Russian-French imfazwe (1812-1814)

imfazwe Russian-French ka-1812-1814. Yaphelela intshabalalo phantse ngokupheleleyo umkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo. Ngexesha ekulweni, oko wakhulula yonke indawo yoBukhosi baseRashiya, yaye idabi wafudukela kwilizwe Germany kwaye i Duchy of Warsaw. Esilandelayo ngokufutshane indlela imfazwe Russian-French.

ukuqala Umhla

Impi kubangelwe ikakhulu lokunqaba eRashiya ukuba babaxhase ukuqapha lizwekazi, leyo wabona uNapoleon njengoko izixhobo ephambili ekulweni eBritani. Ukongeza, Bonaparte wayonwabile nkqubo ngokunxulumene kumazwe aseYurophu, hayi kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno Russia. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala ekulweni umkhosi yezasekhaya layohlala. Phambi eMoscow wathabatha kwemfazwe Borodino. Ukususela ngoJuni ukuya kuSeptemba 1812 amathuba ezibe ecaleni uNapoleon. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuDisemba, umkhosi Bonaparte wazama ngamaqhinga. Benindifunela ukuba nizikhwebule yokuhlala ubusika ziye kwiindawo ezingezo-ungonakala. Emva koko, imfazwe Russian-French ka-1812 ukuqhubeka kokurhoxa yomkhosi uNapoleon xa iimeko yindlala kunye iqabaka.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze alwe

Kutheni kukho imfazwe Russian-French? Unyaka th 1807 elicetyiweyo eziphambili uNapoleon, kwaye eneneni utshaba kuphela lwakhe. Benze United Kingdom. Yena athimba amathanga isisiFrentshi Melika kunye India, uye wadala imiqobo kurhwebo. Ngenxa yokuba eNgilani ikwindawo entle phezu kolwandle, njengoko sixhobo kuphela ngempumelelo uNapoleon wakhuthaza ukuqapha zwekazi. impumelelo yayo, yena, kwakuxhomekeke ukuziphatha kwezinye iintlanga nomnqweno ukuba balandele ukwayo. UNapoleon yafuna Alexander Kuqala ngozalisekiso engqinelanayo ngakumbi ukuqapha, kodwa wayesoloko badibana ukuthingaza Russia sokuphelisa ubudlelwane kunye namahlakani ayo aphambili zorhwebo.

Ngowe-1810, ilizwe lethu liye inxaxheba kurhwebo free kunye States cala. Oku wavumela Russia urhwebe eNgilani ngokusebenzisa njengabalamli. Urhulumente yamkela izinga omzimba, ukukhulisa imisebenzi izithethe, ngokuyintloko impahla evela kwamanye amazwe French. Kakade ke, kwabangela ukunganeliseki enkulu uNapoleon.

ekhubekisayo

War Russian-French ka-1812 kwisigaba sokuqala wathabatha indawo evumayo uNapoleon. NgoMeyi 9, wadibana e Dresden kunye nabaphathi encedisayo of Europe. Ukusuka apho ke wathumela umkhosi wakhe phezu komlambo. Niemen, onahluleyo kwezinya Prussia naseRashiya. Juni 22 Bonaparte ujolisa isibheno amajoni. Kuyo, wayetyhola eRashiya bagxeka Tizilskogo ngemvumelwano. ukuhlasela uNapoleon wabiza hlaselo Second Polish. NgoJuni, nomkhosi wakhe ahlala Kovno. Alexander I ngelo xesha e Vilna kwi ibhola.

NgoJuni 25, ukungavisisani yokuqala yenzeka izigulane. Barbarishki. Battle kwakhona kwenzeka kwi Rumshishkah kunye Popartsah. Kuthiwa ukuba imfazwe Russian-French yaxhaswa namahlakani Bonaparte kaThixo. Eyona njongo iphambili yale kwinqanaba lokuqala yaba ekudibaneni Neman. Ngoko ke, icala langasezantsi kwakukho iqela Kovno Beauharnais (Viceroy of Italy), evela entla - Kwimeko Marshal Macdonald, ukususela Warsaw nge Bug ahlasela umzimba General Schwarzenberg. 16 (28) Ngomhla amajoni Juni Grand Army ahlala Vilna. 18 (30) Ngomhla June Alexander Ndathumela kukaNapoleon lomlawuli General Balashov nesiphakamiso ukwenza uxolo lirhoxe eRashiya. Kodwa Bonaparte wala.

Borodino

Agasti 26 (Septemba 7) ngo-125 km ukusuka eMoscow yaba idabi inkulu, emva koko kwemfazwe Russian-French waya phezu script Kutuzov. macala Force baba malunga ngokulinganayo. UNapoleon ke abantu malunga 130-135 amawaka, Kutuzov - .. 110-130 amawaka kumkhosi wesizwe wayeswele ngemipu-31 amawaka wamajoni of ESmolensk kunye eMoscow. Warriors uzinikele ntaba, kodwa Kutuzov akazange asebenzise abantu wefula kunaso. Bazenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo inkxaso - bayithwala ababuleweyo, njalo-njalo. Borodino okunene nkobe ngamajoni ye-Grand Army iinqaba Russian. Omabini la macala wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu koombayimbayi kunye ahlasele kunye nabammeli.

Council e Fili

Borodinskoe mpi yathatha iiyure ezili-12. Yaba idabi wamagazi. Amajoni of uNapoleon yeendleko 30-34 amawaka. Ababuleweyo nabafileyo waphuncuka ephangweni lasekhohlo waziqhubela embindini indawo Russian. Noko ke, abazange ukuphuhlisa ukuhlasela. Ilahleko umkhosi Russian ayeqikelelwe kwi 40-45 amawaka. Uyabulawa wayilimaza. Nam ke omnye okanye Kwelinye icala kwakukho phantse akukho amabanjwa.

1 (13) umkhosi Septemba Kutuzov kaThixo ibekwe phambi eMoscow. iphiko ilungelo kwi kwilali Fili, iziko -. Phakathi s. Zintathu. Volyn, washiya - ngaphambi s. Vorobiev. Rearguard ibekwe phezu komlambo. Setun. E 5:00 loo mini, ibhunga emkhosini zihlangene ngo endlwini Frolov. Barclay de Tolly wagxininisa ukuba imfazwe Russian-French abayi kulahleka, ukuba umnike uNapoleon eMoscow. Wathetha imfuneko yokulondoloza umkhosi. Bennigsen, ke, zanyanzelisa bethwele edabini. Uninzi abanye abathathi-nxaxheba inkxaso isikhundla sakhe. Noko ke, ingongoma ebhodini wabeka Kutuzov. imfazwe Russian-French, wayekholelwa, wayeza kuba phezu kokoyiswa uNapoleon, kuphela xa siphumelela ukugcina umkhosi zasekhaya. Kutuzov baphazamise intlanganiso waza wayalela iyindawo. Ngu ngokuhlwa ka September 14, uNapoleon Wangena eMoscow eyintlango.

UNapoleon kaThixo Exile

E Moscow, isiFrentshi akazange ahlale ixesha elide. ixesha elithile emva ukuhlaselwa kwabo mzi kwase umlilo. amajoni Bonaparte baqalisa ukubaleka mfutshane ukutya. Abantu balapha wala ukubanceda. Ngaphezu koko, siye saqalisa ukuhlaselwa yabanqolobi, waqalisa ukulungiselela ngabavukeli. UNapoleon Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ushiye eMoscow.

Kusenjalo Kutuzov iye umkhosi wayo phezu kokurhoxa isiFrentshi. Bonaparte wayezimisele ukuya imizi, hayi iginya umlo. Noko ke, izicwangciso zakhe babesifa amajoni Russian. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba aye phantse endleleni inye ufikile eMoscow. Njengoko zokuhlala kwindlela baba iimveliso efanayo, wabatshabalalisa abazange babe, ngokunjalo nabantu. Omakhanywa kukulamba namajoni izifo uNapoleon zaye phantsi kuhlasela njalo.

Russian-French imfazwe: iziphumo

Ngokutsho izibalo Clausewitz, umkhosi omkhulu ukusekelwa wawuquka 610 lamawaka. Abantu, kuquka. Amajoni Austrian kwaye Prussia amawaka 50. Uninzi abo bakwazi ukubuyela Königsberg, phantse nangoko wafa sesi sifo. NgoDisemba 1812 i-Prussia wokuqala wadlula malunga 225 iinjengele, amagosa nje 5000, 26 kunye ngamaqela amancinane amawaka asezantsi. Bexesha wangqina, bonke zikwimeko lusizi kakhulu. Ngokubanzi, uNapoleon iphelelwe malunga 580 lamawaka. Isosha. La majoni ezishiyekileyo aba ngumqolo yomkhosi entsha Bonaparte. Noko ke, ngoJanuwari 1813, imfazwe wafudukela kwilizwe eJamani. Emva koko, nokulwa eFransi. Ngo-Oktobha, umkhosi uNapoleon woyiswa e Leipzig. Ngo-Epreli 1814 uNapoleon asiyeke.

imiphumela Long-term

Yintoni na ilizwe iphumelele imfazwe Russian-French? Umhla kulo mlo ngokuqinileyo kwimbali njengendawo esitsha umba yempembelelo eRashiya ezindabeni zaseYurophu. Ngelo xesha, ukomelezwa nkqubo yelizwe langaphandle kwaye ezingahambi utshintsho zangaphakathi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ngoloyiso olumanyeneyo kunye aphefumlelweyo izihlwele, impumelelo akazange kukhokelela kuphuculo kwisigaba lwentlalo noqoqosho. abalimi abaninzi wayesilwa umkhosi Russian wahamba eYurophu wabona ukuba serfdom kwayekwa yonke. Balindele into enye evela kurhulumente wabo. Noko ke, serfdom ziqhubekile ukubakhona emva 1812 Ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, ixesha lalingekafiki imiqathango nje ngokucokisekileyo, nto leyo iza kukhokelela ukurhoxiswa walo ngoko nangoko.

Kodwa yokwanda zaseSoweto abalimi, ukusekwa aphikisayo kwi izikhulu esiqhubeka balandela phantse ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphela amadabi, nokubohlwaya badane lo mbono. Uloyiso kwi Patriotic War nje ibize ndaweninye okokugqibela abantu negalelo ngokuvela umoya wesizwe. Ngelo xesha ezingqondweni yenkitha ukwandisa imida yenkululeko, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni wombhodamo le Decembrists.

Noko ke, asinto nje isiganeko enxulumene 1812. Kuye kudala Kucetyiswa ukuba inkcubeko yesizwe sonke, yesazisi ufumene inkxaso ngexesha lokuhlasela Napoleonic. Herzen wabhala kwebali kuyinyaniso yaseRashiya wavula kuphela ukusukela ngo 1812. Konke oko ngaphambili, kuphela kuqwalaselwa i sandulela.

isiphelo

imfazwe Russian-French ukubonisa amandla bonke abantu Russia. Ngokuchasene uNapoleon I umkhosi rhoqo inxaxheba kuphela. Kwiilali nemizana Uvukile intshukumo yabanqolobi. Athathwe kwakhiwa amaqela, wahlasela amasoldati Grand Army. Ngokubanzi, ababhali-mbali baye baqaphela ukuba nothando ayikho zibonakala ngokukhethekileyo kweli dabi eRashiya. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba lizwe inani elula ngokumthi yi serfdom. Imfazwe kunye French wajika iingqondo zabantu. Inginginya lazibandakanya, waziva ubuchule babo ukuze alwe utshaba. Yaba loyiso, hayi nje kuphela umkhosi, umyalelo wayo, kodwa bonke abantu. Kakade ke, abalimi babelindele utshintsho ebomini babo. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, siye babedanile olunye uphuhliso. Kunjalo, push malunga simahla, uxhathiso sele inikiwe.