Xa kwafika umbane: imbali ingenzeka

Bambalwa abantu abacinga xa kwafika umbane. Kwaye ke ibali kakhulu wakhe umdla. Umbane kwenza ubomi obutofotofo ngakumbi. Enkosi kuye, waba ekhoyo TV, i-intanethi kunye nangaphezulu. Ubomi mihla ngaphandle kombane akunakwenzeka ukuba ngqondweni. It olukhawulezisiweyo kakhulu kuphuhliso loluntu.

Imbali kombane

Ukuba uqala ukuqonda, xa kwafika umbane, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula sobulumko Greek inabe. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala arhola ingqalelo lo mba ngo-700 BC. e. Falles wafumanisa ukuba iimpikiswano zochuku uboya ilitye amber iqalisa ukuba nomtsalane izinto ukukhanya.

Yiyiphi nyaka njani umbane kuvela? Emva kwexesha elide bulumko yamaGrike, le nto kungekho mntu sele ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke. Kunye nolwazi kule ndawo zange ukwandisa de 1600 Kulo nyaka, uWilliam Gilbert eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "umbane", ezincina umazibuthe kunye neempawu zazo. Le nto yaqala uphando olunzulu izazinzulu ukususela ngoko.

Ukuvulwa lokuqala

Xa kukho umbane, isicelo izisombululo zobugcisa? Ngo-1663 i umatshini wokuqala zombane, apho kunokwenzeka ukubona iziphumo yomtsalane kunye isizathu yasekwa. Ngowe-1729, isazinzulu waseBritani Stiven Grey waba amava yokuqala, xa umbane usasazwa ugqithiselwa mgama. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, isazinzulu French S. Du Faye wafumanisa ukuba umbane 2 uhlobo womserbia: intlaka kunye negilasi. Ngowe-1745 kwafika condensers yokuqala zombane - Leyden imidlalo.

Ngowe-1747 Benjamin Franklin theory yokuqala ukuchaza esi senzeko. Kwaye ngo 1785 kwafika umthetho Coulomb. Umbane Galvani kudala bafunda kunye Volt. ama phezu imiphumo le nto yabhalwa ngu intshukumo kwezihlunu yaye wenza isifundo galvanic. Isazinzulu Russian Vladimir Petrov waba discoverer le arc voltaic.

ukukhanyisa

Xa umbane weza izindlu? Kuba baninzi, le meko kubangelwe ikakhulu zokukhanya. Ngoko ke, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, xa ibhalbhu yokuqala ukukhanya kwemoto. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1809 yaba Umsunguli i eliNgesi Delarue. Kamva wabonakala bulb Ukonakala leyo yazaliswa igesi egalelwe. Baqala ke ukuba kuveliswa ngo-1909

Ukufika lombane Russia

Kwixesha nje elifutshane emva kokuba ukuqaliswa elithi "umbane" ngumkhuba waqalisa ukuhlola kumazwe amaninzi. Ukuqala tshintsho zingathathwa ngokuba ukuvela ukukhanya. Apho unyaka kukho umbane eRashiya? Ngokutsho ukungaxoli, lo mhla - 1879. Kwaba lelo xesha ke eSt Petersburg ekuqaleni kubanjwa kombane Foundry Bridge , kwanezibane.

Kodwa unyaka ongaphambili e Kiev, omnye koomasifundisane kaloliwe, izibane zombane zafakelwa. Ngoko ke, umbane imbonakalo umhla eRashiya - impikiswano ngakumbi. Kodwa ekubeni lo msitho dyaba, umhla ezisemthethweni isicelo uyawakhanyisela Foundry Bridge.

Kodwa kukho nenye uguqulelo, xa kukho umbane eRashiya. Ngokwembono esemthethweni, lo mhla - January 30, 1880. Ngale mini, isebe lokuqala zombane ukuvela kwi Russian Technical Society. imisebenzi bakhe bayalelwa ukuba liliso ukuphunyezwa umbane kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngowe-1881 Tsarskoye Selo yaba sisixeko sokuqala lwaseYurophu, wakhanya ngokupheleleyo.

Omnye umhla nal - May 15, 1883 yesicelo ukhanyiso kuqala kubanjwa kule mini. Umcimbi lixesha ungqamane Ukuvuma itrone Russian, Alexander III. Kuba yesicelo, ukhanyiso i Sofia eweni amandla elincinane efakwe wombane abaqeqeshiweyo. Emva kwesi siganeko, zokukhanya yokuqala ukuvela kwisitrato esikhulu ka St. Petersburg, yaye emva koko kwi-Winter Palace.

Ngehlobo lowe-1886 ngengqibo umlawuli yasekwa "Society kwezibane zombane." Oku ukwenza umbane yonke St. Petersburg eMoscow. Kwaye ngo-1888 saqalisa ukwakha isityalo yokuqala amandla emizini inkulu. Ngehlobo lowe-1892 bt elektrotramvay oko yasungulwa eRashiya. Kwaye ke amandla kagesi okokuqala ngo-1895. Yakhiwa eSt Petersburg, phezu komlambo. Big Ohta.

E Moscow, isikhululo samandla yokuqala ukuvela 1897 Yayakhelwe phezu chibi Raushskaya. Isityalo amandla afumana imali ifildi kwisigaba ezintathu ngoku. Kwaye uvumelekile ukuba adlulisele umbane phezu imigama emide ngaphandle nelahleko ebonakalayo amandla. Kwezinye imizi Russia isityalo amandla waqala ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, phambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi.