Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928). Ukwamkelwa Kellogg-Briand Pact

Ngo-Agasti 1928 xa ikomkhulu eFransi yathi eyamkelwa Kellogg-Briand Pact, apho amazwe Amanyeneyo wathabatha phezu kwawo isibophelelo ukuba alwe imfazwe nxamnye omnye komnye. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isivumelwano ngokubanzi yokuba ngumlinganiswa ngokusesikweni, yena ikakhulu negalelo kuphuhliso amalungelo interstate.

Imeko yezopolitiko

ubudlelwane International 1920 kule nkulungwane lokugqibela zaye zabanjwa embonweni ezimbini ludale. Eyokuqala kwezi yayisekelwe lonikezelo kunye nokukhuthazwa izimvo iPacific. Emva kokugqitywa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, apho ethe isicelo iqela ezintsha entsimini kwezixhobo ezibulalayo, ngamnye amazwe lowo noloyiso enye bavakalisa esidlangalaleni ukuba ukususela ngoku yena uzibophelele kuphela kulo ihlabathi, wabeka phambili iingcebiso imfuneko izikhali.

Ingcamango yesibini ongafaniyo lokuqala. Ethetha kulo ihlabathi, iinkokheli kula mazwe baqhubeka ukuqokelela izixhobo. Ngelo xesha linye azama ukweyisela uluntu ukuba konke kwenziwa kuphela ukwenzela ukuba kufumaneke isiqinisekiso ukhuseleko. Baveza ukuba kuphela imbangi elinokwenzeka, kodwa kwakhona emanyene zabo abafuni ukuba izixhobo.

Imfundiso yokhuseleko ezidityanelweyo

Yamkelwe phambi kokuba Versailles-Washington indlela yonxulumano phakathi kwamazwe amabini yamisela kungalingani ekuzisweni yezixhobo, kunye nezinye thethwano ngalo mba aggravates kuphela. Kodwa ke ngo-1925, amazwe baye bakwazi ukuba asayine Geneva Protocol ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo bacteriological nemichiza.

Ukongeza, i-iNkomfa Locarno, eyayibanjelwe kulo nyaka, yamkela inkqubo ziziqinisekiso imida karhulumente kunye nenani isivumelwano amagunya mutual ukuba zonke iimbambano kuphela yolamlo yoconjululwa phakathi kwabo. Kwaza kwabonakala ukuba ezi zibophelelo uvula ngokubanzi indlela ukwakha uxolo, kwakunye nokudalwa kwingcamango yokhuseleko ehlangeneyo.

Nikela Briand

Ngelo xesha lonke phezu intshukumo elitsha ihlabathi shirilos ubunzima. Injongo yawo ukubhengeza zonke iimfazwe ngaphandle komthetho. Kumazwe Anglo-Saxon le ntshukumo lalisiba yaphuhliswa. Ngoko ke, lo ke French uMphathiswa Foreign Briand, uye kumkhawulela izimvo zoluntu ngokubanzi phezulu, ndagqiba ukuba nangakumbi ekusonjululweni iingxaki aseYurophu eUnited States. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ukuba oku akwenzileyo, njengoko kuthelekiswa UK.

Ngo-Apreli 1927, Bryant asayina isibheno America. Kuyo, waza wacela ukuba benze isivumelwano phakathi France ne-United States, leyo wathi ngokuvala ukusetyenziswa imfazwe njengendlela nokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe. Enyanisweni, lo isibheno yabhalwa unjingalwazi e University Columbia, James Shotwell. Urhulumente waseFransi bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yazo sengqondo esihle uluntu ehlabathini esebenzisa esi sivumelwano, nto leyo iza kunceda ukomeleza kakhulu indawo karhulumente eYurophu.

promotion yeprojekthi

Ingcamango uMphathiswa French ivume uNobhala US of Kellogg State. Kodwa wathembisa ukuba asayine isivumelwano amabini akakho, amazwe, kwaye zithunyelwe kule isindululo zeenkokeli kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Germany waba ngowokuqala abaxhasa projekthi American.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Kellogg isindululo wadala iingxaki ezithile lwezomthetho inani lamazwe abanqwenela ukungenela luManyano Lwezizwe. Oku kwakunjalo yeSiqendu 16 st. Yathi ukuba isohlwayo nxamnye umhlaseli-ilizwe asikabi ukusetyenziswa umkhosi.

Kellogg-Briand Pact wabangela ukuba ukunganeliseki kakhulu phakathi UK Government. Yathi kwakungayi kuba kuvumela ungenelelo nakancinane nomnye umntu kwisangqa izilangazelelo zawo wesizwe. Ngoko ke, abasemagunyeni British kwangaphambili ukufotokopa eli ilungelo babo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zomkhosi kwiindawo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo lizwe.

England naye ngamandla akavumelani nesibakala sokuba inxaxheba wokutyikitywa karhulumente, akazange amamkele, kude ukwamkeleka ngoku jikelele. Okokuqala, kwaba Ilizwe entsha qumrhu, njengoko unyaka phambi kokuba ubudlelwane babo ozakuzo ziye yahlukana. Kungenxa yoko le nto iBritani wayechasa eSoviet Union utyikitye Kellogg-Briand Pact. History of Russia yaye kamva eSoviet Union, elininzi ubungqina obubonakalisa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu izinto ummelwane wayo kumantla ezinye uvalo kunye nentiyo.

Iinguqu kwisivumelwano

Kungekudala, urhulumente waseFransi thaca inguqulelo entsha ye projekthi. Ngoku ke Kellogg-Briand Pact ngo-1928 banikwe ilungelo lokuba self-ukukhusela States, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi sikhokelo yezivumelwano ezikhoyo. Iinkokheli Italy kunye Japan yamkele uhlelo lokuqala olu xwebhu kwaye balamkela njengoko intshabalalo yokugqibela kungenzeka kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe.

Kwinyanga kamva, US UNobhala of State epapashwe uyilo yayo oluhlaziweyo waza wathumela ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe-14. Kuyo, yena kuchaziwe ukuba kokukhatywa neenkxalabo amanyathelo emkhosini kuphela ubudlelwane phakathi Amandla eziye basayine imvumelwano. Onke amanye amazwe azikhange zithathelwe ingqalelo. mbalelwano eyakhiwe enxulumene utoliko ibinzana elithi "imfazwe akukho mthethweni," yathatha inyanga.

Okokugqibela, i-Kellogg-Briand Pact Agasti 27, 1928 iye ekugqibeleni ezivunyiweyo zasayinwa e Paris States izikhokelo 15. Olu luhlu luquka i-US, eKhanada, South Africa, eJamani, France, Belgium, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, New Zealand, India, Poland kunye Japan.

Yintoni kwisivumelwano

Uxwebhu ngokwayo wabumba kwintshayelelo kunye namanqaku ezimbini eziphambili. Eyokuqala yathi iqela wabalahla ngamandla ukusetyenziswa amanyathelo yasemkhosini ukujongana iimbambano ezahlukeneyo ngamazwe kunye ngamandla sizichase njengesixhobo ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Kwinqaku lesibini kuwo onke amaqela ukuba baqaphele ukuba ukusonjululwa nezomhlaba kunye neembambano isenokucinga kuphela kwiindlela ngoxolo.

amathuba

Ngaphandle 15 lithi sele ungene kwimvumelwano, Kellogg-Briand Pact ngowe-1928 wabanika igunya kwade njengendlela semi-bobukoloniyali kunye namazwe zixhomekeke. Agasti 27 I-United States wathumela 48 States hayi inxaxheba ezingxoxweni, isiphakamiso isivumelwano.

I-USSR waba ngowokuqala uluhlu izimemo ezongezelelweyo, nto leyo wasamkela isivumelwano ngamazwe. NgoFebruwari 1929, imithetho apho eSoviet Union, Estonia, Latvia kunye Romania, yaye kamva Iran, Lithuania kunye Turkey yamkelwa eMoscow ubhengeze ukuba bokha bangene ukusebenza kwi Kellogg-Briand Pact. Kwamanye amazwe, iSivumelwano bokha bangene ukusebenza ngoJulayi 24, okt kweenyanga ezintandathu kamva.

ukubaluleka

Kuqala kwinto zonke, sivumelwano kuye kwanceda ukufumana ithi eziqhelekileyo ezifana Germany kunye neFransi. Xa German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann weza Paris ukuba basayine Kellogg-Briand Pact, oko waphakamisa lo mbuzo ezinabantu ngexesha le Rhineland. Ndimele ndithi ukuba inxalenye sele yasonjululwa Agreement Locarno, kodwa aziphelelanga kule manqaku eziqulathwe iSivumelwano Versailles. Xa olu xwebhu lwakhutshwa yathi ukuba umsebenzi wayeza kuhlala de 1935. Ngokutsho Chancellor, emva kokuba kuvunywe sivumelwano phambi amabutho kummandla waseJamani benze akukho mqondo. Ngenxa yoko, ngelo xesha iNkomfa Hague , kwagqitywa ekubeni kwi ekurhoxisweni imikhosi encedisayo ukusuka Rhineland.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulwamkelo Kellogg-Briand Pact waba ezibalulekileyo zasekuhlaleni kunye yokuziphatha, kwakunye negalelo kuphuhliso ebonakalayo amalungelo interstate. Kodwa ke, nangona kunjalo, olu xwebhu declarative kuphela, abenayo esesikweni. Ukuba asayine isivumelwano, eli lizwe akuthethi saluqinisa ukuzinikela kwabo ukwala inyathelo emkhosini yaye akazange agcine i iingalo ugqatso. Ugcino iBrithani eFransi ezisisigxina isivumelwano, yaye enyanisweni lizwe ukufotokopa ilungelo lokuba alwe imfazwe xa uzikhusela.