Pugachev kuvukela: phezulu, phantsi kwaye ubangela

Kwimbali Russian ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine II gqolo ngokuba yobudala segolide. Lilaw'la etroneni uKumkanikazi, ngathi neminqweno yayo iphambili wenguquko Petros, kanye njengoko unqwenela ukwenza eRashiya inxalenye ephucukile Europe. Bukhosi ozikhulela lempi elinamandla ukujoyina ilizwe elitsha, esekwe phantsi kweliso iKumkanikazi yokuphuhlisa inzululwazi nobugcisa. Kodwa kwakukho "yokunqakulisa senkulungwane XVIII" - ekuthiwa-n Velikaya Pugachev qhankqalazo. iziphumo zaso, kwakunye unobangela kunye ikhosi lubonisa umahluko abukhali efihliweyo emva obutofotofo age kobuhle segolide.

Izizathu yemvukelo

Ummiselo yokuqala ka-Catherine, emva kokuba uPetros III zaye lisisiqalo Ukukhululwa nabanumzana yamajoni esisinyanzelo kunye nenkonzo yoluntu. Mhlaba waba ithuba lokuba bathathe inxaxheba ebonakalayo kuqoqosho, kwaye ngokunxulumene abalimi, baba neenkosi zawo. Ngamakhoboka anikwa kuphela ityala engathethekiyo, yaye unelungelo lokukhalaza kubanini asuswe kubo. Ezandleni zenkosi yaba isiphelo nobomi serf.

Akuzange ngaphezu umyinge abo balimi aye athethwa ezityalweni. abasebenzi okubangelwa mercilessly kakubi ngabanini zam. Xa iimeko ezimbi babesebenzela inxaxheba kwimisebenzi enzima neyingozi, yaye umsebenzi ngokwezabelo ezabo engazihlambanga amandla okanye ixesha.

Hayi kuba akukho nto kule Urals kunye nommandla iVolga wavutha Pugachev qhankqalazo. Iziphumo zale nkqubo ingcinezelo yoBukhosi baseRashiya on namadlelo zikazwelonke - ukuvela yabavukeli umkhosi amakhulu amawaka Bashkirs, nangezinto, Udmurt, Kazakh, Bibles, Chuvash. State abagxothe elizweni labo lokuzalwa, ukwakha imizi-mveliso emitsha apho, ndibatyale ukholo olutsha kubo, kwezimbalwa oothixo endala.

YoMlambo Yaik

Fuse, leyo wathabatha phezu amadangatye komsindo ethandwayo isithuba omkhulu Urals kunye iVolga, waye ukusebenza Yaik Cossacks. Bathi ekhalazela ukuhluthwa yezoqoqosho zazo (lodwa karhulumente kwi ityuwa) kunye nezopolitiko (ukufumaneka kwamandla karhulumente inkxaso abadala kunye nezikhulu) nenkululeko kunye namalungelo. adlale ngayo kule 1771 zaye ngenkohlakalo nakhandiweyo, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ukuba Cossacks ukuba bakhangele ezinye iindlela umzabalazo kunye neenkokheli ezintsha.

Abanye ababhali-mbali baye bavakalisa inguqulo ukuvukela Pugachev, ebangela, kambe kunye neziphumo zawo zaye kakhulu emiselwe ngencam Yaik Cossacks. Bakwazi ukuba ndizinyathele impembelelo yayo akuyo pugacheva kwaye wenze ukuba isixhobo lwabo eyimfama impumelelo amalungelo Cossack. Kwaye xa ndaya ingozi, zandikhohlisa kuba efuna ukusindisa ubomi bakhe ngenxa intloko yakhe.

Yamahlwempu "anpirator"

Amaphaphu kwimozulu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko xesha kuye kwaxhaswa amarhe malunga ukubhukuqwa ngokucinezela umfazi yasebukhosini Catherine - Peter Fedorovich. Yathi ukuba uPetros III lilungise umthetho "Ngomhla inkululeko umlimi," kodwa akazange ukundicombululela, yaye yathinjwa izidwangube - abachasi ekukhululweni abalimi. Yena wasinda yaye kungekudala uza kwazisa ebantwini ndoyakha kwakhona ukuba anilwele ukubuya etroneni yokumkani. Ukholo abantu abaqhelekileyo kwi ekunene ukumkani, umthanjiswa kaThixo, nto leyo eye phezu amanqaku ezikhethekileyo umzimba, waye rhoqo esetyenziswa eRashiya abakhohlisi ezahlukeneyo ukulwela ngamandla.

Ngokungummangaliso basinda ngokwenene uPetros Fedorovich wabonisa up. Wabonisa Imiqondiso ecacileyo phezu kwesifuba (apho bathunyelwa imizila scrofula) wabiza iintshaba izidwangube engundoqo yabantu abasebenzayo. Yena womelela kunye nesibindi, waba ingqondo ecacileyo kunye nentando yentsimbi. Ekuzalweni, igama lakhe Emelyan Pugachev.

Don Cossack elalini Zimoveyskoy

Wazalwa ngo-1740 okanye 1742 kwiindawo ezifanayo, apho kumakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba zabakho kwenye mvukeli edume - Stepan Razin. Pugachev kuvukela, iziphumo uhambo lwakhe kunye iVolga kunye Urals njalo nje abasemagunyeni ukuba izame ukutshabalalisa kanye memory of the "yokumkani muzhik kaThixo." Sinezinto ezimbalwa kakhulu ngedatha ethembekileyo ngobomi bakhe.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev ebutsheni bakhe sahlukile Ingqondo esebenzayo kunye nesimo noko amnye ebantwini. Yena inxaxheba emfazweni kunye Prussia kunye Turkey, wamkela isikhundla sezigodlo. Ukugula wabuyela Don, ayikwazanga ukufumana umhlalaphantsi esemthethweni evela emkhosini yaye bazifihla ngabasemagunyeni.

Wayetyelele ePoland kwi Kuban neCaucasus. Kuba ngoxa wayehlala amakholwa Old ngasechwebeni isebe iVolga - emlanjeni Irgiz. Le mbono ukuba enye kwanabo abadumileyo - uyise Filaret - pugacheva ndacinga asenokuzichaphazela ngokungummangaliso kusindiswa umbusi lokwenyaniso. Ngoko ke wabuya phakathi "anpirator" inkululeko-onothando Cossacks Yaik Peter Fedorovich.

Lakuzibhubhisa, okanye imfazwe yamahlwempu?

Iziganeko elaqala ngumzabalazo ukubuya inkululeko Cossack, bafumana zonke iimpawu imfazwe omkhulu nxamnye abacinezeli yabalimi belizwe kunye iintsomi workhouse.

Kuvakaliswe egameni uPetros nkqubo III kunye nemimiselo eziqulethwe iingcamango eziye itsala omkhulu uninzi abemi ubukhosi: ukukhululwa abalimi ukusuka serfdom kunye zingenakunyamezeleka iirhafu, endowing ngomhlaba, nokuphelisa malunghelo yezikhulu kunye namagosa, amalungu oorhulumente imida wesizwe, etc ...

slogans enjalo phezu amalaphu anomyalezo zomkhosi labavukeli ayinikezele kunye nokukhula zamanani ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibe nempembelelo tsotsololo onke Pugachev qhankqalazo. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo iminyaka umlimi imfazwe 1773-75 ibe yimveliso ngqo zezi ngxaki zasekuhlaleni.

Ngu Yaik Cossacks, owaba undoqo zomkhosi engundoqo yamajoni mvukelo, wajoyina abasebenzi kunye nabalimi kuvunyiweyo nezityalo phambene, le ngamakhoboka wesakhiwo. Worse yomkhosi labavukeli kwa- Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks kunye nezinye abemi kumathafa esesiphelweni bukhosi.

Ukulawula imikhosi yayo Pugachev zinaso iinkokeli ukwakheka umkhosi kwabunjwa yibhodi wamajoni - iziko lolawulo kunye nezopolitiko qhankqalazo. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwikomkhulu labavukeli ayengenalo ukuthanda kunye nolwazi-Pugachev abathetheli, nangona izenzo ibutho labavukeli kunye kubenze wambi simelane kuwo amagosa kunye iinjengele abasebenzi ikushiye intlangano yakhe nengqondo nye, nangona kunqabile.

Baqala ukutshintsha iimpawu ukruthakruthwano yokwenene kweMfazwe Civil. Kodwa nokuqala inkqubo yembono, leyo kunokubonwa kwi "imithetho yokumkani" Emelyan, ayikwazanga ukuxhathisa uhlobo yokuphanga yomkhosi wakhe. Iziphumo yemvukelo Pugachev kamva wabonisa ukuba ukuphanga nenkohlakalo nanto ingcinezelo yabacinezeli wajika yokusebenza ingcinezelo karhulumente ngendlela efanayo - ngqiqweni kwaye kabuhlungu - Russian uqhushululu.

Ikhondo le mvukelo

kuvukela uMlilo babulawula ummandla omkhulu ukusuka iVolga ukuya Urals. Ekuqaleni imbonakalo Yaik Cossacks, ekhokelwa indoda ezizibiza akazange abangele ukuba noloyiko uCatherine. Kuphela xa ngokukhawuleza kwakhona umkhosi Pugachev xa Kwazeka oko ukuba "anpiratora" ndibulisa isonka netyuwa kwiidolophu ezincinane needolophana ezinkulu, xa bathe babanjwa - ngokufuthi ngaphandle umlo - iinqaba ezininzi emaqeleni Orenburg, abasemagunyeni ziye zakhonza into yokwenene. Kuyinto kubaphathi Ukungakhathali Akunakuziphendulela wachaza ukwanda okukhawulezayo Cossack ukucaphuka Pushkin, oye wafunda iziphumo kunye nokubaluleka kwimvukelo. Pugachev wazisa ikomkhulu Urals - Orenburg - umkhosi enamandla kwaye iyingozi, nokuphazamisa ngokobuninzi eziliqela rhoqo emkhosini.

Kodwa ngokwenene simelane sesohlwayo ithunyelwe ukusuka kwikomkhulu, Pugachevskaya libertines ayaba nako, kwaye isigaba sokuqala mvukelo yaphela uloyiso amajoni le tsar ngelo inqaba Tatisheva ngoMatshi 1774. Kwakubonakala ukuba xandzuka ka Pugachev, iziphumo kuzo ubalekela bhedengu kunye ngamava oluncinane Urals, ukuba livunyelwe. Kodwa kuphela kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Kazan mhlaba

Kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kokoyiswa kufuphi Orenburg ukuya Kazan weza 20000th Kabul Army: ilahleko zazaliswa kunama ngephanyazo imikhosi ezintsha phakathi ukunganeliseki kunye nemeko yabo. Ukuva le indlela "loMlawuli Peter III» abalimi abaninzi ngokwabo Wababela kunye nabanini, ndibulisa isonka kunye netyuwa pugacheva kunye agalelwa nomkhosi wakhe. Kazan phantse wamthoba bavukeli. Abazange bakwazi ukuba ahlasele kuphela yesicelo, apho lahlala ikampu encinane.

Efuna ukuxhasa Povolzhskoye wabanumzana, nimane abanini edge uKumkanikazi wathi yena "Kazan mhlaba" wathumela Kazan, iqela elinamandla phantsi umyalelo Colonel I. I. Mihelsona, ngubani wayalelwa ukuba ukucinezela ngokupheleleyo ukuvukela Pugachev. Iziphumo amadabi Kazan baba kwakhona ukungaphatheki kakuhle ngenxa bhedengu, waza wemka iintsalela eentloko ezaxhobela phezu kodonga lasekunene iVolga.

Isiphelo yemvukelo Pugachev

Kwingingqi iVolga, ummandla owayesakuba ngokuqhubekayo serfdom neziphithiphithi umlilo wafumana ukudla entsha - abalimi, bakhululwe Manifesto ekuthinjweni "UPetros Fedorovich," zaqhubeka zingena nomkhosi wakhe. Kungekudala eMoscow ngokwayo zazilungiselela angakuthandi umkhosi omkhulu labavukeli. Kodwa iziphumo Pugachev imvukelo kwi Urals wambonisa ukuba umkhosi yamahlwempu akakwazanga ukumelana-abaqeqeshiweyo kakuhle axhobileyo iiyunithi rhoqo. Kwagqitywa ukuba ngasezantsi, liphuma ukulwa i-Don Cossacks, endleleni yabo inqaba enamandla - Tsarina.

Kuba phezu iindlela kuyo Michelson kwabona ukoyiswa lokugqibela bavukeli. Pugachev wazama ukubaleka, kodwa wangcatshwa amagosa Cossack, babanjwa kwaye zinikwe amagunya. E Moscow, ukuqotywa Pugachev kunye noogxa bakhe abasondeleyo, ngoJanuwari 1775 wabulawa, kodwa umlimi luqhankqalazo ezikhululekileyo yaqhubeka ixesha elide.

Imiqathango, izizathu, abathathi-nxaxheba, ikhondo kunye neziphumo Pugachev kwimvukelo

Le theyibhile ingezantsi ngokufutshane luphawu lo mcimbi zembali. Ikubonisa ngubani yaye yintoni injongo bathatha inxaxheba qhankqalazo, yaye kutheni wahlulwa kuyo.

Uphawu ngembali

Emva kokoyiswa Pugachev n Velikaya sazama ukuba senze yonke kwimemori le mvukelo unyamalele ngonaphakade. Ngaba uqambe phambene umlambo Yaik, Yaik Cossacks waziwa ngokuba Urals, kwilali Don Zimoveyskaya - indawo yokuzalwa Razin kunye Pugachev - yaba Potemkin. Kodwa omkhulu kakhulu njengomothuko ubukhosi yaba Pugachevskaya nezidubedube ukuze shwaka ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo embalini. Phantse wonke isizukulwana esitsha ngendlela yaso luvavanya isiphumo kwimvukelo Emelyana pugacheva, embiza inkokeli hero, nesabasilaleleyo. Kwenzeka eRashiya - injongo elilungileyo sikweni, ubabethelele abanetyala tags, ukususela umgama ekhuselekileyo ixesha.