Abonakale kwimbali Brezhnev, wokuguqula. Lo mfanekiso yezopolitiko Brezhnev (ngokufutshane)

abonakale Personal nezopolitiko Brezhneva L. I.-mbali abaninzi, abahlalutyi zopolitiko nabahlali eqhelekileyo pretty antsonkothileyo. Ukufumana umntu igunya yabalasela boom inkulu kwezoqoqosho USSR, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngeli xesha wabeka imvelaphi ekhokelele ekuweni ngamandla. Siza kuzama lokuyivelisa lo mfanekiso kunye nezopolitiko Brezhnev. Isishwankathelo biography of laseburhulumenteni sele inikwe apha ngezantsi.

ukuzalwa

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukuchaza umfanekiso yembali ka Brezhnev, ngokufutshane makugqale zihlandlo zomntu kanye ekwakusenziwa ubomi kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo, ekubeni ngeendlela ezininzi bashiya ngokwemvelo istampu ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa ubuntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, simele siqale ukusuka ekuzalweni.

L. I. Brezhnev wazalwa ngo-1906 kwidolophana Kamenka, apha kwiphondo Ekaterinoslav, ngomhla kummandla Ukraine yanamhlanje. Uyise iikulya Y., kunye nomama wakhe - Natalia Denisovna Mazalova. Bobabini abazali abasebenzi, Russian obuzwe.

Ukongeza Leonida Ilicha, intsapho wayenabantwana ababini nangaphezulu - Ukholo noYakobi, kodwa ziye uzelwe kancinane umzalwana kamva yakhe edumileyo.

ngeminyaka

Emva kokuphumelela kunye okwenkawu emfutshane lokusila oyile Z Ilyich wangena Geodetic Technical School kwisixeko Kursk, emva koko ngo-1927 wayesebenza unocanda nomhlaba wemihlaba kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kwaye ngo 1930 yayisele nesekela. intloko yolawulo komhlaba engingqi.

Ngowe-1927, lo mtshato kwenzeka L. I. Brezhneva kunye neVictoria Denisova.

Ngowe-1931 yena wangena, yaye kamva iminyaka emine izidanga ukusuka Institute for Engineering e Dneprodzerzhinsk kwicala, apho wayefunda kwi-Faculty of ngokuhlwa, kwangaxeshanye ukusebenza njenge locksmith. Kwakufika Brezhnev emsebenzini wakhe kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo unyukile ephawulekayo. Ngowe-1931 waba emashumi mabini anesihlanu ubudala yaba lilungu le-Communist Party.

Emva kokuba ephumelele, wakhonza umkhosi kummandla kwelentshona ye-izimvu, apho kukhuthazwa ukuba abe yinkokeli yezopolitiko. Emva kokuyeka inkonzo ngo-1936, waba ngumlawuli zekholeji in Dneprodzerzhinsk.

Ngowe-1937, Brezhnev wamiselwa isekela intloko yekomiti yesigqeba kwisixeko Dneprodzerzhinsk. Ngelo xesha ke waya phezu leri iqela le. Ngoko ke, ngo-1939 waba unobhala wekomiti iqela lephondo kummandla Dnepropetrovsk.

Ngexesha Second World War, Brezhnev wayilwa kwi-Red Army. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza amanyathelo ngokugaya, waza waba, uBrigadier nguMkomishinala. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, wamiselwa yiNtloko woLawulo Political we-4 Ukrainian Front, kunye elikwinqanaba uMajor General.

ileli party Promotion

Emva kwemfazwe, Z Ilyich waqhubeka inkqubela lakhe phezulu ileli omsebenzi kwi-ofisi party. Eli xesha waba nempembelelo kwindlela baseka umfanekiso imbali Brezhnev.

Sele 1946 waba intloko iKomiti yoMmandla Zaporizhzhya, yaye kunyaka olandelayo watshintshelwa kwisigxina efanayo kwekomiti zengingqi Dnipropetrovsk. Kwezi zikhundla, wafumana amabhaso likarhulumente ngokutsha kwemfazwe yommandla, kuquka Order of Lenin.

Ngowe-1950, Leonida Ilicha walinda ukwanda mpela. Waba yinkokeli yepati alilungu enye republic eSoviet - Moldavian SSR, nto leyo wayesele indawo lwezintlu yokuqala. Ngowe-1952, naye wonyulwa kwiKomiti Central. Kodwa emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo, yena ugwetyelwe, wakhululwa kuso zonke izithuba nimise intloko yesebe sezopolitiko Navy. Ngowe-1955, kwakhona Brezhnev uba unobhala yokuqala Party umbutho kwiriphabliki - eli xesha kwi Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Yaba ngeli xesha kukho uAbhishagi.

Ukususela ngo-1956, Z Ilyich wasebenza kunobhala weKomiti Central yaye ngowe-1957 wonyulwa ukuba kaMongameli kulo mzimba.

Ukususela ngowe-1960 ukuya 1964, Z Ilyich waba yintloko Elawulayo Ephakamileyo. Ngoko ke sangena kwada phezulu kwamandla kwi USSR, ukuthatha iposi sesithathu ebaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe. Lo mfanekiso yezopolitiko Brezhnev abe ulwandlalo ngokuya ecacileyo.

ukususwa Khrushchev ukusuka emandleni

Esi siganeko eziphambili oye waba nempembelelo lo mfanekiso kwimbali Brezhnev, yaba ukususwa ngo-1954 likanobhala yokuqala CPSU, oko kukuthi intloko ngqo karhulumente Nikita Khrushchev ukusuka emandleni.

Khrushchev akazange ukonwabela uthando kakhulu abantu yiSoviet, kwaye iinkokeli Communist Party phantse lonke ukususela weza amandla inkcaso kakhulu kakhulu Nikita Sergeyevich. Abameli inkcaso Intraparty akazange ungathanda indawo Khrushchev ngalo utshintsho yoluntu, kwakunye nemithetho yakhe yezoqoqosho akuphumelelanga. Brezhnev akazange ekuqaleni babengamalungu eli iqela lamagosa iqela, yaye ngowe-1957, ezixhaswa Nikita Sergeyevich, xa azama ukususa ukusuka ubunkokheli karhulumente.

Kodwa yee-60s ntsha yonke loo meko. Ukuphikiswa Khrushchev, ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo yayo akukholisi yaye ukusilela kumsebenzi kwezoqoqosho, ngakumbi nangakumbi komelezwa. Imfuneko utshintsho wobunkokheli urhulumente uye wazi, kunye Z Brezhnev. Kulo kukhanya, lo mfanekiso zopolitiko Brezhnev ngoko kubonisa ubuchule bakhe ukuphendula kwiimfuno iinguqu ezithile, kunokuba ukubambelela ukubeka ngokucacileyo ossified khosi.

Lwabasunguli itulo kwishifti Khrushchev waba: ilungu leqela Elawulayo N. V. Podgorny, umlawuli we iKGB V. E. Semichastny, kwaye ngaphambili usesikhundleni efanayo njengonobhala A. N. Shelepin. Brezhnev, nangona wajoyina abo babemenzele iyelenqe, kodwa akazange kukhokela kulo mmandla msebenzi. Nangona, ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, kucetyiswa ukuba Z Ilyich Semichastny ukususa emzimbeni Khrushchev, wafumana kwenqaba.

Le ubunkokheli beqela, etyhola Nikita Sergeyevich ukuzikhethela, dilettantism, kunye nomgaqo ayiphumelelanga angaphandle kunye nezoqoqosho, ecetywayo unobhala yokuqala iqela mhlawumbi ngokuzithandela uyavuma ukuba arhoxe kuzo zonke izithuba okanye ashiye kwihlazo. Khrushchev wakhetha yangaphambili.

Baqeshwe nesithuba sikanobhala yokuqala

Kwathiwa isigqibo ukwahlula isithuba sikaNobhala lokuqala Communist Party kwanentloko iBhunga labaPhathiswa, ngaphambili buzinze efanayo ezandleni. Kwi sithuba yokuqala wamiselwa L. I. Brezhnev, kwaye eyesibini - A. N. Kosygin.

Ekuqaleni, lo ubunkokheli beqela ya- la manani mabini njengoko kwizibhambathiso, yaye mhlawumbi okwethutyana, kodwa kwacaca phandle kamva, yayilixesha elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko yonke kuphuhliso kweli lizwe iye yanxulunyaniswa kunye nemisebenzi yazo. abonakale kwimbali Brezhnev enxulumene nalo eli xesha.

i wezepolitiki

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, amagosa iqela eliphezulu ngazo ukufumana L. I. Brezhneva wakhokela urhulumente bexeshana, ngoko kwafuneka banyamezele kumzabalazo ezinzima nge abachasi ngaphakathi izixhobo iqela ukungqina ilungelo lakhe lokuba akhokele ilizwe. Ukukwazi ukuqhuba mpi kuzisa ipeyinti elithile umfanekiso imbali Brezhnev.

Ngowe-1967, siye yaqinisa ayiphikisani Brezhnev kunye kwiqela, eziquka Shelepin, kasixhenxe, Podgorny kunye Egorychev. Eli qela lamalungu Party yagqiba ekubeni lixesha siguqule unobhala yokuqala "yethutyana", wazibeka endaweni yayo Shelepin. Ukulungiselela le njongo, umhlaba waba uvalo ngohlobo iintetho kwiintlanganiso zeqela kunye ukugxekwa bezinto izigqibo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente. Kodwa Z Ilyich eli xesha namandla ngokwaneleyo yaye, ngokungafaniyo Khrushchev, wakwazi ukuthintela yelenqe.

Ngowe-1967, A. N. Shelepin wagxothwa kuNobhala weKomiti Central kunye kwisikhundla sokuba yintloko Unions Zonke-Union Trade, Egorycheva lwaye kwisikhundla sikaNobhala lokuqala kwisebe eMoscow of Communist Party yaye yadluliselwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngusekela. UMphathiswa wezoLimo, yaye kamva wathuma inxusa eDenmark. V. M. Semichastny ukusuka kuma ngentsika intloko iKGB yadluliselwa iBhunga labaPhathiswa lwe Ukrainian SSR. Endaweni yakhe wamiselwa umntu othembekileyo Brezhnev -. Yu V. Andropov. Kwakhona ngeli xesha nto ingako kuyo iqela labantu close to Z Ilyich, kwizithuba urhulumente ngaphezulu. Le Chernenko K. W., Tikhonov, N. A., Tsvigun SK, ngesoda, NA et al. Imisebenzi abaninzi kubo bangaphambili isixeko Dnipropetrovsk, nto leyo enika ithuba bathi kamva ukuba urhulumente USSR lusekiwe "Dnipropetrovsk clan".

Kugqibela abachasi ezinkulu nkundla Brezhnev ezopolitiko sisusiwe NV Podgorny. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1977, xa ngenxa yempilo enkenenkene Leonida Ilicha Boyika ukuba Podgorny, ababekhonza njengoSihlalo we Elawulayo ePhakamileyo, kunokuphazamisana isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele. Kulo mba, wagxothwa phantsi benze umhlala-phantsi.

guqula

Ethetha lo mfanekiso yembali Brezhnev nenguqulo yakhe, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba nangona ebudeni ixesha elithile wobukumkani bakhe wabafudusa nkqubo loHlaziyo, kodwa hayi lwenziwa kuyaqalwa, Z Ilyich. Injini engundoqo ezintsha yaba A. N. Kosygin, ngubani wayengusihlalo iBhunga labaPhathiswa. Le posi elilingana kwindawo yangoku yeNtloko likaRhulumente okanye iNkulumbuso kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphandle kwegama le laseburhulumenteni akunakwenzeka ukuba iqulunqe umfanekiso epheleleyo yembali Brezhnev. nkqubo Domestic kaNobhala Jikelele, phezu koko, ijoliswe ukulondolozwa kolawulo omdala, nangona phantsi koxinzelelo ukusuka kwizinto zoqoqosho Z Brezhnev kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela okwethutyana izindululo Kosygin.

Nangona Kosygin, ngokungafaniyo Shelepin, akubanga ngxabano ngqo Brezhnev, kodwa Kwaphawuleka ukuba uninzi amanyathelo ziqondeka unobhala jikelele kwi negative.

utshintsho kwezoqoqosho ngo-1965, nto leyo wehla waya embalini phantsi igama Kosygin iinguqu kukuba ukuphelisa imizimba ucwangciso lwenqila, ukunciphisa inani kwiithagethi ukwanda okuzimela kwamashishini ngamnye. Izalathi ezingundoqo kwamashishini baye nenzuzo yabo kunye nokusebenza.

Ukwandiswa lokuzimela lwamashishini ukuba singafani nokuhlelwa iqela, elikhokelwa L. I. Brezhnev. umzobo Imbali inkokeli njengexesha esibonakala izimvo ngokwanelisayo endala. Akumangalisi-nkqubo karhulumente elo xesha, xa nshita Khrushchev obuhle, olubizwa ngokuba yiniyo-kwiStalinism, kunye neziganeko kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe - kungekho kukhula. Ukususela ekuqaleni-imi- 70 Ushintsho oluqhubekayo Kosygin waqalisa umoya phantsi, iindlela zolawulo lukarhulumente okungqongqo kuqoqosho yaqala ukwenziwa nje ngaphambili.

Ukwala wokuhlaziya ukuwa kwangaphambili kwezoqoqosho yiSoviet Union kwixesha elizayo.

uphuhliso loqoqosho USSR

Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwixesha Brezhnev umgangatho wokuphila kwabemi eSoviet Union lifikelele obude nanto. abantu abaninzi, pozhivshie ngaloo mihla ezidlule yokudodobala njenge "age yegolide".

Kodwa umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila ukuba kunokufikelelwa kuphela 'ukutya kude' labo zolondolozo eziye elaye eSoviet Union ngexesha zeminyaka edlulileyo ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima abameli abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, zaba phantsi Brezhnev inxalenye enkulu lungeniselo le ukuthunyelwa yeoli ukubonelela, isitokhwe ezibalulekileyo apho yaqala iza kuphuhliswa eSiberia. Logama nje kude kube sekupheleni 70s ixabiso lwemvelaphi iye phezulu, kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngamandla kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, le nto zibambene uqoqosho ukuze amaxabiso oyile, ukususela ekuqaleni 80s kunye ekuweni ukubaluleka kwegolide abamnyama iye yaba yenye yezona zinto ebangele ukuba ekuweni koqoqosho.

Kwakhona inkqubela engakhiyo Brezhnev xesha hormone kwamanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho kunye nokunqongophala kwabanye.

angaphandle

Ekuqalekeni bakhe kobukumkani Brezhnev ujongene kwimvukelo Czechoslovak, leyo sibhekiswe waseUSSR, kolawulo ngqo kweli lizwe. Wathabatha isinqumo ukuthumela amajoni Soviet kwi eCzechoslovakia yokuphelisa le mvukelo. Ngaloo ndlela wakwazi ukugcina impembelelo yiSoviet Union eMpuma Yurophu.

Ngelo xesha linye ekuqaleni 70s nyangweni kuqheleke ubudlelwane ne-United States. Umongameli American yakhokhela utyelelo eMoscow.

Le meko emva 1979, xa eSoviet Union wayikhupha imikhosi ku Afghanistan. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwe USSR kunye West kunzima kunye bang, kwaye yiSoviet Union lazise iqela ukwayo.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe kwi L. I. Brezhneva babonakala iingxaki zempilo ebalulekileyo. Akavumela ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo eziliqela yaye imivumbo ezachaphazela ubuchule bakhe engqondweni. Ngapha koko, waba mikhwa ukuba ipilisi zokulala, ngaphandle koko wasuka waphuthelwa ubusuku bonke.

Ukususela 70s emva kwexesha, Brezhnev ayikwazanga kukhokela karhulumente urhulumente lizwe enyanisweni ocande ezandleni kwisangqa yakhe ngaphakathi, ngoxa Z Brezhnev wahlala unobhala jikelele de ukufa kwakhe.

ukufa

Wafa L. I. Brezhnev ngoNovemba 1982, xa omnye zokuhlala yayo. Njengoko kumiselwe yi gqirha, ukufa kwakubangelwa zokuma. ezihlangwini abanqwenelayo uNobhala Jikelele akazange igama, ngoko ke ilizwe elinde ukuba umzabalazo entsha ngamandla.

Z Brezhnev wangcwatywa Red Square.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Makhe sizame ukuba abaxelele umfanekiso yezopolitiko Brezhnev. Ngokufutshane, sathetha ngalo zadibana enkulu ngobomi bakhe ukuba kuza kunceda yokufaka umfanekiso esisiso.

Z Brezhnev wayeyindoda iimbono 'endala, isikolo esidala. Ngeendlela ezininzi, waba livelana nkqubo Stalin, nangona ukuvuselela ngokusemthethweni ukuba akazange abe nobuganga. Kwangaxeshanye, ngamanye amaxesha kwaqatshelwa ukuba nako ukuhlaziya izimvo zalo ngaphambili, nezimo ekutshintsheni le meko. Kodwa ubudala, lo ukukwazi ukuba bhetyebhetye Brezhnev yaba ngaphantsi yaye ngaphantsi, ekuyeni ekupheleni nokusukelana ekulondolozweni oludala, kungakhathaliseki utshintsho yangaphandle, kucaciswe ngakumbi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi njongo Brezhnev wayekulungele ukuthatha amanyathelo ukuba kakhulu babephikisana kunye nemimiselo eyamkelekileyo yokuziphatha.

Kodwa kufuneka siqonde ukuba lo mfanekiso kwimbali Brezhnev, ngokutsho algorithm, Baya kuma kwangaphambili, akuyi kusebenza ithuba lokuyila ngokutsha, njengoko kwakunjalo mzobo kakhulu eqaqambileyo impikiswano kwimbali yelizwe.