UMariya, Queen of iScots: biography. History of Queen Mary Stuart

Scottish Queen Mary Stuart waphila ubomi emangalisayo. kwizibetho zayo ezibuhlungu nangoku etsala ingqalelo.

Childhood nasekuqaleni kweminyaka

Mary Stuart - Ukumkanikazi iScots kwasebusaneni, umlawuli France (njengoko umfazi ka Francis II) kwaye enye yama- kwitrone eNgilani, wazalwa ngo December 8, 1542 kwi-Ibhotwe Linlithgow, yokuhlala oluthandayo wakubaphathi Stuart ubukhosi.

intombi Princess Marii De ngesebe kunye Scottish King James V, lo heiress kangako kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa, wafelwa nguyise. Wabhubha eselula, eneminyaka engama-30. Isizathu sokuba ukufa kwangoko enjalo lahluleka enzima kuye nokuthotywa kakhulu eScotland ungquzulwano yasemkhosini neBritani, zizigwili Ukunikelwa, waya utshaba, kwaye kokufa koonyana ababini.

Ekubeni ziindlalifa ngqo kunye osemthethweni emva uYakobi washiya, owazalwa nje, intombi yakhe, kwathiwa ngumlawuli omtsha Scotland.

Ngenxa yobudala uMariya, uKumkanikazi of iScots, wayengakwazi kunilawula, wamiswa ibamba. Baba isihlobo sakhe osenyongweni, Dzheyms Gamilton.

ungquzulwano Military ne England

History of Queen Mary of Scotland lizele ilenze avule engalindelekanga. Uyise wafun neFransi, kwaye kwi imfazwe kunye norhulumente yaseBritani. Regent Dzheyms Gamilton, ngokuchaseneyo, laphuthuma umgaqo-pro-British. Kwavunyelwana uMariya utshate yindlalifa kwitrone British Edward. Ngeli xesha aba ibekwa.

Against ezi zicwangciso yaba Queen uMama, ukukhonza neqela iingangamsha Scottish ukuba ubuhlobo elitsha neFransi. Izenzo zabo, kwakunye nemfuneko kukaHenry VIII nangoko ndimthumele kuye, noMariya omncinane, kwakhokelela utshintsho elibukhali kwi imeko kweli lizwe. beza abaxhasi amandla eFransi, yaye iNgilani wasabela ngoko nangoko kulo. Baqala ungenelelo zibe iScotland imikhosi yaseBritani. Zonakale iilali needolophu, wayitshabalalisa ibandla. abaxhasi Active of Protestantism ethethelela rapprochement ne eNgilani. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni abasemagunyeni Scottish icele uncedo ku France. isivumelwano womtshato kaMariya yindlalifa kwitrone isiFrentshi, Francis iye yatyikitywa. Emva kulo nyaka emihlanu-Ukumkanikazi iScots wasiwa eFransi.

Ubomi kwinkundla Henry II

Ngehlobo lowe-1548 Little uMariya enesihlwele esinzima encinane efika e Paris. Yena ke wanikwa ngezandla ezishushu kakhulu kwinkundla wokumkani French. Apho wafumana imfundo esemagqabini: ukufunda iilwimi ezininzi, ndafunda ukudlala Ngoweentambo ezilishumi baze bacule.

kwiminyaka eli-10 emva kokufika kwakhe France koroleva UMariya iScots kunye Francis batshata. Lo olunxantathu, omnye iimeko apho France kwimeko yokosulela of Scotland Queen bantwana, Bamqumbisa ekhayeni lakhe.

Koroleva UMariya iScots noFrancis babekunye iminyaka emibini kuphela. Emva Ukuvuma kwetrone 1559 ilizwe lakhe okunene alawule n Medichi, unina wokumkani. nempilo ebuthathaka Francis wafa ngo-1560. ukufa kwakhe kwakuthetha ukubuya kaMariya Stuart ekhaya.

Regency unina

History of Queen Mary of Scotland ifana inoveli kabuhlungu. Ukususela ebuntwaneni yena erhuqelwe zibe imidlalo kwezopolitiko ziitrone, waphila ngaphandle kwilizwe iminyaka emininzi kwaye alawule ngokwayo iminyaka emithandathu waphila short-.

Kuloo minyaka, yena xa owayehlala eFrance, endaweni yokuba ilizwe lakhe obulawulwa nonina, uMariya De ebe. Elo yaba lixesha elinzima eSkotlani. Basebukhosini baba awonwabanga kwemiqathango kumtshato Queen wabo, amaProtestanti ngokuya yaqinisa isiphumo ukuba kukhokelele yokwahlukanisa eluntwini. iingxaki Okuninzi wabonakala anyukele kwitrone England Elizabeth I. Waye ongumgqakhwe, noMariya, uKumkanikazi of iScots, kwafuneka ilungelo ngakumbi ilifa isithsaba eNgilani. Lenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: musa ukuphazamisa Elizabeth ukuba esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa hayi ngokusesikweni balahle amalungelo alo kuyo. Kodwa ngoxa Maria wenza isenzo nokuphololoza ukuba ngonaphakade ezonakalisa ulwalamano phakathi komlawuli. Ubeka phezu ingubo yakhe iingalo lwayo eNgilani, nto leyo ethetha ukuba esemthethweni.

Eyaqala ngeli xesha revolution lamaProtestanti eScotland wenza abalandeli bakhe ukuba bafune uncedo oluvela eNgilani, eBhayi ndazazisa elo lizwe amajoni. UMariya, Queen of iScots, ayikwazanga ukunceda unina, ngenxa yokuba kungekho ukusebenza, kunye n Medichi, obelawula France enyanisweni, akazange afune ukungena ungquzulwano neBritani.

Ngehlobo lowe-1560 uyafa kaMariya De ngesebe - kwaba xihinga lokugqibela kuloyiso lokugqibela Protestantism eScotland. Kungekudala emva koko uyafa Francis II.

Amazing

Ngowe-1561, uMary Stuart wabuyela eScotland. Le meko, leyo ukubetha ukumkanikazi oneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Abaxhasi umanyene France babekulungele ukuxhasa oko ngandlela zonke. Iphiko okuphakathi luza kutshintshelwa ecaleni kwakhe kuphela phantsi komqathango kulondolozwe of Protestantism kunye nokuqhelaniswa a rapprochement ne eNgilani. Le nxalenye olukhulu yabantu basebukhosini kwiKumkanikazi abangamaProtestanti wafuna ikhefu ngoko nangoko kunye ukholo yamaKatolika nokutshata wayo enye yeenkokeli zabo - Earl of Arran. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, kwafuneka senze ngokuqaphela okukhulu.

IBhodi kunye nepolitiki

Koroleva UMariya iScots, nto leyo engobomi umdla kakhulu kule minyaka wobukumkani bakhe, ukuba silumke. UbuProtestanti akazange ukwamkela, kodwa ukubuyisela ubuKatolika kweli lizwe akazange azame. Yayisekelwe kwi ibloko oluphakathi ngokuchwetheza kwizikhundla ezingundoqo zikarhulumente, uWilliam eMaitland kunye James Stewart, isiqingatha-umzalwana wakhe. Radicals bazama ukwenza amalungiselelo iyelenqe nxamnye nayo, kodwa watsho phantsi. Queen ngokomthetho unqulo lamaProtestanti, kodwa hayi yahlukana neRoma. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo uye Iziphumo ezakhayo - ebukumkanini kaMariya Stuart kweli lizwe thile.

Ukuba iingxaki kweli lizwe aqonde ngaphandle kwegazi, umgaqo angaphandle bazisa ubunzima okuninzi. Scotland Queen wala ukuvuma Elizabeth I yindlalifa ezisemthethweni, ndithembe ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo etroneni IsiNgesi. Akukho namnye kubo khona ukuya ku nghenelela.

impilo Personal

Nawuphi umfanekiso kaMariya Stuart, uKumkanikazi of iScots, uthi yena umfazi enomtsalane. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwi ingalo yakhe wayeyibhekise. Emva kokufa ngesiquphe Francis II kunye Queen abuyele ekhaya umba yomtshato entsha ingakumbi abukhali. Ejongene ngo 1565 oselula Genriha Styuarta, wawa wamthanda kunye naye emehlweni yokuqala, yaye loo nyaka wathabatha umtshato wabo. Oku kwabangela ukunganeliseki ngamandla kuphela iKumkanikazi of England, kodwa ke abaxhasi abakhulu Marii Styuart. umtshato wakhe kwakuthetha ukungaphumeleli nkqubo rapprochement ne eNgilani. Dzheyms Styuart waqalisa imvukelo nxamnye Queen, kodwa wakwazi ukufumana inkxaso wakwazi ukuqhuba abo babemenzele iyelenqe evela lizwe.

Umtshato wesibini aluphumelelanga. Ukuba umlawuli mediocre, uHenry wazama ukuba alawule eli lizwe ezandleni zabo, ukuze Maria wamelana. Ngokuthe ngcembe besakhula ngaphandle. Queen ngokuya lathembela Ngoncedo unobhala wakhe Davida Richcho, kwaye ukuziphindezela, uHenry baba zizihlobo amaProtestanti waza wathabatha inxaxheba iyelenqe nxamnye nomfazi ozithandayo. Riccio ebulawa phambi kwiKumkanikazi. Kwakufuneka enze iinzame nkqu ukuze ukubalelana nomyeni wakhe ukuze atshabalalise iyelenqe okhoyo nxamnye naye. Kodwa ubudlelwane kunye uHenry sele baphanga ngokupheleleyo. Tom yaba negalelo nokubulawa ngokungenalusini ka Riccio, kodwa ikuba entsha Queen - nesibindi Earl of Bothwell. Kwaye endleleni eya ulonwabo lakhe iqabane. Waba ukubona osanda kuzalwa unyana kaYakobi ongumgqakhwe zabo, kwaye uvumele ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka.

Genrih Styuart, Nkosi Darnley, wabulawa kukuqhushumba nomgqomo endlwini apho wayehlala khona, ngobusuku ukususela-8 ukuya ku-9 Februwari 1567. Wafunyanwa efile emyezweni ngelixa ezama ukubaleka.

Nakule kaMariya bathatha inxaxheba iyelenqe nxamnye indoda yakhe kuseyinto zinokuphikiswa. Darnley wazala iintshaba ezinzulu, kodwa amarhe ethandwayo wasola ukumkanikazi. Ke yena, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, akazange enze nto lokuzithethelela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho Scottish. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, igama ndimyeke bonke, ngaphantsi kwenyanga emva kokufa komyeni wakhe watshata Bothwell.

bechitha

Lo umtshato ucaphula yaba kabuhlungu impazamo ukumkanikazi. Kwangoko walahlekelwa wakhe, yaye abachasi bakhe ngokukhawuleza babesebenzisa le meko. Lonke amandla, baba phezu uMariya nomyeni wakhe omtsha. amajoni Royal babesoyiswa, ukumkanikazi wanikezela, phambi kokuba uyakwazi ukucima indlela ukubaleka indoda yakhe. Le nqaba Lohvelene kwanyanzeleka ukuba asayine kukulahlwa kwawo amandla wakhetha unyana oselula.

Escape ku England. Komzamo ukuba bathole amandla

Asingabo bonke bayavumelana izidwangube banyanzeleka ukubana zomlawuli walo. Eli lizwe yaqala yimincili. UMariya, Queen of iScots, wakwazi ukuba basebenzise eli ndasinda entolongweni. Ukuzama kwakhona amandla ayiphumelelanga. eliphikisayo umkhosi woyiswa nokumkanikazi wahliswa kwanyanzeleka ukuba asabe eNgilani.

Iyelenqe Elizabeth I

Ukumkanikazi waseNgilani owayekwimeko noxhamla ubuncwane. Nceda imikhosi yamajoni ukuba nako ukuthumela umzala eFransi, kakhulu - Maria wayeza nangoko waqalisa ukubeka phambili zamabango itrone IsiNgesi. Elizabeth avule uphando ngeemeko ukufa indoda yesibini kaMariya kunye nenxaxheba yakhe kulo.

abachasi Queen thaca iincwadi (ngaphandle imibongo bakhe, baba fake), apho kusolwa wayebonisa ukuba wayesazi malunga sebali. Ngenxa yoko wenkundla kwaye kwakhona walitshisa eSkotlani iziphithiphithi Maria ekugqibeleni baphulukana ithemba kwakhona amandla.

Ngoxa lokuvalelwa, yena wenza ukholosile kakhulu, ndibhalela nezinye izindlu zasebukhosini. Against Elizabeth akazange ayeke ukuzama ukunqanda kwi etroneni, noMariya wahlala ndasukuzana enkulu kuyo.

Ityala kunye nokubulawa Marii Styuart, uKumkanikazi of iScots

igama layo kubalelwa kwinani etyhila amayelenqe nxamnye Elizabeth, kodwa wathandabuza, hayi isibindi ukuya amanyathelo kakhulu. Kuphela xa wabona imbalelwano ubandezele nomnye iinkokheli nabavukeli, iKumkanikazi of England ligqibe enkundleni. Yagweba uMariya Stuart ukufa. Elizabeth elindele umzala izicelo zam lacrimal ukuba enzelwe, kodwa watsho phantsi.

Mary Stuart, uKumkanikazi of iScots, imbali yobomi leyo nangoku ilawula iingqondo mbali kunye nabameli zobugcisa, wenyuka itheko waza wabulawa ekuhleni ekuseni xa eneminyaka engama-44 8 Februwari 1587. Ndathi cwaka ngokumangalisayo ukhaliphe, wenyuka ke itheko, intloko yakhe nkqo. Stefan Tsveyg ngobuciko wachaza isohlwayo iKumkanikazi xa umsebenzi wakhe kulo mfazi emangalisayo.

Scottish Queen Mary Stuart zobuciko

kwizibetho zayo yeengxaki isohlwayo ngenkohlakalo baba umthombo imisebenzi emininzi wengcibi yokuluka. Stefan Tsveyg, Friedrich Schiller kunye nabanye ababhali baye banikezela imisebenzi yabo kuye. Kubulawa Marii Styuart, uKumkanikazi of iScots, waye isisusa canvasses ezininzi.

Mfi kwakhona Anibashiyanga ngasemva. Ubomi apho kwakukho amahla-ndinyuka, uthando kunye nobuqhophololo, ithemba ewolo, lubonakala lo msebenzi documentary bhanya.

Igama lo mfazi ngokungaqhelekanga ibandakanya ezininzi amabali etsomo. Kule entsha, "UBukumkani," ababhali baya uhlaba ngasekunene zembali - koroleva UMariya iScots kunye Sebastian, unyana ongumgqakhwe ka-Henry II kunye uDiane de Poitiers, apha thaca njengokuba abathandi. Enyanisweni umlinganiswa zembali onjalo akazange waba.

Ngo-2013, yayiyilwe yi-bhanya "UMariya - iKumkanikazi of iScots (Scotland), 'nto leyo ithetha ikamva emangalisayo yomphathi, abathwele ibhanile phezu izizithsaba ezintathu.