Ukwakhiwa kwe-Hydrotechnical: iintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa, isithunzi

Kukho izakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo zamanzi, iintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo ezibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kwazo. Naliphi na lezi zakhiwo zakhiwe kwizixhobo zamanzi - ezivela emifuleni nasemachibi ukuya elwandle okanye emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba-kwaye kufuneka ukuba alwe namandla okubhubhisa amanzi. Nganye yeenkqubo zinempawu zayo zokumiswa kunye nokusebenza.

Bahlulwa njani?

Izakhiwo ze-Hydraulic zikarhulumente ezivumela ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zamanzi okanye iziphumo ezibangelwa yongeniso lwamanzi kwindalo. Zonke iinkqubo zanamhlanje (ukunkcenkceshela, ukuloba, ukuhlaziywa) zibizwa ngokuthi "izakhiwo ze-hydraulic". Iintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo, kuxhomekeke kwimimiselo yofakelo kunye nokusebenza, zilandelayo:

• Ulwandle, i-echibi, umlambo okanye kumachibi;
• Umhlaba okanye phantsi komhlaba;
• Ukunikezelwa ngamacandelo amanzi;
• Isetyenziswe ngamashishini ahlukeneyo.

Izakhiwo zemihla ngemihla - ezi ngamadamesi, kunye namadama, kunye neendlela, kunye nabamkeli bamanzi, kunye nemigodi. Ngokubanzi, naziphi na iinkqubo ezifakwe kumzimba wamanzi.

Ukungena kwamanzi

Izakhiwo ze-hydraulic structures ziyizakhiwo ezingabangela uxinzelelo okanye zinike umlinganiselo kumanqanaba amanzi phambi kwedam nangaphezulu. Iingcali zithi urhulumente wamanzi kwindawo yokugcinwa kweenkcukacha ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zendalo kunye nemozulu zommandla. Izakhiwo zokugcina amanzi zamanzi ziyizona zakhiwo ezibalulekileyo zokwakhiwa kwamadama, kuba banomthwalo omkhulu ngenxa yokhuselo lwamanzi. Ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukugcinwa kwesakhiwo samanzi kuyaphela, ukuqala kwengcinezelo yamanzi kuya kuba nzima ukulawula, kwaye oku kungakhokelela kwimiphumo emibi.

Ukuqhuba amanzi

Izakhiwo zamanzi zibandakanya amanzi, ama-spillways, izikhumulo zamanzi kunye namanzi. Ezi zakhiwo zemizi-mveliso eyenzela ukuhambisa amanzi kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo. Ingqwalasela eyahlukileyo ilungele iindlela zokuthabatha amanzi ezithatha amanzi kumanzi kwaye zibonelele kwi-hydropower, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi okanye iinkonzo zokunkcenkceshela. Umsebenzi wabo kukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kumngxube wamanzi kwiqondo elisekelweyo, ubuninzi kunye nomgangatho, ngokulandelanayo, ishedyuli yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Ngokuxhomekeka kwendawo, isakhiwo sokwenza amanzi sinoku :

• Ubume: ukutya kwamanzi kwenziwa kwinqanaba le-free;
• Ubunzulu: ukungena kwamanzi kwenziwa phantsi kwinqanaba le-free;
• Ngezantsi: amanzi athatyathwa ukusuka kwinqanaba elincinane le-watercourse;
• Tiered: kulolu lwakhiwo ucingo luqhutyelwa kumanqanaba amaningana amanzi - oku kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lalo qoba ngokwalo kunye nomgangatho walo kwiqondo eliphantsi.

Inkoliso ngokubanzi kwimifula ifakela amanzi asetyenziswayo. Isithomo sibonisa ukuba ezi zakhiwo ziphezulu kwaye ziphantsi.

Amanzi athatha kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ngokuxhomekeka kwimihlobo yomthombo, amanzi ayenzayo angaba ngumlambo, i-echibi, ulwandle, umthombo. Phakathi kwezixhobo zomlambo, ezona ziwayo zinxweme, zintantayo, umlambo, onokudibaniswa nezikhululo zokupompoza okanye ukukhutshwa ngokwahlukileyo:

• Ulwakhiwo lwamanxweme kufuneka lufakwe ukuba ulwandle lube lukhulu. Uluhlu olunjalo - olubandakanya ikhonkrithi okanye ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo kunye nobubanzi obukhulu bamanzi obunamanzi. Ifoto ibonisa ukuba udonga oluphambili luya elunxwemeni.
• Iinkqubo zendlela yokulala komlambo zifakwe kwiibhanki ezincinci kwaye zihluke ngentloko, zithathwe embhedeni womlambo.
• Izakhiwo ezinamanzi ziyi-pontoon okanye i-barge eneepompo ezifakwe kuwo, apho amanzi athatyathwa emlambo aze ahanjiswe ngamabhobho kumanxweme.
• Iinkqubo zokubamba amanzi zamanzi eBhakket zithatha amanzi ukusuka echibini ngebhakethi elisekunxwemeni.

YoLawulo

Ukulawula izakhiwo zemizi-mveliso yintoni? Ngamanye amagama, abizwa ngokuba kwakhiwe izilungiso, kuba bavumela ukulawula ukuhamba kwemilambo. Oku kuya kufumaneka ngoncedo lokwakha ulawulo lokuhamba kwemida kunye nezakhiwo zokunciphisa embhedeni womlambo kunye kunye neenxweme zamanzi. Ngenxa yeendlela ezinjalo, ukuhamba komlambo kuqhutyelwa ukuze kuhambelane nesantya esincinane kwaye ngaloo ndlela igcine ishaneli ngemilinganiselo esezantsi yobuninzi bobuninzi, ubunzulu nokukhawuleka. Ezi zakhiwo ze-hydraulic, ezineentlobo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezi zilandelayo, zithandwa kakhulu:

• Izakhiwo ezinkulu eziyinxalenye yeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokulawula imilambo kunye nenjongo yokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide;
• Izakhiwo zokukhanya, okunye kuthiwa zisesigxina kwaye zisetyenziselwa imilambo emancinci naphakathi.

Izakhiwo zokuqala zibandakanywa ngamadama, ukuvala iindwendwe, amamamitha kunye nokujongana ngokupheleleyo nokukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye nesenzo esonakalisayo samanzi. Ukwakhiwa kokulawulwa kokukhanya kulukhuni, izicingo ezivela kwi-brushwood, ezenza ngqo okanye zilahlekise ukuhamba kwefowuni.

Ukunkcenkceshela kwamanzi

Iintlobo kunye nokwahlula kubonisa ukuba ukwahlukana kubukho bamadamesi - angenabumba okanye idama. Iimpawu zokuqala zibonisa ukudala kwenzakaliso engumgubo, ephuma emlanjeni kwinqanaba elithile kwaye ithatha inxalenye yokuhamba komlambo wamanzi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iifomethi aziwa phantsi ukusuka kumnayile wokunkcenkceshela, izakhiwo ezinjalo zifumaneka kwicandelo le-concave elunxwemeni. Ukuba iindleko zamanzi zibalulekile, ngoko ke kufuneka kwakhiwe izakhiwo zamabhodlela, okungekho, okanye ekujuleni.

Culvert

Izakhiwo zorhwebo zobunjineli zakhiwo zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezimelela imilambo yamanzi kunye namanzi. Ezi nkqubo zilawulwa okanye zizenzekelayo. Ngomncediso we-spillway, amanzi amaninzi akhutshwa kwi-reservoir, kwaye i-spillway yinkqubo apho amanzi ahamba ngokukhululeka ngokusuka kwinqanaba lokugcina amanzi. Ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko yokuhamba kwamanzi, ezo nkqubo zingenakho uxinzelelo okanye uxinzelelo.

Injongo e khe

Phakathi kwamaziko e-hydro eneenjongo ezikhethekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ungabikho mnye: i-hydropower, izakhiwo zokunkcenkceshela, iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi, iinkqubo zokurhoxiswa komhlaba kunye nokwakhiwa kwezithuthi zamanzi. Makhe siqwalasele ezi zakhiwo ngokubanzi:

• Izibonelelo ze-Hydropower zingakhiwa-ngaphakathi, umzila, idama okanye ukufumana. Ezi nkqubo ziquka izakhiwo zokufumana amanzi, iipayipi zogonyamelo, iirbhini ezinezivelisi, ukukhupha iipayipi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuvalwa. Izityalo ze-Hydropower zifunekayo ukuguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi kumbane.
• Uthutho lwamanzi: ezi nkqubo ziquka iitshi, ukukhutshwa kweenqanawa, izixhobo zokungena kwimijelo ephakanyiswe emifuleni, imigodi ngamanzi amaninzi kuwo.
• Ukumema: ezi nkqubo zivumela ukuba ucinge ngamanyathelo okujoliswe ekuphuculeni ngokubanzi umhlaba. Kwisakhelo sokuphucula umhlaba, amanzi kunye nokunkcenkceshwa kwemimandla yenziwa. Ngoncedo lwenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, umswakama ogqithisiweyo uyaphambukiswa, kunye nenkqubo yokunkcenkceshela iqinisekisa ukuthambisa ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Iinkqubo zokuhambisa imida zinganqanda okanye zime.
• Ukuhamba kweentlanzi: ezi zakhiwo ze-hydraulic ziqinisekisa ukuhamba kweentlanzi ukusuka kumgangatho ophantsi wamanzi ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu, ikakhulukazi ngexesha lokufuduka kwezabelo. Ezi ndlela zinokuba ziintlobo ezimbini: owokuqala uthatha inqanawa eyimfuneko yentlanzi kwiimpahla ezikhethiweyo zentlanzi, okwesibini - ngeendlela ezikhethiweyo zokuloba iintlanzi kunye nabasebenzi beentlanzi.
• Ukubeka amatanki: zithengi ezikhethekileyo, apho iimveliso zerhwebo kunye nezidaka zoshishino ziqokelelwa.

Kwezinye iimeko, izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo nezizodwa zidibeneyo, umzekelo, inkqubo ye-spillway ifakwe kwisakhiwo sesikhululo samandla kagesi. Iinkqubo ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibizwa ngokuba zizixhobo zemizi yamanzi.

Yintoni ingozi?

Kukho ukwahlukana kwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic ngokwezinga leengozi yazo: zinokuba ziphantsi, eziphakathi, eziphakamileyo okanye eziphezulu kakhulu zeengozi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziganeko eziphambili ezichaphazela ingozi ye-GTS yimithwalo yendalo kunye nempembelelo, ukungahambisani nesigqibo sokuyila kunye neemfuno zokulawula, ukuphulwa kweemeko zokusebenza okanye iziphumo kunye nomonakalo obangelwa yingozi. Nayiphi na imiphumo kunye nemiphumo engabonakaliyo ingakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwezakhiwo, ukuqhutyelwa phambili kweengcinezelo.