Age yamaMaya and iiphiramidi umYiputa

Enye eemfihlelo ezinkulu uluntu iiphiramidi. Iinjineli kodwa kuyamangalisa nokuntsonkotha komsebenzi, kwaye mbali akakuqondi eyabangela abantu samandulo ekwakhiweni kwezi zakhiwo. Kwakhona nangoku mpikiswano malunga ngenjongo yokwenene yale ezikhumbuzo zakhiwo amandulo kusendleleni. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba izakhiwo Yucatán neYiputa - ezinxulumene, kodwa ayikho. Oku kuboniswa njengoko ubudala iiphiramidi, kunye nemiba ukwakhiwa kwayo.

Egypt

The Great nePiramidi, ibekwe kwi Giza Plateau eYiputa ixesha elide iyamangalisa bonke abaphandi kunye nabakhenkethi. Ngokubanzi, Kukwanjalo wathi kuyo "nodadewethu." Nangona umsebenzi neenyikima kule ndawo ulwakhiwo kunye amawaka idlulileyo, ezi ezikhumbuzo ezimangalisayo kunye engaqhelekanga inkcubeko yamandulo siyakhuselwa Akumangalisi kakuhle.

Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ngaphambili kwi kummandla iiphiramidi yaseYiputa yaba ngaphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ... Kodwa ngoko kwafika amaRoma. Elinomthetho wokuqala eRoma - ngakumbi iindlela ezilungileyo! Ngapha koko, kulula kakhulu ukuba ukuphosa imikhosi ezintsha! Ngoko ke, ukuba inxalenye enkulu zepiramidi "poshiba phakathi" baye baba nesixhobo abakhi yendlela yamaRoma. Namhlanje, wabakhenkethi nabantu balapha, ngubani zisasebenzisa iindlela zamandulo, "baxovula phantsi" iintsalela izakhiwo wamandulo!

Eyokuqala iiphiramidi kunye nobudala yayo

Akwenzeki ukuba baxoxe ubudala iiphiramidi, wayengazixeli ngexesha xa isakhiwo yokuqala ezifana elimiswe eYiputa. Kukholelwa ukuba kwenzeke malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukwakha uqalise iphulo likaFaro Djoser. Kungenxa kule minyaka amawaka mahlanu, kwaye kuqikelelwa ubudala elipheleleyo iiphiramidi eYiputa. Phela, yena owayeququzelela ukwakhiwa edume Imhotep. "Inkampani" Waye okulungileyo kangangokuba kwiinkulungwane kamva amaYiputa nombulelo ngayo beengcamango.

Ukukhathalela izihlobo

Ngaloo maxesha indawo ukwakhiwa omkhulu - eemitha 545 ukuya 278. Lokubiyela kwesi sakhiwo sikhusela ukuphakama kodonga neemitha ezilishumi, nto leyo yenziwa ngokukhawuleza ... emasangweni 14 apho yayingabo kuphela. Ukongeza kuye ngokwakhe, Djoser wayalela ukuba anyamekele emva-ubomi amalungu eentsapho zabo, kuba nabakhi walungisa amagumbi 11 ukungcwatywa ezongezelelweyo ezincinci.

Djoser bephiramidi nje kuphela kuqwalaselwa endala kakhulu eYiputa; kodwa ke ekhethekileyo kakhulu kuba kumacala zibe "somthamo", nto leyo kungabonwa kwi izakhiwo embindini Yucatán. Ukufuna kwenzeka apha eyimfihlakalo ayikho kuyimfuneko, njengoko kule kwaye kwezinye iimeko, isakhiwo onjalo zinentsingiselo engcwele, ebandakanya ukulawula yomphathi emazulwini.

Indlela endala izakhiwo kwi Giza Plateau?

Kukholelwa ukuba ubudala iiphiramidi kwi Giza yethafa 4.5 amawaka eminyaka. Kodwa izakhiwo ezininzi ukuthandana kuvela iingxaki, njengoko ngokomkhethe yakhiwa, wambuyisela, yaye ngako oko uhlalutyo Radiocarbon iimpendulo ngqo ngokupheleleyo awukwazi ukunika. Ezinye zepiramidi, wavele ukwakhiwa amaxesha Old zoBukumkani - malunga 2300 BC. e.

Nanamhla oku, begcinelwe eYiputa 80 iiphiramidi, leyo izezona ezintle abaseleyo emva ubukhosi yesine. Kodwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ngulo nto yehlabathi zithathwa ukuba ube ezintathu kuphela. Amagama abo baziwa kubo bonke - ubume Cheops, Khafre kunye Menkaure. Ubudala iphiramidi of Cheops kunye namanye amabini - malunga namawaka amane eminyaka, leyo abuna- sekufika.

iphiramidi Mexican

iphiramidi Mexican - an lesikhumbuzo enomtsalane ngokulinganayo kwaye elinendili izakhiwo zabantu kunye nokusebenza nzima kakhulu. Basaba mangaza wonke bawabonayo, kwaye kuphela ebudeni bexesha ubhaqo yokuqala eyafika emqondweni izihlandlo ezilishumi ngaphezulu!

Bamise-Aztec, Toltecs, Maya kunye nezinye uhlanga eMzantsi Merika. Izazinzulu ngamanye amaxesha lula kakhulu ukuqonda konke oku "vinaigrette", kuba phantse zonke ezi imithombo ebhaliweyo ezi zityalo ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha ukoyisa Spanish. Kodwa kuthekani ubudala iiphiramidi, leyo ezazakhiwe kwiminyanya abemi namhlanje ngayo Latin America? Okokuqala, kufuneka kancinci eqhelekileyo kunye nembali abantu ababehlala apha.

Kakhulu yaphila ngokucacileyo impucuko Cuicuilco apha. Kwincopho amandla alo ubuninzi nexesha ukususela 1500 ukuya 200 BC. Yintoni sithetha ngalo nto? Isibakala sokuba Cuicuilco iphiramidi inkulu yaye onomtsalane kwakhiwa kweli xesha (emazantsi City Mexico). Ngaphezu koko, ulwakhiwo ihamba yodwa, njengoko yayo cross-icandelo ... ngeenxa zonke, ingena ngokugqibeleleyo landscape ejikelezileyo.

yalityalwa njani iphiramidi of Cuicuilco?

Kodwa oosonzululwazi baye bafumana loo nto kanye. Xa ekuqaleni kwexesha yethu ukujaduka enkulu Shitle, oku unique site zakudala wangcwatywa ngokupheleleyo phantsi umaleko umlotha, mlilo kunye tuff. Kuphela ngo-1917, ngexesha ngabembi, izazinzulu ngempazamo wafumanisa le iphiramidi.

Kuqhuma le mlilo efanayo aphelise kuphuhliso impucuko kummandla, nangenxa nezinye ezikhumbuzo ezibalaseleyo afunyanwa apha. Ukuba sithethe ngayo ukuqonda ngoku, uye walushiya abemi kwezi ndawo ziye zaba "isiseko" yabantu Teotihuacan, nto leyo nayo yakhelwe iiphiramidi zabo.

Ngemfumba bezinye izizwe

impucuko Teotihuacan lalisele likho 200 BC. Iminyaka yobudala efanayo elisondeleyo iiphiramidi kule ngingqi. Olu hlanga iye khona ukuya kunyaka 700 AD. Le ndawo ndizinyulele yona, ngoku eyaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Teotihuacan. Hi ndlela leyi, ligama banikwa Aztec, abeza apha iminyaka eliwaka. Njengoko le ndawo yayibizwa ekuqaleni, namhlanje asazi. Ngoko xa kukho nakhelwe iiphiramidi iingangamsha ukuba namhlanje akhubeka lengqondo?

Kanye owakha kubo, ngoku akucaci; nokuba abantu Teotihuacan ngokwayo, okanye angene endaweni yayo i-Aztec. Le yokugqibela yaba banentsomi yokuba ngokwenene iiphiramidi ezintathu ezinkulu Anaki. Ngenxa yoko, izakhiwo ezintathu. iiphiramidi ezithathu: iLanga, iNyanga Quetzalcoatl. Le yokugqibela, koko, lo entle kakhulu magingxigingxi. Kukholelwa ukuba wakha kwenye kummandla 500 BC. e.

Yeyiphi eyona nto umzi yayekwa?

Ngoko ke ukuba ubudala iiphiramidi e Giza kakhulu ngakumbi. Kungenzeka, ekuqalekeni ezikhumbuzo yamandulo lwezakhiwo kule ndawo kwaba ngaphezulu kakhulu, kodwa yonke loo nto messed phezulu mlilo. Phantsi ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze mlilo mhlawumbi efihla kakhulu umdla, kodwa akubonakali siya kuze kuyibona. ngabembi oluqhubekayo kwakhona abonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ulwakhiwo yesixeko lwaqhutywa kwi begqibezela engqongqo kakhulu kwaye ubhalo kwesicwangciso. Izazinzulu lubonisa ukuba abemi abaninzi beso sixeko ngaphakathi amawaka 200 abantu! Nokuba - kwanangaphambi ekuqaleni ixesha lethu!

Ngokutshatyalaliswa kwesixeko kunye iinxalenye iiphiramidi namhlanje "ummangalelwa" njengoko ezinye uhlobo ziintlekele zendalo kunye kokohlukana ngokwezentlalo, xa abaninzi abahluphekayo nje udiniwe enyamezela nalwazelelelo elinyusayo kwicala yezikhulu kakhulu. City Teotihuacan waye baphanga barbarously wayitshabalalisa. Kodwa nantoni na awayefike sele - wafunyanwa impikiswano enkulu, ekubeni kungekho bungqina gadalala, kwaye njengoko ukuphanga, ngoko oku kungenziwa yi nabani. Ukuba umzi ngenxa yesizathu esithile ifakwe sityhola kunye neentlanga ezingabamelwane. Baye kungekhona iwupasisile isiqwenga onjalo "okunencasa".

Yintoni umahluko iiphiramidi yaseYiputa Mexico?

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba phantse twatse, ngaleyo ndlela zibeke phambili ezahlukeneyo (kuxhomekeke kubungakanani engenangqondo) mbono malunga ebaleka ngoku- Atlanta and "inzala yasezulwini", kodwa ke akunjalo. Ngokufanayo iiphiramidi laseYiputa, Mexico kuphela ngembonakalo (kwaye ngoko kakhulu), kodwa yonke enye into yokuba akuwedwa lweeyantlukwano.

Okokuqala, eYiputa, ezi zakhiwo egudileyo ngokupheleleyo, lo gama ama-Aztec, i Toltecs kunye Maya wakha inyathelo yabo ekuqaleni. Okwesibini, iphiramidi ngoofaro ingqalelo kuphela njengendawo bebeba Ezimbandezelweni yehlabathi, kwaye iphiramidi Mexico esetyenziselwa kuphela njengoko iitempile, kwaye wachitha khona imibingelelo anegazi kakhulu lokuhlambulula.

nezinye iiyantlukwano

Okwesithathu, izibonelelo eziphezulu Umzantsi Melika - iflethi ngokupheleleyo, kuba kulapho ababingeleli benza umsebenzi yegazi wabo. Ngaphezu koko, oko kuye izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo, njengoko ixesha ukwenza indima libandla "slaughterhouse" ile. Enyanisweni, encotsheni iphiramidi laseYiputa nokukhwela, kodwa kukho into engenakwenzeka ukwenza ngenxa yokunqongophala banal indawo.

Okwesine, ubudala iiphiramidi yamaMaya kunye umYiputa. E Mexico, phantse zonke ezi zakhiwo kwakhiwa kanye ekuqaleni ixesha lethu, lo gama amangcwaba ooFaro eyakhelwe iminyaka emithathu ukuya amawaka amane BC.

Fans yemibono iyelenqe angase ukuba konke oku - nto, kuba iimpawu eziphambili kwezi zakhiwo, okt imilo pyramidal, kuzo zonke iimeko iyafana. Kodwa oku ingxabano, ngenxa yokuba iindlela ezinjalo kwenzeka kwindalo, yaye umsantsa iminyaka eliwaka embalwa, kucetyiswa ukuba Toltecs okanye Mayans ngokwabo zafikelela ndlela elula ezindlwini zabo.

Yintoni egqibayo ubudala iiphiramidi?

Ekubeni inzululwazi kugqiba ubudala iiphiramidi laseYiputa, Mexico, "intsapho"? Ngokusekelwe Radiocarbon dating, ziye wawuqalayo ukusebenzisa ngenkuthalo kuphela ngo-1984. Nangona egyptologists uphando iisampulu ubuncinane 64 organic izinto ze iiphiramidi. Imilinganiselo lubonise ukuba uninzi izakhiwo kwi Giza ithafa yayiyiminyaka 400 ezindala ngaphezu koko wacinga ngaphambili. Noko ke, abanye babo babebadala kunaye "kuphela" iminyaka eli-120 ubudala, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zibe ebonakalayo.

Emva koko, iiphiramidi of Giza, ubudala elijikajikayo kuba kakhulu ngakumbi amaxabiso "igosa" kuthi chatha ngokomelela yokutsala abaphandi abasuka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, lo impikiswano eshushu malunga uhlobo kwezi zakhiwo yokuba ezi zinto cool.

Ngenxa yoko, kuye yasekwa kakuhle ukuba Pyramid Omkhulu eningayakhanga phambi 2985 BC. e. Oku kwamakhulu amahlanu ngaphezu ngaphambili ekwakucingwa ngaphambili! Nangona kunjalo, oku sele ngokwaneleyo ayingqinelani uguqulelo "Atlanta, wakha ezi zakhiwo amashumi amawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba xesha lethu." iiphiramidi Age ukuba ooFaro kwaba nokuthozama kakhulu ngakumbi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwangaphambi kokuba uhlalutyo Radiocarbon wabeka abaphandi imibuzo eliqela omtsha.

Ngoko sele kwakusazeka ukuba iphiramidi Khafre yakhiwa kwindawo ethile kummandla ka-2960 Oku kwenza sizathu kusengqiqweni ukukholelwa ukuba ekwakhiweni kwayo kuthwalelwa phandle phantse ngaxeshanye "Cheops". Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba isakhiwo olwahlukileyo izakhiwo ezimbini, apho ulwakhiwo ingathatha esandleni sikaFaro efanayo. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo yayiya Kucetyiswa ukuba ubume Menkaure zakhiwe kwindawo ethile kwiminyaka engama-50 ezayo ...

Kodwa uhlalutyo Radiocarbon wabonisa ukuba yayakhiwe ngaphambi kwe-2572 BC. e. Oku phantse 400 kwiminyaka kamva kunokuba umhla ekulindeleke! Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1984, abaphengululi bafumanisa ukuba SPHINX odumileyo yakhiwa ngo-2416 BC. e. Ngamafutshane, emva kweenkulungwane ezipheleleyo ezintlanu emva kokuba ubume Khafre! Kodwa ababhali-mbali kudala kucingelwa ukuba izinto ezimbini zakhiwa kunye ...

Ngokufanayo uzimisele kwaye ubudala iiphiramidi yamaMaya. Kwaye kule meko naziphi na iingxaki akuzange kube ngokoqobo, njengoko baye bashiya abantu besi sixeko, kunye nokugqitywa ekubuyiselweni akukho namnye wenza, kwaye ngoko ke ngenxa Radiocarbon yabhalwa ichanekile kakhulu ngakumbi.