyelwe kumava Netherlands nempembelelo kakhulu sesakhiwo iipaki nezakhiwo awayakhayo kamva UPhillip eSpeyin. In kwizakhiwo ekucwangciseni ensembles lo kumkani wathabatha inxalenye ngqo. injabulo Special kwabangela womzobo kumkani. Kungekudala, ukuqokelelwa yakhe zazaliswa imizobo abaculi ezibalaseleyo. Imizobo Bosch kaThixo yedwa, kwakukho 40.

Ukulahleka uCharles V amandla

Ngowe-1551 UFilipu wabuyela Spain iminyaka emi-3. Ukusuka apho, wazama ukwenza ngokwayo, ukuxhasa uyise yakhe kwimvukelo weenkosana German. Noko ke, uCarl, ngokufanelekileyo, unyana wakhe baphelelwe ngamandla ebukhosini. UFerdinand Maximilian bakwazi ukumela iimfuno zabo eJamani ngokuchasene umgca Habsburg yaba, ngasendleleni, ngoku Spain. Ekugqibeleni, uCharles kwafuneka ukunika imperatorstvo. Noko ke, wakwazi ukufumana uFilipu impahla eItali nase-Netherlands. Territory ngabaya, yena ithathe ngobuchule ikhuselwe umtshato unyana Marii Tyudor, ngubani wayemdala kakhulu kuye. Ukuze wenze oku, uFilipu wafumana uBukumkani Naples. Lo mlawuli oselula wafudukela eLondon.

Ukufa kukayise nomfazi

Konyaka emva kokuba iziganeko impilo uCharles xa engaboni kakuhle njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla. Wazinikela unyana wakhe, kuqala Netherlands uze emva koko ukuya eSpeyin. Uyise wabhalela imiyalelo, unyana wakhe ngo-1558, ngoSeptemba, akafa eminye iminyaka emibini. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, uMary Tudor wafa. Konke oku kuye ukuba uFilipu ukuba kuza emva 1559 eSpeyin. Umlawuli ngo-'33. Ubunzima ebomini bakhe buqu, oneminyaka eli-elinesihlanu amava yezopolitiko wamenza umntu oqolileyo. Philip 2 Spanish njengoko kungekho umlawuli yaseYurophu, wayekulungele ukwamkela uxanduva ikamva uhlanga lwabo.

imigomo savela

Yintoni umlawuli yayinguFilipu 2 Spanish? biography emfutshane kumkani ubonisa ukuba uyayiqonda ukubaluleka khona, luxanduva phambi koThixo ngenxa usindiso lwemiphefumlo izifundo zakhe. Injongo yakhe wokugcina ulondolozo kunye nokwandiswa impahla zaseHapsburg ekhaya, ekukhuseleni ngokuchasene kuphangwa Turkish, ukuqulatha izinto uHlaziyo, umzabalazo kunye nabaxhasi balo ukulungiswa Catholic Church. Ngeendlela ezininzi ingxaki, sandimisa kwakhe, ziyahambelana nezo isigqibo nguyise. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kananjalo waye Okukodwa kwezopolitiko, nto leyo lwenziwa yi uFilipu 2 Spanish. Ukumkani, ngokungafaniyo uyise, owayelawula lizwe ikakhulu ukusuka kwindawo ahlala enye isigxina. Ezili phezu kwetrone, wayeneminyaka engama-2 kuphela ubudala weza ePortugal emva Ukuvuma kwetrone 1580, rhoqo uCharles V inxaxheba kumaphulo yasemkhosini. UFilipu yaba 2 eyahlukileyo kakhulu Spanish. Ukumkani wathumela nemikhankaso zomkhosi iinjengele zakhe.

transfer of yokuhlala

Ngowe-1561, uPhilippe wafudukela Madrid. Nge-1563 nge-1568 ecaleni kwakhe kwakhiwe Escorial. Yayiliziko yokomfuziselo bamandla. It is a yokuhlala, ingcwaba dynastic kunye weemonki. Nokudluliselwa kolawulo oluyintloko ukumkani wakhe enkundleni waqonda oko sele zigqityiwe eNgilani France. Ukususela ngoko, Madrid waqala ukuthatha iimpawu eyinkunzi.

indlela karhulumente

UFilipu walandela ngokucacileyo icebiso kayise, ukuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba loo nto ayimenzi abe exhomekeke Abacebisi ngabanye. Ngokubanzi, isimbo wobukumkani bakhe kubizwa ngokuba ingenalo kunye ngegqudu. Zimbalwa amalungu begazi ababetsaleleke iyunithi yolawulo central ukuba izigqibo iinjongo zomkhosi kunye namazwe angaphandle. Enye yezi bantu, umzekelo, waye iNkosana Alba. Grand Philippe 2 Spanish wabeka ngumsebenzi makhumsha kwiinkundla yaseYurophu. Ngelo xesha naye kususa ukusuka kulawulo central. abancedisayo Key eyayigcwele amagqwetha, izazinzulu ngokufuthi waba bezikhundla ngokomoya. Uninzi lwabo lifundileyo iikholeji aphambili kunye neeyunivesithi Castile.

Tips

Benze Izilawuli. Iingcebiso savela kususela kwimihla abalawuli yamaKatolika. Karl V lugqibelele ubume babo. Inxalenye imizimba waboniswa imisebenzi ngokwanelisayo capacious. Ngokukodwa, iBhunga State isigqibo miba ibalulekileyo nkqubo angaphandle, iBhodi Financial yayinoxanduva lokuhamba imali. Xa baqale umbutho ophetheyo emkhosini kwezopolitiko ekugqibeleni kwasekwa. Ulwazi lonke imiswe ngo-1483, iBhunga Kwamacala. Yaba isakhiwo iqhosha amandla engundoqo phantsi uFilipu. Amanye amaqumrhu zengcebiso sanikwa ngobuchule ubukhulu becala lwengingqi. Umzekelo, iingcebiso sokubambela yelizwe naseAragon, Castile, imimandla aphesheya. Ngowe-1555 emi umzimba elizimeleyo ophetheyo imicimbi Italy. Ekuhambeni kwe ukuvela iingxaki ezintsha wadala uPhilippe 2 Spanish Netherlands Tips and Portugal. imizimba lonxibelelwano abanalo unamandla enkundla, imithetho kunye nezolawulo. Ezi zithinteli yancedisa savela kwi isisombululo imiba eyahlukeneyo yaye zasetyenziselwa lokutshintshiselana ngeembono.

Umgaqo intsebenziswano kunye nabasemagunyeni

Philip olunqabileyo kwintlanganiso yeBhunga. Ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo thethwano zibonelela izigqibo equlunqwayo ngokuthi isibhale kwifomu iingcebiso. Njengabalamli onobhala. Kwakhona kukho amalungu eBhunga. Xa yee-, ezi oonobhala sasimanyene kwi uhulumeni. Kuye savela phantsi noFilipu ulawulo ezibalulekileyo. Umlawuli ngokuhlanganisa i izakhiwo zokucebisa, oonobhala kunye namanye amagosa anoxanduva ekhokelwa yi umgaqo "Yahlula kwaye woyise". IBhunga le ukuhlangana ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye. Amaxesha amaninzi, nkqu oonobhala kunye isangqa encinane abasebenzi khange kwaziswa ngokupheleleyo ngazo yonke imiba.

isohlwayo

UFilipu akazange akuvumele amagosa bangawutyesheli umsebenzi wabo. Ukuba nabani na yabonakala ukusetyenziswa isikhundla sakhe ukuze afumane inzuzo okanye ukusilela imisebenzi, ngoko nangoko, ndayihluthwa isithuba kwaye yasuswa kule nkundla. Loo nxi, umzekelo, ubunzima oonobhala Antonio Perez kunye Francisco de Erazo. bethathwa eluvalelweni. Ngamaxesha athile Ndayeka ukuzithemba kunye iNkosana Alba ngenxa nalwazelelelo eNetherlands. Ubanjiwe yaye Don Carlos - unyana ka uFilipu. indlalifa ukufa wasindisa ilizwe ukusuka ingxaki enzulu, amazwe kunye zasekhaya. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukungaxoli eyavela ngexesha ezi ziganeko. Ababephila UFilipu akazange nakancinane ayithandabuze into yokuba sizimisele savela abangela ukuba imfuneko kukarhulumente ukukhusela umdla dynastic. Ngelo xesha, ukuba ngqongqo yomphathi zabangela ze yezopolitiko ngokusesikweni ngabo bachasayo. Lonke elaseYurophu, waya phantsi negra igama legenda. liphezu zawo isiseko imisebenzi ababhali baseJamani Schiller ( "Don Carlos"), H. Mann, uThomas Mann.

Revolution e Netherlands

Olu qhankqalazo kungenxa izenzo uFilipu. Yena ngokuchanileyo zaziswa kwaye wamomeleza Kwamacala eNetherlands. nentshutshiso eqatha of amaSilamsi, amaProtestanti namaYuda. Dutch wamzonda sobukhosi. Konke ifumana izikhalazo yaye licela Waphendula ke imiyalelo yokuphelisa esikhova, ebonisa nceba. Kwiminyaka 1565-1567 yemvukelo wakhula. Ke uFilipu wathumela Alba - enye iinjengele kakhulu. Zonke ezihlangwini zakhe nako ukwenza uxolo eNetherlands. UFilipu wayesoloko nawuphi ukusilela. Waye ehleli yokuhlala yakhe ukusuka apho wathumela iileta imiyalelo proteges zakhe. Ngo-1581 i States-Jikelele kwi-Hague, kwabhengezwa ukuba uFilipu, ndayihluthwa nezinto zabo eNetherlands. Ngelo xesha ngokuchasene kumkani bendivula eNgilani.

"Yoyiswe Homepage"

Emva kokufa umfazi wakhe wokuqala Marii filipp wayefuna ukutshata ezihlangwini zakhe Elizabeth. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela bazitshitshisela isindululo. Njengoko ukukhula impumelelo Dutch Elizabeth wabonisa uvelwano ngenxa yezenzo zabo. Owenza Frensis Dreyk phantsi kwephiko bayahlaselwa urhulumente waseBritani malunga kunxweme Spanish. Elizabeth wathumela uncedo Netherlands - umkhosi omkhulu elihamba kunye zokudubula. Ngenxa yoko, uFilipu wagqiba ukuba ziphumeze ngesibetho isigqibo. Ngowe-1588, wathunyelwa kunxweme IsiNgesi wayenothotho enkulu - "Homepage". Kodwa kweli phulo, phantse zonke iinqanawa (bekukho 130) lahlekelwa esiphangweni, ekuhlaseleni leenqanawa yotshaba. Uxolo noElizabhete kunye UFilipu wenza. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ilizwe ehlaselwa British. kanondyebo Spanish ndiyimfe. Kwakungekho imali nokuba ukwenza ubuncinane umkhosi wokhuselo encinane.

inzala

Kuba lonke ixesha ibhodi izihlandlo ezine watshata Philip 2 Spanish. abantwana bakhe baba yindoda nebhinqa. Unyana yokuqala - Don Carlos - ozelwe kaMariya of Portugal. Yena wafa emva ukuvela lokuqala-kuzelwe umntu ehlabathini. Xa umfazi wakhe wesibini - Marii Tyudor - abantwana uFilipu wayengekho. Ngelo xesha Don Karlos wafa kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uphethwe yokugula ngengqondo. Xa umtshato sesithathu Izabelloy Valua wazalwa yintombi. Omnye kubo ulawulo kwi Southern Netherlands. Kuyinto uFilipu wazama ukwenza ukumkanikazi France. Njengoko kuba yindlalifa etroneni, baba unyana okuphela lo kumkani. 3 UFilipu wazalwa emtshatweni ne- Anne of Austria. Ntlandlolo ukuba ibiya kak Karlosa. Siyazi kwimbali ukuba uFilipu 2 bezihlala zitshintsha mistresses bakhe. kwiimfazwe ezininzi, ubuqaba ngokunxulumene ukurhweba nabemi labour iinkolelo zabo zonqulo ziye elidlavula lizwe kanye osisityebi, yayilawulwa uFilipu 2 Spanish. Ngasekupheleni kobomi ayichitha ukubandezeleka emzimbeni. Wahlakulela sifo.

uvavanyo ubuntu

Ababhali amaProtestanti namaKatolika okuluphawu uFilipu 2 ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Eyokuqala wachaza kumkani ube unjengengwenya wamagazi, bebanika kuyo ezahlukahlukeneyo iziphene. Noko ke, ugxininisa mnandi, inkangeleko yayo sisenzo. Kwintendelezo lerhuluneli kwakukho umoya nazo. ulawulo karhulumente kunye agile ulula. Kwangaxeshanye, uFilipu umxhasi kunye Connoisseur ya vutshila. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, uncwadi, ukupeyinta onamava ubudala baso. Kwaba ngexesha kwazeka kuwo ihlabathi El Greco, eli xesha inkawu de Vega. Nokugqama kwaqhubeka de kwisiqingatha sesibini kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ngokuqokelela uFilipu baba Imizobo ezinqabileyo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Sele wakhankanya uthando lwakhe iincwadi. kwithala lakhe umhlangano imibhalo Copernican ka-Erasmus. Ngaphandle Ukudinwa kaNondyebo ekupheleni kobomi kaFilipu, eli lizwe phantsi kolawulo lwakhe bangena kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele njengelizwe enamandla. Kwiinkalo ezininzi oku kukhuthazwa yi-nkqubo we uyise kumkani leyo - Charles V. Noko ke, ukungathembani, ukusola, inkohlakalo, uFilipu 2 watshabalalisa lizwe.