War Bosnian: Oonobangela

kweminyaka 90 ziye zaba elandelayo gazi kwiiBalkans. Ngomhla amabhodlo baseYugoslavia baqalisa iimfazwe ezininzi zobuhlanga. Omnye wabo wajika eBosnia phakathi AmaBosnia, amaSerb nama-Croats. impixano bofanelana bephinyelene kwalungiswa kuphela emva kokuba yangenelela wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulu iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye NATO. ungquzulwano lwezigalo waba kakubi ngenxa yobubi balo ezininzi imfazwe.

ngumba

Ngowe-1992, iMfazwe Bosnian waqala. Kwathi sizoku lwisana ekuweni eYugoslavia kwaye ukuwa Communism kwi World Endala. I enkulu elichasayo macala zentsimbi Bosniak amaSilamsi (okanye Bosniak), Orthodox abangamaSerb Croat yamaKatolika. Impixano waba ezininzi: kwezopolitiko, ubuhlanga kunye confessional.

Yonke le nto yaqala ekuweni lwaseYugoslavia. Le meko federal yobusoshiyali babehlala iintlanga ezahlukeneyo kakhulu - .. yayingamaSerb, Croats, AmaBosnia, abelaseMakedoni, Slovenes, njl Xa Berlin Wall wawa kunye nenkqubo wamaKomanisi baphulukana iMfazwe Yomlomo, bambalwa yesizwe eYugoslavia waqalisa ukufuna ukuzimela. Yaqala kuluhlu sovereignties , ngokuthi umzekeliso kwakusenzeka ntoni eSoviet Union.

ICandelo One, Slovenia kunye Croatia. EYugoslavia, ukongeza kubo, kwakukho Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Yaba lo mmandla kuhlale zinaso kanye ilizwe elimanyeneyo. Ilizwe baba malunga ne-45% Bosniak, abangamaSerb-30% ne-16% Croat. February 29, 1992 abasemagunyeni (ise ikomkhulu saseSarajevo) ebibanjelwe-zimvo on inkululeko. NamaSerb Bosnian balile ukuba nenxaxheba kulo. Xa aseSarajevo wathi ukuzimela kwiYugoslavia, ekunyukeni ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo.

umbuzo Serbian

Eyona ikomkhulu namaSerb Bosnian baqalisa laseBanja Luka. Impixano waba mandundu kukuba iintlanga ezimbini ecaleni ophilayo iminyaka emininzi, yaye ngenxa yoko, kwakukho iintsapho ezininzi kuhlale ugalelwe kwiindawo ezithile. Ngokubanzi, namaSerb waphila ixesha elide emantla nasempuma kweli lizwe. Imfazwe Bosnian yaba indlela yokuba wobambiswano kunye bakhaya eYugoslavia. Impi Socialist Republic wamshiya Bosnia ngoMeyi 1992. Ngenxa yokuduka amandla wesithathu ukuba ngandlel 'elawula ubudlelwane phakathi kubabandezeli, wanyamalala mqobo lokugqibela ethintela gazi.

Esasiya (apho ahlala abantu ubukhulu becala abangamaSerb) ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni inkxaso namaSerb Bosnian ukwenza yabo Republika Srpska. Amagosa amaninzi owayenguMongameli umkhosi enobunye baqalisa ukuya kungena imikhosi exhobileyo karhulumente engaziwa.

lukabani Russia emfazweni Bosnian, kuye kwacaca mhlophe ngoko nangoko emva kokuqalisa kwalo ungquzulwano. Abasemagunyeni ye-Russian Federation wazama ukwenza nje ibutho yokugcinwa. Ngoko wenza Ezinye amagunya owaziwayo phakathi koluntu yehlabathi. Abezopolitiko ukhangela kwizibhambathiso, simema abachasi-thethana kwi kwintsimi cala. Noko ke, xa sithetha ngayo uluvo loluntu eRashiya 90., Singatsho kakuhle ukuba novelwano ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ezibe ecaleni namaSerb. Oku akumangalisi, kuba abantu ababini adityaniswe uqhagamshele uluntu inkcubeko Slavic, kwimfundiso, njalo njalo. D. Ngokutsho iingcali ngamazwe, imfazwe Bosnian yaba liziko yomtsalane kumavolontiya 4 amawaka ukusuka USSR abaxhasa Republic of Srpska.

Isifo yemfazwe

Umntu wesithathu ukuba impi, ukongeza yamaSerb kwaye Bosniaks, waqala Croats. Bona wadala Commonwealth saseHerceg-Bosna, leyo ebudeni bemfazwe wayekho njenge karhulumente engaziwa. Likomkhulu kwiriphabliki yaba isixeko eMostar. EYurophu, siye sabona indlela zemfazwe kwaye bazama ngoncedo izixhobo ngamazwe ukuthintela igazi. NgoMatshi 1992, isivumelwano sasayinwa e Lisbon, njengoko apho amandla kweli lizwe ukuze kwahlulwa ecaleni zobuzwe. Ukongeza, amaqela avumelene ukuba iziko federal uya kwabelana amandla kunye noomasipala bengingqi. Uxwebhu yasayinwa Bosnian Alija Izetbegovic, Serb Radovan Karadzic kunye Mate Croatian Boban.

Nangona kunjalo, a ukuhlehla elifutshane ixesha elide. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, Izetbegovic wathi yayirhoxisa sivumelwano. Enyanisweni, wabanika ezinokufumaneka Blanche ukuya ekuqaleni imfazwe. Kwakufuneka nje izaba. Emva kokuqalisa abachasi kwegazi ekuthiwa iziqephu ezahlukeneyo ababekhonza njengoko umfutho kubulawa lokuqala. Yaba ingongoma enkulu eceleni.

Ukuze ufumane indawo endingayi kubuya of yamaSerb yaba ukudutyulwa umtshato yaseSerbia eSarajevo. Bebezazi Bosniaks. Kwangaxeshanye, amaSilamsi watyhola nama kwi Swagger emfazweni. Bathe ukuba AmaBosnia lokuqala abafileyo wathabatha inxaxheba umboniso esitalatweni. Xa ngokubulawa abagada kukrokrelwa Republika Srpska Mongameli Radovan Karadzic.

Nasekuxinweni saseSarajevo

NgoMeyi 1992, kwisixeko Austria Graz, umongameli Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, kwaye umongameli Croatian Republic of saseHerceg-Bosna Mate Boban utyikitye isivumelwano amabini, apho uxwebhu ibalulekileyo isigaba sokuqala imfazwe. Ezimbini ithi Slavic eliyi wavuma ukuba ayeke ukulwa kwaye idibanise ukuze likwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu imimandla Muslim.

Emva kwesi siganeko kweMfazwe Bosnian ezenzeka eSarajevo. Likomkhulu uhlanga eqwengwe ingxabano lwangaphakathi, bantu baninzi yi Muslims. Noko ke, amadlelo kunye neelali eziyingqongileyo kumiwa uninzi Serb. Le ratio uzimisele ikhondo umlo. Aprili 6, 1992 waqala ekungqingweni saseSarajevo. Zingafanelana umkhosi Serbian umzi. Ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni yathatha kuyo emfazweni (iminyaka emithathu) yafunqulwa kuphela emva kokusayina le yokugqibela Dayton Izivumelwano.

Ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni saseSarajevo, esi sixeko phantsi neziqhushumbisi obukhulu. Ifanele, leyo bahlala kuyo kweqokobhe, walibeka kwixesha loxolo bazaliswa umxube eyodwa nentlaka, iiplastiki kunye inki ebomvu. Ezi "markers 'kumajelo eendaba ziye ngokuba" roses Zakon ". Namhlanje ke omnye ezikhumbuzo edume kakhulu loo mfazwe ezoyikekayo.

kweemfazwe

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfazwe abangamaSerb-Bosniak wabaleka ngaxeshanye kunye imfazwe iCroatia, apho ungquzulwano asha phakathi Croat zasekuhlaleni Serb. Kuyinto imeko kancinane kwaye inzima. E Bosnia wajika imfazwe, ukuba kukho imfazwe zonke ngeenxa zonke. Eyona impikiswano yaba kwisikhundla Croats zasekuhlaleni. Abanye babo nokunikelwa AmaBosnia, enye inxalenye - namaSerb.

NgoJuni 1992, eli lizwe libe UN uxolo amandla. Ekuqaleni, oko wadalwa emfazweni Croatian, kodwa kungekudala emva kokuba amandla akhe yandiswa Bosnia. Ezi imikhosi exhobileyo wathabatha ulawulo saseSarajevo moya (phambi kokuba wathabatha namaSerb, kwafuneka ukuba ushiye olu hub zothutho ebalulekileyo). UN abajongene apha ukuzisa zokunceda, kufuneka zihanjiswe kwilizwe liphela, njengoko eBosnia, kungekhona indawo eyodwa engayi gazi. Iimbacu ababulawayo waluthethelela mission Red Cross, nangona imigudu elinokuvela lombutho akwanelanga.

empini

Unya kunye nangqondo yemfazwe kuye kwaziwa ehlabathini lonke. Oku lula ngokuthi kuphuhliswe kumajelo eendaba, umabonwakude kunye nezinye iindlela yokusasaza ulwazi. Ukuhlanganisa olubanzi yaba isenzeko esenzeka ngoMeyi 1992. Kwisixeko saseTuzla imikhosi ngokudibeneyo Bosnian-Croat ahlasele wabacimi le yesiYugoslav People Umkhosi, ukuze abuyele kwilizwe lawo ngenxa ekuweni lizwe. Olu hlaselo yayizinyaswe ngamajoni, wadubula umatshini yaye ngaloo umgwaqo. Abahlaseli ubande wasicima ngababuleweyo. Yaza yabulala amajoni ngaphezulu kwama-200 abantu yesiYugoslav Army. Esi siganeko, phakathi kwabanye abaninzi kwabonisa ugonyamelo ngexesha lemfazwe Bosnian.

Ngu ngehlobo lika-1992 le-Republic of Srpska Army wakwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu kwimimandla yasempumalanga eli lizwe. empini Muslim Local zinganakwa. Kuba Bosniaks zadalwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Zonke, ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kwabasetyhini. Ugonyamelo nombulali ngexesha lemfazwe Bosnian abazange khona ngengozi. KwiiBalkans bekusoloko kukho nomgqomo onokudubula of Europe. Le ithi kazwelonke basekuhlaleni baye elifutshane elide. abantu beentlanga ukuzama ukuphila phakathi zoMbuso, kodwa olu khetho ukuba i "ummelwane olungileyo" Ekugqibeleni zemka emva kokuwa kobuKomanisi. izikhalazo Mutual kunye nezikhalazo basindiswa kangangamakhulu eminyaka.

akunakuqinisekiswa elizayo

Zalisa kuvalwe iindlela Sarajevo weza ehlotyeni ka-1993, xa umkhosi Serbian akwazi ukugqiba ukusebenza "Lugavats 93". Yaba kuhlaselwa acwangcisiweyo, nto leyo esicwangciswe yi Ratko Mladic (namhlanje i abagwebi inkundla ngamazwe). Ngexesha lo msebenzi, namaSerb ahlala Ezingxingweni abaluleke ekhokelela eSarajevo. Elumelwaneni lwaloo eyinkunzi kunye enkulu yeli lizwe - kunye amageduka weentaba. Xa silapho Ezingxingweni nemiwonyo ziba ziindawo amadabi.

Ukufakwa Trnovo, nama bakwazi ukudibanisa nemfuyo yabo kwimimandla emibini - Herzegovina kunye Podrinje. Lo mkhosi ke wajika entshonalanga. imfazwe Bosnian, ngamafutshane, ibe odla ezininzi ezincinane usilwa amaqela axhobileyo. NgoJulayi 1993, namaSerb akwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu abapasileyo yeNtaba Igman. Le ndaba banomona ke uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. oonozakuzaku Western baqalisa ukubeka uxinzelelo iinkokheli yeRiphabliki kwaye buqu Radovan Karadzic. Xa iintetho e Geneva, namaSerb wakwenza kwacaca ukuba kwimeko nokwala lokurhoxa babe nemihlali ukuya NATO airstrikes. Karadzic agobe phantsi koxinzelelo olunjalo. Agasti 5, 1993 nama wemka Igman, ngoxa zinto zifunwayo ziza asala Bosnia baba ngasemva kwawo. Endulini ngobuchule kubalulekile ukuba kufakwe abajongene eFransi.

amaBosnia bahlukane

Ngelo xesha, eminqubeni kwakukho yokwahlukanisa lwangaphakathi Bosniak. Of ngabazalwane ubabalo ukugcina umbuso qela liphikisayo. Imigaqo-Firet Abdic kunye nabalandeli bakhe ubamba imbono eyahlukileyo. Babefuna ukwenza urhulumente federal, kwaye bakholwa ukuba kuphela kwizibhambathiso uya kuphelisa Bosnian iMfazwe (1992-1995). Ngamafutshane, oku kuye kwakhokelela ukuvela kweenkampu ezimbini ezazingasombululeki. Ekugqibeleni, ngoSeptemba 1993, Abdic e Velika Kladusa isaziso nokudalwa Western Bosnia. Yaba enye republic engaziwa, wamelana urhulumente Izetbegovic eSarajevo. Abdic waba sizana Republic of Srpska.

Western Bosnia - ngumzekelo omhle wendlela kwakukho yonke imfundo yexesha elifutshane esitsha kwezopolitiko, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba Bosnian iMfazwe (1992-1995). Izizathu zoku Medley kwakuba inani enkulu nezinto anomdla kuzo ezihlabanayo. Western Bosnia iye khona iminyaka emibini. indawo yayo ilawulwa ngexesha lomsebenzi "Tiger 94" yaye "I Tempest." Kwimeko yokuqala nxamnye Abdic ezenziwe AmaBosnia ngokwabo.

Ngo-Agasti 1995, isigaba sokugqibela imfazwe, xa kwavala imfundo lokugqibela obuzimele, ukuba imikhosi urhulumente Izetbegovic wazibandakanya Croats kunye anokuvela eliqingqiweyo NATO. iimfazwe ezinkulu kwenzeka kummandla Krajina. Iziphumo ngqo lo msebenzi "Storm" yaba ukubhabha zokuhlala umda Croatian-Bosnian malunga 250 amawaka namaSerb. Aba bantu bazalwa ndaza ndakhulela Krajina. Nangona kungekho nto engaqhelekanga akazange ukuhamba amazwe. Abaninzi basuswa emakhayeni abo War Bosnian. A ingcaciso elula uhuhamba zabemi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ungquzulwano ayikwazanga kugqitywa ngaphandle inkcazelo ecacileyo imida yobuhlanga nonqulo, ngoko yonke yamaJuda encinane kunye enclaves ngexesha lemfazwe yatshatyalaliswa ngokucwangcisiweyo. Yahlula mmandla wachukumisa yayingamaSerb, AmaBosnia kunye Croats.

Kohlanga isigcawu

mthetho War nobabini nizimisele AmaBosnia nama kunye Croats. Zombini echaza inkohlakalo yabo ekuziphindezeleni bakhaya zakhe. AmaBosnia ukuba udushe abahlali abangamaSerb wadala amaqela "beyifuna." Baqhuba behlasela kwilali elinoxolo Slavic.

Le ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu esibi sele kubulawa Serbian in iSrebrenica. Ngokutsho isigqibo UN, ngowe-1993, esi sixeko kunye ebumelwaneni eziyingqongileyo ibhengeze yindawo ekhuselekileyo. Iimbacu Muslim abada umva kuzo zonke iingingqi yeBosnia. NgoJulayi 1995 iSrebrenica wayithimba namaSerb. Abazenza kwabulawa esixekweni, yabulala ngokutsho kuqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, malunga 8000 abahlali abahlali Muslim - abantwana, abasetyhini nabantu abadala. Namhlanje, ehlabathini lonke War Bosnian iminyaka 92-95. edume kakhulu kule episode enogonyamelo.

Kwabulawa e iSrebrenica nangoku osaphandwa i-International Criminal Tribunal ngenxa elalisakuba yiYugoslavia. Matshi 24, 2016, owayesakuba nguMongameli Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, wagwetywa iminyaka engama-40 entolongweni. Uye ngoovulindlela ezininzi zolwaphulo ezaziwa Bosnian War. Photo ngecala kwakhona basasazeke cinezela ehlabathini, njengokuba kwiiyure zangaphambili ezi-90. Karadzic kwaye likwanoxanduva ngento eyenzeka iSrebrenica. arhente Intelligence wambamba emva ubomi iminyaka elishumi sokuFihla phantsi igama lobuxoki eBelgrade.

ungenelelo Military zoluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe

Qho ngonyaka, i-Bosnian owayo-Croat imfazwe inxaxheba kwabaluleka ingalawuleki yaye bedidekile. Kuye kwacaca ukuba akukho namnye okumgangatho amaqela ungquzulwano akayi ukufikelela iinjongo zabo nge gazi. Kwi-US, ngokwemeko ekhoyo, abasemagunyeni baqalisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo thethwano. Inyathelo lokuqala ukusombulula imbambano yaba isivumelwano yaphela imfazwe of Croats kunye AmaBosnia. amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ngemvume ngoMatshi 1994 eVienna ne Washington. NamaSerb Bosnian babemenyiwe nabo etafileni thethwano, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ukuthumela oonozakuzaku zabo.

Bosnian War, ifoto evela emasimini kuwa kule eendaba angaphandle rhoqo kothusa West, kodwa KwiiBalkans kwabonwa evame. Kwezi meko, inyathelo ezandleni zabo bathatha NATO. I-Amerika kunye namahlakani abo, ngenkxaso eZizwe eziManyeneyo waqalisa ukulungiselela isicwangciso-moya zokuqhushumbisa izikhundla Serb. Le usebenze kanzima 'ukucinga malunga amandla "laqala ngo-Agasti 30. Kuhlasela yanceda AmaBosnia kwaye Croats cofa nama kwimimandla ngobuchule ebalulekileyo yasethafeni Ozren kunye Western eBosnia. Isiphumo ephambili NATO ngoncedo yaba kwesiqalekiso wayengqingwe saseSarajevo, eyathatha iminyaka eliqela. Emva koko, imfazwe Serbian-Bosnian wayesondela ekupheleni kwayo. Onke amaqela ukuba impi ziye wopha emhlophe. Xa urhulumente yashiya izibonelelo yokuhlala, yomkhosi mveliso yonke.

Dayton

thethwano Final phakathi abachasi yaqala kwintsimi cala. Ikamva ume-mlilo kwavunyelwana kwindawo US ziko lomkhosi e Dayton. Ukutyikitywa ngokusesikweni izibambiso yenzeka kwi Elysee Palace e Paris ngoDisemba 14, 1995. Iintshukumo ezingundoqo uMongameli Bosnia ejongene kulenkonzo Alija Izetbegovic, uMongameli Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic kunye Croatian uMongameli uFranjo Tudjman. iintetho zokuqala zaye zabanjwa phantsi ukusekelwa amazwe ukuqwalasela - i-UK, eJamani, eRashiya, USA ne-France.

Ngokwesivumelwano, ukudala imo entsha - i Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina kunye Republika Srpska. imida lwangaphakathi sele yenziwe ngendlela yokuba kwisifundo ngasinye ezikhuphile yinxalenye ngokulinganayo lizwe. Ukongeza, Bosnia savelisa NATO uxolo amandla. Ezi imikhosi aye waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ukugcinwa koxolo a kwiingingqi ingakumbi eladlulayo.

Ngokushushu ziphikisana ubundlobongela ngexesha lemfazwe Bosnian. ubungqina obubhaliweyo mthetho zokulwa ezidluliselwe sokugweba yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo isebenza namhlanje. Oku kugwetywa nje bantsebenzo eziqhelekileyo ngqo lwabasunguli inkohlakalo "phezulu". Abezopolitiko kunye yamajoni walungelelanisa kohlanga kubemi zoxolo, baye basuswa ngamandla.

Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, unobangela imfazwe Bosnian babemele ungquzulwano lobuhlanga baseYugoslavia yaphela. Dayton wakhonza ifomula bahlangabezane kwibutho uphuphu. Nangona KwiiBalkans ahlale ngumthombo uxinzeleko lonke elaseYurophu, ubundlobongela ivulekile kwisikali imfazwe apho, ekugqibeleni wayeka. Yaba impumelelo izingxoxo zamazwe (nakuba ndilwenze). imfazwe Bosnian kunye nobundlobongela, leyo wathi, washiya uphawu enkulu phezu bayahlelwa nabantu basekuhlaleni. Namhlanje akukho Bosniak okanye nomSerb, osapho akunakuchatshazelwa yi iingxwabangxwaba akuboni engamashumi amabini edlulileyo.