I-Grand Duchy of Warsaw (iminyaka 1807-1815): Imbali

Warsaw Duchy yayikhona 1807-1815 biennium. It wadalwa uNapoleon, yaye nangona ngokusesikweni ingqalelo ezizimeleyo, enyanisweni, yisathelayithi eFransi. Kwimeko loyiso phezu Russian Bonaparte wayesiya ukuguqula ukukrazule kuwe namhla ubukumkani, kodwa ezo zicwangciso baya ziyeka. Emva kokoyiswa France eyenziwe encedisayo Warsaw Duchy kwaye yahlulwa phakathi kubamelwane: Austria, Prussia naseRashiya.

prehistory

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII emva isahlulelo ka Rzeczpospolita inxalenye Poland yaye yathathwa yi-Prussia. Sengqondo bendawo ukuze abasemagunyeni German ziye ezimbi kakhulu. Okwangoku, ngoxa iMpuma Yurophu drama Polish kudlalwa xa ngasentshonalanga yeHlabathi Old ayaphula French Revolution. Kungekudala ngamandla, uNapoleon weza Paris. Wathatha lo French kwamanye ukumkani aseYurophu, ngubani wabona ukuwa Bourbons isoyikiso khona kwazo. UNapoleon iphumelele iphulo lokuba eli phulo. YaseYurophu e emazweni, Wahlela umyalelo omtsha yaye kwasekwa amalungelo ezifanayo nezo kutshanje eziye wabonakala eFransi.

Ngoko ke, ngokuba izibonda, owayephila phantsi kwedyokhwe kolawulo langaphandle, Bonaparte liye laba uphawu ithemba utshintsho ekhawulezileyo. aid French zifikelelwe abameli ongxowankulu. Le nkolelo waba noseko lwalo, kuba uNapoleon ilwa Prussia, nto leyo yathetha la mazwe mabini ukuba abe lutshaba eqhelekileyo. Nayo yonke ngokoyiswa monarchist angalawuliyo abavakalelwa wesizwe ePoland baba esomelela ngokomelela. Ngowe-1806, umkhosi uNapoleon zibaliwe Prussia.

amazwe Polish French ahlala wanika uNapoleon phantsi kwephiko leKhomishini abakhethekileyo bexeshana kaRhulumente. Intloko yakhe waba Marshal UStanisław Małachowski. Igunya elitsha libandakanywe izixhobo kunye nokutya eentloko ezaxhobela Polish kunye nesiFrentshi. Ukongeza, iKomishoni irhoxisiwe imithetho Prussia abuyisele umthetho odlulileyo ngexesha Commonwealth.

nokudalwa Duchy

Ngowe-1807, phakathi France kunye nokuphikisa yayo satyikitywa iSivumelwano Tilsit. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, kwabakho ezizimeleyo Prussia Duchy of Warsaw. Le meko intsha Polish kwaba mhlaba amaJamani, ngokutsho amacandelo II III ye-Commonwealth. Nangona kunjalo, lo Duchy washiywa ngaphandle eKFC kuLwandle lweBaltic. kummandla Bialystok impikiswano, uNapoleon wanika Russian uKhesare Alexander I.

Ummandla urhulumente omtsha 101.000 square metres. km. Oku babehlala abantu nezigidi ezi-2.5. isimo ezizodwa zithe Gdansk. Waba isixeko mahala (efana ixesha oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma) phantsi kweliso irhuluneli French.

project uNapoleon

Ngazandla zamntu Duchy of Warsaw lweminyaka-8 kuphela ubudala. Eli xesha kwenzeka kwixesha lweempumelelo mkhulu uNapoleon kwelo kwibala ngamazwe. Kakade ke, nangona ukuzimela ngengqondo, i Duchy of Warsaw bekusoloko satellite waseFransi, njengamanye amazwe abasandula ezizimeleyo eNtshona Yurophu ezininzi. EPoland yaba yindawo esempuma Empire Napoleonic. Ixabiso yawo eliphezulu kakhulu ngenxa baya- besondela ungquzulwano ne-Russia. Akumangalisi ukuba 1812 i Duchy of Warsaw ubunzima ilahleko enkulu. nempi yakhe, wathumela eRashiya, kwakukho abantu abamalunga ne-100 lamawaka. isidima seli lizwe njenge inkampu yomkhosi kungqinwe kukuba uNapoleon wamnika isabelo sempahla karhulumente-Polish ziinjengele zayo isiFrentshi abathetheli.

Ngo Julayi 1807 i-Grand Duchy of Warsaw wafumana siseko wayo. Lo msitho sotyikityo senzeka Dresden. Umthetho omtsha esisiseko wabona ukubaluleka yokutya kunye nendawo ezibalaseleyo yezikhulu Polish. Ngenxa yoko, i-Grand Duchy of Warsaw wafumana siseko eziliqela nenkululeko, xa kuthelekiswa ne yamkelwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu adalwe uNapoleon.

umlawuli French isuswe kumandla ePoland, i Jacobins. Le ngenxa yokungenelela bakhe yaba sesokuba kwi Ukutya kwakukho preponderance somhlaba obuxhasa yezikhulu kunye ngophakathi. Abezopolitiko Polish baye iqhosha eliyi Potocki (uSihlalo weBhunga State), Feliks Lyubensky (Minister of Justice), Tadeusz Matushevich (uMphathiswa wezeMali) kunye Yuzef Ponyatovsky (Umququzeleli yomkhosi umlungiseleli emfazwe).

amandla

Ngokusemthethweni, i Duchy of Warsaw yaba lobukhosi. Oku wangena ngokumanyene Saxony. Ngenxa yoko, iNkosana waba irhuluneli ngurhulumente waseJamani ka-Frederick Augustus I. Lo mlawuli unelungelo izilungiso yaye ukongeza i-siseko, ukwenza uhlengahlengiso ukuya Sejm. Yena obunxulumene kuRhulumente.

Ukutya iye amagumbi amabini - iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye endlini Ambassadorial. Eli gunya kungenxa nesithethe zembali iye kwenye igwiba yempembelelo yezikhulu (izikhulu). Loo nto inika umdla siseko Warsaw ziyaphikisana siseko Napoleonic (umz Westphalian nelase) ngengqiqo ukuba umisela ukuba umgaqo akukho ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokunyula ipalamente.

Uninzi iinkalo zoluntu Duchy of Warsaw zokuphelisa yotshintsho olululo eFransi. INdlu Yeengwevu oomantyi, nabaveleli Castellan. Bonke bephela zimelwe enkulu ngokulinganayo. INdlu yeeNgwevu, ngokungafaniyo Posolskaya njengephempe kwakhona ngokungqinelana neenjongo lokumkani. I (ilokishi) iintlanganiso, Thethani kakhulu ngokusisiseko wanamathela ukuba mveliso kunye nabanini, akukho izidwangube.

A ifane yenkqubo French kwi Duchy of Warsaw waye Council of State. Kuye iphethwe iNkosi uPhilip. Kwakhona ifakiwe neBhunga laBaphathiswa. Lo mzimba Bamrhola eyilwayo ukusombulula iingxabano phakathi abasemagunyeni olawulo kunye egwebayo. IBhunga of State naye wenza imisebenzi zengcebiso e Duke.

Sejm

I Ukutya yayinoxanduva irhafu, yolwaphulo-mthetho yoluntu. Kwakhona ophetheyo bakhe ayenza le Duchy of Warsaw. amagunya ebanzi kakhulu ye kumkani inatyiselwa imithetho ngemicimbi yezolawulo kunye nezopolitiko. Duke kwakhona alawule mali. ngemithetho esayilwayo zaye zabhalwa kwiBhunga State. Sejm ndingayigatya kuphela okanye ukubathatha. Kule umzimba thumo yamandla, ecetywayo izilungiso yalo imithetho, kodwa kulo mzekelo, igama wokugqibela ukuba iBhunga of State.

Ngexesha ubukho Ukutya malunga izihlandlo ezithathu kuphela: ngo-1809, 1811 no 1812. iseshoni yokugqibela emangalisayo. Kwaba ngoko awathi ngenxa ngesigqibo Sejm waqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye Duchy of Warsaw, baba kwicala uNapoleon. Bonaparte, batyhutyha Poland, esungula kokubizwa leseshoni ngokungaqhelekanga. Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba ngelo xesha linye i-French uMlawuli waqalisa inkqubo ukuvuselela umanyene Lithuania. Relationship Vilnius and Warsaw ehlukunyezwa kunye Alexander I. Le koMlawuli Russian wayezama ukuzuza Lithuanians kwicala labo, ebathembisa ukuvuselelwa i-Grand Duchy. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa uyilo entsha ye-Commonwealth akazange athathe indawo. Ikamva ngokuzimisela ukuvumelana Poland, yaye imfazwe phakathi eFrance naseRussia. Kunye nale Duchy of Warsaw kunye Congress of Vienna kwixesha elidlulileyo bawushiyile ingcamango Polish-Lithuanian Union.

uhulumeni

Duchy likarhulumente yayiquka abalungiseleli 6: elingaphakathi, ubulungisa, inkolo, ezemali, amapolisa kunye nomkhosi. Lingena e Warsaw. Kulo mzekelo, inkosana Saxon wahlala e Dresden. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, phakathi kwakhe urhulumente bekusoloko mbambano. Ukongeza, xa bexoxa izigqibo ingakumbi ezibalulekileyo, kokubini basekhaya kumgaqo angaphandle, igama lokugqibela wasala kubahlali isiFrentshi.

Kwakhona, imisebenzi karhulumente phantsi kolawulo lweBhunga State. Umfundisi akuxhomekekanga kwi Sejm. Isebe ngalinye kwaba urhulumente monokratnym. Ngamanye amazwi, le elinegunya ngokwemimiselo ebelungiselela inani iqhosha entsimini yakhe. angaphantsi kwakhe abakwazanga umngeni nezigqibo umphathi wakhe. ukubaluleka Special zezinkonzo ezahlukeneyo wamapolisa kunye nemicimbi zangaphakathi. Babeza ukubukela phezu ukugcina ucwangco sikarhulumente. Kwiimeko likaxakeka, umphathiswa amapolisa akwazi nokuba basebenzise umxakatho zabo ezizodwa.

umphakathi

Sikunye tshintsho kwezopolitiko ukusekwa Duchy of Warsaw usinike Poland a mthetho ngokwesiseko omtsha. NgokoMgaqo-siseko yamkelwa, imigaqo ukulingana bonke abemi phambi umthetho ezifakwe. Nangona ukwahlulwa ngokweendidi akukho bupheliswe, oko ngeyona kuphela. Sele ukhetho ukuya Sejm kunye neentlanganiso Thethani yokuqala yabonisa ukuba abemi (abaqhelekileyo) bakwazi ukuthatha nje bawunikwe amalungelo okuvota.

Noko ke, ngo-1808 wapasiswa umthetho, ngenxeba ngamandla kwisikhundla yamaYuda. Bona okwethutyana (iminyaka eli-10) sele kuphelela amalungelo oluntu. Phantsi imithetho ezintsha, amaYuda kwafuneka ukuba bacele imvume esemthethweni ukuze umtshato. Inani labemi bamaJuda baxolelwe emkhosini, kodwa endaweni yoko, irhafu sakhe kakhulu.

Njengoko kwamanye amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kubalulekile ukuba ahlale umbuzo Sasungulwa nomonde. I Duchy of Warsaw yadalwa ePoland, xa kusekho eyayilapho serfdom. Urhulumente omtsha uyekwa ukuxhomekeka feudal le lali. Noko ke, abalimi eneneni kuvinjwa umhlaba abaseleyo kwezikhulu. Reform kwaye ibingakwazi ukukwenziwa isebenze de kube sekupheleni. yayiziimfazwe Napoleonic kwabangela intshabalalo ize yona intlupheko ubeka iifama. Le uvulele phakathi abalimi kunye izidwangube ukuba ukwandisa kuphela kunyaka ngamnye.

Ukusindiswa phezu Austria

Ukuhambisa kwi Emva nkqubo uNapoleon, lo Duchy of Warsaw waya ungquzulwano kunqandwa kunye neentshaba soMhlekazi French. Ngowe-1809 waqala War of the Fifth Coalition. Ngeli xesha, France kunye namahlakani ayo nazo Austria, iBritani, yeSisili ESardinia. Uninzi imikhosi Polish wajoyina umkhosi Bonaparte. I Duchy wahlala umzimba Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (malunga ne-14 amawaka abantu). Umkhosi waseOstriya wahlasela Saxony kunye Duchy of Warsaw, nto leyo xa kwimeko nokusasaza imikhosi uNapoleon babonakala ixhoba lula.

E Poland ukuba ahlasele umkhosi 36000th. April 19, 1908 wathabatha indawo kwidabi - kwemfazwe raszyn. Izibonda umthetho yi Yuzef Ponyatovsky, i Austrians - iTshawe uFerdinand uKarl. Le ngozi yenzeke marshland rough. Izibonda balwa nzima, kodwa ekugqibeleni lihambe. Warsaw athunywa kungekudala. Noko ke, ukuqala jikelele emfazweni angalawuliyo yesihlanu ukuba Austrians hit umva. Kuphela nje iiveki ezimbalwa izibonda counterattacked, wabuyela wonke ummandla kususwa kwaye, ngaphezu koko, wathabatha Sandomierz, Lublin, eLviv kunye Krakow. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, ngokutsho uxolo sivumelwano, Warsaw Duchy ukuba bahlomela kwintshona Compostela, ngaloo kabini nesiqingatha landa nommandla wayo.

Kwemfazwe Russia

Xa kwaqhambuka imfazwe phakathi eFrance naseRussia, i Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1813) yajika njengesikhuseli phakathi iqela emibini. NgoJuni 1812 i Seimas, behlangana e Warsaw, wagqiba ekubeni athabathe icala uNapoleon. Umlawuli we phulo French eRashiya bawa. Ehambele phambili ngasempumalanga ngumkhosi kwesiqingatha sesigidi, wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe kunye namagosa amawaka aliqela ezikrazukileyo belambile.

ngokoyiswa UNapoleon kwakuthetha isiphelo yokuqala, leyo elinde Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Imfazwe kukubi kumazwe Polish. January 1, 1813 imiqolo emithathu phantsi Marshal uMikhail Kutuzov wawela umda umlambo Neman kunye kuqonde Polotsk. I Duchy ngeli xesha babembalwa a amajoni Polish kwaye Saxon, abangazange bakwazi ukumelana move leyo wazuza umkhosi Russian. E Poland, baqala iphulo yakhe edumileyo amazwe kwaphela Ibanjiwe Paris.

January 27 kwaba ngoxolo ithathwe Warsaw. Enyanisweni, lo duchy yaphela. Inxalenye zezibonda, Noko ke, wahlala ethembekile uNapoleon. 15000th Corps phantsi umyalelo Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo wemka Austria ngethemba lokuba French nangoku win Russian kunye nokuzimela kukarhulumente uya kubuyiselwa. , E Poland waxhathisa kuphela iiyunithi French emi phezu Vistula. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi ukunqanda utshaba - Uthe ubundilele Austria kunye Prussia, ngubani wagqiba ukuba lirhoxe imbambano.

kokuphathwa

Xa uNapoleon lahluleka lokugqibela, amagunya noloyiso badibana e Vienna ukwenzela ukujonga ukuba iza kuba nekamva World Old. The French koMlawuli redrew yonke imida kwi kwilizwekazi European - ngoku nezinye yasebukhosini kwafuneka ukukhipha loo mbhodamo kwezopolitiko. Kwindawo yokuqala, liba kwenye ukwahlukanisa of Poland. It ehlalisana amagunya ezintathu enamandla (Austria, Prussia neRashiya) awunamdla ikho.

Meyi 3, 1815, ngokutsho isigqibo i-Congress of Vienna, kwiMpuma Yurophu kwasekwa imida ezintsha. Kwakukho isahlulelo of Poland - Warsaw Duchy kwayekwa. Krakow, eyayisakuba yinxalenye kuyo, lazisiwe isixeko simahla nenkqubo republic yezopolitiko. Kule fomati ukuba yayikhona kuze 1846.

Uninzi Duchy of Warsaw yaba yingxenye Russia. I koMlawuli Alexander lazisiwe ngukumkani Polish. intsimi entsha wanika ukuzimela siseko melo. Ngoko ke, nangona Duchy of Warsaw yaba yingxenye Russia, abantu baphila ethe kakhulu ngokwenene Russian. amazwe Western uyekwa urhulumente anikwa Prussia. Zenza kwiphondo omtsha isiJamani - i-Grand Duchy of Poznan.