Amagama amacwecwe inkulu boMhlaba. Ze planethi Ukwakheka

wenza amazwekazi kwaye iziqithi njani? Yintoni egqibayo ukuba igama amacwecwe ezinkulu Umhlaba? Apho wenza iplanethi yethu?

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Nganye wakha wazibuza malunga ngemvelaphi iplanethi yethu. Ngokuba abantu ngokunzulu yonqulo ilula: UThixo wadala umhlaba ngeentsuku-7 - xesha. Bona baqine kwinkolelo yabo, esazi amagama ezinkulu amacwecwe lithospheric, kwakheka ngenxa nasekusungulweni kumphezulu-langa. Kubo, ekuzalweni igwiba wethu - kuba ngummangaliso, yaye akazange anikwe zesayensi, izazinzulu kunye izazi bengenako ukhabe ngawo omane.

Izazinzulu, Noko ke, yiba nombono eyahlukileyo ngokusekelwe yeengcinga kunye nokucingela. Imeeno ukuba zithi, tyhala yaye ukukhululwa pridumavayut ngeenxa igama. Uninzi Iizilebhu ezinkulu Umhlaba nako.

Kweli nqanaba, akwaziwa ukuba kukho indlela kwethu, kodwa kukho ezininzi i izimvo umdla. Ukuba izazi zavumelana ngamxhelo mnye xa kukho giganstsky single nemisinga ngenxa ziintlekele kunye neenkqubo zendalo iinxalenye lahlulwe. Kwakhona, izazinzulu ziye babenyuke kuphela igama amacwecwe ezinkulu eMhlabeni, kodwa ezichongiweyo encinane.

Theory esengozini liphupha

Umzekelo, Immanuel Kant kunye Per Laplas - izazinzulu evela eJamani - ayekholelwa ukuba indalo yavela evela nebula sukube kunye Earth - umhlaba lo ngcembe buyehla, kwesikhoko - nto ifana kumphezulu obandayo.

Enye ingcali yenzululwazi, Otto Yulevich Shmidt, babekholelwa ukuba ilanga njengoko udlula njengenxalenye amafu gas-uthuli kuthinjwa ngasemva. inguqulo yakhe kukuba Earth yethu kweziyobisi zange otyhidiweyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ekuqaleni yaba yiplanethi ebandayo.

Ukuba uyakholwa imfundiso le sisazinzulu yaseBritani Fred Hoyle, ilanga inkwenkwezi-amawele, nto leyo ladubula ngathi supernova. Phantse zonke iinyama gangalala apho imigama emikhulu kunye inani elincinane eziseleyo ngeenxa ilanga yajika yaba iplanethi. Enye yezi ngamaqhekeza waza waba nelaye lasisiseko uluntu.

Version njengento saziwe

Livela uqhelekileyo imbali Umhlaba lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Malunga 7 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo wabumba umhlaba ephambili kuyabanda, ngoko izibonelelo zalo ngcembe waqalisa ukuba shushu.
• Emva koko, ngexesha babizwa ngokuba "yobudala nenyanga" evuthayo mlilo ashushu kuphalala yale mithi kumphezulu. Oku yaphuma kwinto yokuba kusekwe zezulu zamabanga aphantsi kunye umfutho ukuze kwakhiwe kwesikhoko - lithosfere.
• Ngenxa emoyeni planethi zaseprayimari kwabonakala iilwandle, apho umhlaba, wayifulela kwiqokobhe ashinyeneyo, emele nezitya ocean icacisa nezinto ezithe phuhlu zwekazi. Ngaloo mihla le ndawo amanzi kakhulu ixhaphake ngaphezu ndawo mhlaba. Hi ndlela leyi, kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye eliphezulu yokwaleka ubizwa ngokuba lithosfere, owenza amacwecwe lithosfere ezenza i "imilo 'yonke Umhlaba. Amagama Iizilebhu ezinkulu kunxibelelana indawo yayo okuyo.

uqhekeko giant

Njengoko amazwekazi kwakhiwa neepleyiti lithospheric? Malunga 250 yezigidi kwiminyaka edlulileyo Umhlaba wakhangela kakhulu engalunganga, njengoko kunjalo ngoku. Ke iplanethi enye kuphela, kanye ngokufanayo, ilizwekazi omkhulu ebizwa Pangea. ummandla ogcweleyo ayiphucukanga kwaye lilingana kummandla onke amazwekazi ezikhoyo ngoku, kuquka iziqithi. Pangea macala onke yi kolwandle, leyo kuthiwa Panthalassa. Olu lwandle enkulu ahlala yonke kumphezulu-langa.

Nangona kunjalo, ubukho supercontinent lwalulolwexeshana. Ngaphakathi Umhlaba ukumthiy iinkqubo, nto leyo ekhokelele kweziyobisi yokwaleka waqala alaqhenqetha yonke imiyalelo, ngokuthe ngcembe esisuka nezwe. Ngenxa yoku, Pangea kuqala disengaged lezabelo-2, ukwakha amazwekazi ezimbini - Laurasia kunye ajenos. Emva koko ke amazwekazi ngcembe zahlulwe zibe ziingceba, ngokuthe ngcembe baya iindlela zabo ezohlukeneyo. Ukongeza kumazwekazí ezintsha, kwabonakala amacwecwe lithospheric. Ukususela isihloko amacwecwe ezinkulu oko kucaca xa ehlola isigebenga ntoni iindawo ndakubumba.

Yokutyiwa kwaloo ajenos - oku siyazi Australia kunye Antarctica, kwakunye eMzantsi Afrika kunye amacwecwe lithospheric Afrika. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba la macwecwe yaye ngexesha lethu ngokuthe ngcembe diverge - ukusuka isantya ukuhamba-2 cm ngonyaka ngamnye.

Yohambo Laurasia wajika iipleyiti ezimbini lithospheric - i-North America, eYurophu. Kulo mzekelo, Eurasia ayikho kuphela isiqwengana Laurasia, kodwa inxalenye ajenos. Amagama Iizilebhu ezinkulu eziza kuba aphesheya - Hindustan, Arabhu, eYurophu.

Ekubunjweni kwelizwekazi yaseYurophu inxaxheba ngqo Afrika. ipleyiti yakhe lithospheric kancane ngakumbi eYurophu, ukwakha iintaba neenduli. Kungenxa yale "manyano" kuvelile Carpathians, Pyrénées, Ore Mountains, Alps kunye Sudetenland.

Uluhlu amacwecwe lithospheric

Amagama amacwecwe ezinkulu zezi zilandelayo:

• South American;
• Australian;
• yaseYurophu;
• North American;
• Antarctic;
• Pacific;
• South American;
• Hindustan.

.K ubungakanani medium of - zezi:

• gum;
• Nazca;
• Scotia;
• bakwiiPhilippines;
• lwawo;
• Strait of uJuan de Fuca.