Ababhali Silver Age. Uncwadi iSilver Age eRashiya

Uncwadi iSilver Age eRashiya, obuyiyile ithuba kweyama-19 kunye 20, iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelifa ubugcisa yelizwe lethu. Kuba lo xesha luphawulwa ubukho iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ezininzi notyekelo, ukungahambisalani yembono ezendeleyo ezahlukeneyo nje kuphela ababhali, kodwa abe nendawo nkqu imisebenzi ngabalobi ngabanye, abaqambi kunye namagcisa. Ngeli xesha, ukuvuselelwa, zokwazisela iintlobo ezininzi neentlobo zobugcisa. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe M. Nesterov, kwakukho "kuhlolwe jikelele lwamaxabiso."

Nokuba phakathi iinkcuba phambili amanani yenkcubeko waphawula ukuba ngokunxulumene ezimbini ukuya ilifa lokudala ngasekhohlo yi Democrats yotshintsho olululo.

baziphatha

inkcubeko Art ngokubanzi kunye kwiincwadi Silver Age eRashiya, ingakumbi Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20 babeba baziphatha ( "baziphatha"), ngokuvakalisa ukholo isizathu, ukulahlekelwa siseko oluntu, ayisiqinisekisa ukuba, amava ngamnye. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye izilumko bafuna ukuba 'ukubaleka' ukusuka neenzima zobomi kweli hlabathi abayonto, amaphupha, kwaye maxa wambi eyimfihlakalo. Le nkqubo kwenzeka ukuba, ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha kwakukho ingxaki kubomi bentlalo kunye nobuchule obugcisa ibonisa kuphela.

Baziphatha idlulisela nkqu abameli engokoqobo ndlela zobuciko. Noko ke, uninzi ezi ngcinga nangoku uphawu abameli trends modernist.

Kwimpucuko kunye ngokoqobo zobuciko

Igama elithi "kwimpucuko" libhekisela iintlobo ezininzi zobugcisa zenkulungwane yama-20. Wabonakala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, ezihlangwini bayo ngokoqobo. Nangona kunjalo, le yokugqibela ngelo xesha kodwa ayehla kungena elidlulileyo, enkosi impembelelo kwimpucuko kukho naziphi na iimpawu ezintsha: hlukana "isakhelo" umbono ebomini, usetsho yaqala ukuba iindlela ngamnye kwebinzana zobugcisa.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo vutshila kwenkulungwane yama-20 iba ehlaziya, edibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

References uvule kwinkulungwane

Buyela kwi 90 iincwadi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 kuvelile ulwalathiso, ekuchaseni sigqibo ngelixa ngokoqobo. Chief phakathi kwabo kwimpucuko. Ababhali abaninzi iSilver Age (uluhlu ndlela kunye nabameli zazo eziphambili ziya kuqwalaselwa ngezantsi) iduke ngaphandle ngokoqobo. Baqhubeka ukudala, ekudaleni izinto ezintsha kunye nezalathiso.

kwimpucuko

Uncwadi iSilver Age eRashiya ivula kwimpucuko. Kukho zaye zadityaniswa iimbongi ezahlukeneyo ababhali, maxa wambi ezahlukeneyo kunene imbonakalo yabo yeengcinga yokuluka. Ngelo xesha, qala quest esebenzayo modernist, nto leyo kwempefumlelo ngasemva kakhulu Friedrich Nietzsche, kwakunye abanye ababhali Russian, ezifana AA Kamensky, MP Artsybashev kunye nabanye. Bashumayela inkululeko indalo uncwadi, ekubhekiselwe kubo ngababingeleli balo, washumayela ukunqulwa "superman", engafuni evela siseko yezentlalo yokuziphatha.

imifuziselo

Njengoko indlela olube eRashiya ethathe imilo Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20. Bucala "abadala" le Symbolists, eziquka Brusov, F. Sologub, uKonstantin Balmont, Z. Gippius, kunye nabanye aba nayiqalayo ukwenza kweli cala. Kumalungu junior zibandakanye ababhali Silver Age of Andrei Bely, V. ivanov, S. Soloviev, Blok, kunye nabanye. Iziseko yeengcingane nobugcisa bulumko kulo mbutho baba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho V.Bryusov umqondiso oko nje obugcisa, kunye Merezhkovsky wathabatha njengesiseko of Christianity; Vyacheslav ivanov yayisekelwe bayo kunye bulumko lidala ukuya ekuqhekezeni Nietzsche, kunye A. White awayezithanda imisebenzi Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant, Solovyov. Xa engundoqo ekucingwa ngayo symbolists "abancinane" yi ifilosofi Vladimir Soloviev kunye nengcamango ukuza Ngabasetyhini ongunaPhakade iTestamente yesiThathu.

Symbolists yashiya ilifa zombini imibongo iprozi, nedrama. Kodwa kwakukho uphawu ngakumbi kwisihobe kwiimeko ezininzi neentlobo ukuba umsebenzi ababhali ezininzi Silver Age, umsebenzi kweli cala.

vy Bruce

Creativity vy Bryusov (1873-1924 gg.) Kuye ezahlukeneyo nezinto eceleni. Iziganeko olululo 1905 kwabangela ukuvelela luze lumakishwe sisiqalo ukunxaxha olube wembongi. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela omtsha Bruce wakhetha ngoko nangoko, kwakunye sengqondo buvumela ukuba revolution, nto leyo ziyaphikisana kakhulu. ngovuyo imbongi yamkele bezimpi, ngokwembono yakhe, kwafuneka ukuba alihlambulule eRashiya imigaqo ezindala kunye neenkolelo buziphelise kwihlabathi elidala. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe, waza waphawula ukuba la mandla elemental Ngulotshangazisa imbuqo. "Breaking - Ndiyakuba nani ukwakha -! Hayi" - VJ wabhala Bruce.

Ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe luphawulwa ekufuneni ulwazi lwenzululwazi ebomini, kukho umdla kwimbali, nto leyo kwabelwana ngamanye ababhali iSilver Age (kuluhlu abameli nemifuziselo liye elikhankanywe ngasentla).

ngokoqobo

eziphikisanayo eceleni uphawu ngexesha xa iyonke, sele abachaphazelekayo kwaye kwezinye ababhali realist. Ngokomzekelo, xa umsebenzi L. Andreev zazibonisa ukunxaxha migaqo ngokwenene.

Kodwa ngokoqobo iyonke alukapheli. Uncwadi kwiimbongi Silver Age aphuma ngokoqobo, iye igcinwe le ulwalathiso. Ziyahlelwa umntu oqhelekileyo, iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, ubomi ngeendlela ezininzi nangoku ibonakala inkcubeko. Enye ngabameli ezinkulu ngokoqobo ngelo xesha Umbhali Bunin (1870-1953 gg.). Kwixesha elinzima pre-revolution wadala bali "The Village" (1910) kunye "Dry Valley" (1911).

Acmeism

Ngo-1910, bekukho impikiswano olungqonge imifuziselo, yaye oko bekusoloko ingxaki. Endaweni yale ndawo kuxhaphaka ezayo Acmeism ( "Acme" in Greek - elona zinga liphezulu, lixesha lokuba okwentyatyambo). Wabaseki mkhuba omtsha uthathwa ukuba NS Gumilev and SM Gorodetsky. Eli qela kukwaquka ababhali Silver Age OE Hope, MA Kuzmin, V. Khodasevich, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich nabanye.

Ngokungafaniyo ambiguity, imiqondiso nebula, acmeists wathi ubukho bakhe inkxaso emhlabeni, "iliso ubomi." Ukongeza, Acmeist iincwadi iSilver Age (iimbongi nababhali ezithe nje zidweliswe) woziswa ubugcisa umsebenzi kubuhle kunye yaso, ezama ubaleka iingxaki zentlalo kwimibongo. In Acmeism weva ngokucacileyo iinjongo waseKorinte kunye nenkxaso nemiqathango yalo nentsingiselo yimibono bulumko. Abanye ababhali Russian ye-Silver Age wahamba emsebenzini wakhe, elisuke laba umgangatho omtsha yeengcinga zobugcisa (umz, AA Akhmatova, MA Zenkevich SM Gorodetsky).

Ngowe-1912 yena wazalwa ingqokelela "Hyperborean", apho ncwadi entsha ngexesha abazisa ngokwayo. Acmeists ingqalelo ngokwabo ezihlangwini of nemifuziselo malunga apho Gumilev wathi "wayigqiba isangqa yakhe yophuhliso", waza wavakalisa ukwaliwa yemvukelo, umzabalazo inguqu kwiimeko zokuphila, adla wavakalisa uncwadi iSilver Age.

Ababhali - abameli acmeism wazama lokuvuselela Okukodwa, ukungathathi icala, ce kunye nobugqi. Kodwa imifanekiso zabo zahlukile kakhulu engokoqobo, xa amazwi S. Gorodetsky, basuke baba "... i kumazibulo" kwaye bakhangeleka njengento engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

AA Akhmatova

Xa umsebenzi kweli cala eziwudibanisayo indawo AA ekhethekileyo Akhmatova. Ingqokelela yokuqala yemibongo zakhe, "Hosi" wabonakala ngowe-1912. Lubonakala yi ilizwi esithintelweyo, bengqondo, umxholo, wazifihla, imvakalelo kunye lyricism enzonzobila. AA Akhmatova angaphumelela ngokucacileyo ingcamango "ekwakuphila Adam," acmeists ezibhengeziweyo. Kuba umsebenzi wakhe luphawulwa thando lukhulu umntu, inkolelo ubuchule bakhe, namandla ngokomoya. Uninzi umsebenzi imbongi iwela kwiminyaka Soviet.

Ezimbini Inxalenye yokuqala Akhmatova, i "Hosi" ngasentla yaye 'seRosari "(1914), wazisa udumo lwakhe olukhulu. Babonakalisa abasondeleyo, ihlabathi emxinwa zigqutyuthelwe apho amanqaku bentlungu lusizi. Umxholo uthando apha, zezona zibalulekileyo kwaye unique, linxibelelene kakhulu ukubandezeleka okubangelwa izibakala buqu nobomi wembongi.

NS Gumilyov

Ezinkulu kwaye ezibonakalayo obugcisa, NS Gumilyov. Xa umsebenzi imixholo engundoqo le mbongi kaThixo zembali exotic, yaye ehlabelela "ubuntu kakhulu". Gumilev iphuhlise uhlobo ivesi kwaye wenze ngqo ngakumbi awabulala.

Acmeists Ubuchule ibisoloko oluchasene Symbolists, ngenxa yokuba izenzo zabo ingafunyanwa "ezinye kumazwe", elangazelela kuye. Gumilyov kuqala abandamkela revolution konyaka wabhala kamva umbongo ukufa ehlabathini, ekupheleni impucuko. Uyabona imiphumela emibi imfazwe eyayiza kuba yintlekele eluntwini. Kumbongo wakhe "Le Emsebenzini," wayebonakala kwangaphambili ekupheleni yakhe bullet yesigaba shot "ukuba zindahlukanise emhlabeni." UNikolai Stepanovich wabulawa ngenxa inxaxheba izityholo kwi counter-revolution iyelenqe.

Ezinye kwiimbongi kunye ababhali Silver Age - abameli acmeism kamva bathutha. Abanye azikhange zikwazi ukwenza njalo. Ngokomzekelo, uAnna Andreevna Ahmatova, umfazi wakhe, NS Gumilyov, akubanga Enkulu Oktobha Revolution, Noko ke, akazange avume ukuba ashiye ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ezi ziganeko washiya umphefumlo wayo ube umzila elikhulu, kwaye imbongi asiyi kuba kwaoko nako ukubuyela emsebenzini. Nangona kunjalo, lo IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic kwakhona bavuswe kuye ngokuthanda uhlanga, imbongi, eqinisekile uloyiso ilizwe labo (imveliso "Yomelela," "Le Isifungo" kunye nabanye).

futurism

Ngelo xesha njengoko Acmeism (okt, 1910-1912.), Kukho Futurism. Yena, Ufana kwezinye iindawo wayengekho eyohlobo olulodwa, vydelyalyaya iintsingiselo ezininzi. I inkulu kubo, Cubo, iimbongi simanyene V. Mayakovsky, uV Klebnikov, DD Burliuk, uV Kamensky, Kruchenykh kunye nabanye. Olunye uhlobo futurism yaba egofuturizm thaca umsebenzi I. Nowasemntla. Iqela "icentrifuge" baba wabaqalayo ngelixa ziimbongi NN Aseev and Pasternak Pasternak, kwakunye nabanye ababhali kunye ababhali Silver Age.

Futurism iye yaguqula ifomu ngoku ukuzimela geqe umxholo, wavakalisa inkululeko yokuthetha, wayishiya ngokupheleleyo ekuqhubekekeni loncwadi kunye namasiko. Manifesto Futurist "ngempama ebusweni incasa kawonke", epapashwe ngowe-1912, wabongoza ukubhukuqwa eqongeni kunye negunya elikhulu enjalo, njengoko Tolstoy, Pushkin kunye Dostoevsky.

Ababhali iSilver Age of iincwadi Russian uV Kamensky and Velimir Khlebnikov wakwazi ukuba baqhube imifuniselo ngempumelelo kunye ilizwi eziphembelele ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi kwimibongo Russian.

VV Mayakovsky

Phakathi Futurists waqala ukudala imbongi omkhulu uV Mayakovsky (1893-1930 gg.). Ngowe-1912 kwafika ukupapashwa nemibongo yakhe yokuqala. Mayakovsky wayengekho nje "lonke uhlobo junk," kodwa wavakalisa imfuneko ubomi entsha yoluntu. Vladimir Vladimirovich ndiyibona Oktobha Revolution, eveza ubukumkani 'inqatha ", lokubonakala kwimibongo yakhe" War Noxolo "," Ifu e iibhulukhwe "," Umntu "," Le Ithambo lomqolo nelembande "kwi okuphikayo yonke inkqubo yobungxowankulu wamemeza nokholo umntu.

Amanye iimbongi ababhali Silver Age

Kwiminyaka ngaphambi revolution, kwakukho nezinye iimbongi eqaqambileyo ababhali Silver Age of iincwadi Russian, apho kunzima ukuba kuthiwe indlela ethile, umzekelo MA Voloshin, MI Tsvetaeva. Creative yokugqibela ukuzimela zokwalatha uphawu ukwaliwa nezithethe aqhelekileyo yokuziphatha kunye zengqondo.

inkcubeko Russian zeli xesha yaba sisiphumo iindlela ezinkulu ezintsonkothileyo. iimpawu zayo gqolo wahlala nobuntu phezulu, isizwe kunye nedemokhrasi, nangona uxinzelelo eliphezulu impendulo kaRhulumente. inokufumaneka ulwazi kwamxhelo incwadi ( "Literature", kwiBakala 11), Silver Age ngokuyimfuneko ifakiwe kwikharityhulam yesikolo.