Republic of China: uqoqosho, labantu, imbali

ababona abantu abaninzi nokubona ukuba ihlabathi ngoku ngaphezu kwesinye Republic of China, abe mabini, elinye kuphela kubo isimaphambili "iintsomi". Kodwa loo nto bonke. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ixesha elifutshane kwakukho omnye Republic of China, kodwa eli xesha "eSoviet". Zama ukuqonda ukuba nguwuphi na kubo lowo.

China

Le yimeko enamandla ehlabathini yaziwa phantsi kwegama eqhelekileyo ngakumbi "China" ngokubanzi. Kuye kwasekwa 01.10.1949 The ikomkhulu eli lizwe eBeijing. China (PRC) yi lorhulumente wenkqubo yobuSoshali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaba usihlalo Xi Jinping. Leliya lizwe Communist Party of China. Eli lizwe lilungu esisigxina leBhunga lezoKhuseleko UN. Yaye ngosuku ngalunye ubunzima bayo kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi kwaye uqoqosho lukhula ngokukhawuleza.

I-Government of the People Republic of China isoloko ekhathalele nako ukuziphendulela lizwe. Ukususela namhlanje, China nguye umnini-mkhosi inkulu ehlabathini. Ngelo xesha nye une arsenal enkulu kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Eyona inkulu Imizi e China na eBeijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin. Ngaphandle kokuba kukho inani elikhulu labantu abahlala kweli lizwe abathetha iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo, ulwimi olusemthethweni benayo - amaTshayina.

Indawo Geographical kunye nolwazi jikelele malunga China

Peoples Republic of China lifumaneka empuma Asia. zika zayo 32 ° 48'00 "emantla yesibanzi 103 ° 05'00" nobude obunga empuma. Le meko ithatha indawo yesithathu ehlabathini kwindawo yayo. Lufikelela kuyo indawo phantse zizigidi 9.6 square metres. km. Kodwa ngokwemiqathango labemi ne-China, akukho namnye unako ukukhuphisana. Kuqikelelwa balapha 2013 abantu 1.366.500.000 kweli lizwe.

China kwesifo yi kweelwandle Pacific Ocean (East China, Mthubi, South China). abamelwane bakhe eRashiya, North Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, eMyanmar, Vietnam, iLaos. Coast of China iqala nomda North Korea Yolule eVietnam. It has a ubude 14.5 amawaka. Km. Onke amaxesha China ingqamana +8. Ifowuni ikhowudi yelizwe +86.

Uqoqosho Chinese

Peoples Republic of China yenye yeenkokheli uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngoko ke, ekupheleni kuka-2013 GDP yalo 7.318.000.000.000.000 US dollar, ngokusekelwe abemi lizwe 6569 zeerandi. Imveliso Gross kwi kwamndla okuthenga (PPP) eyayifikelela kwi-12 383 ezigidi US. In ngokwemithetho ngamnye, oko kuthetha ukuba $ 9828. NgoDisemba 2014 uqoqosho China uye waba ngowokuqala ehlabathini kwesi salathisi.

Kwi-Peoples Republic of China lwemali kazwelonke ke renminbi (CNY). Siyafana ikhowudi yedijithali welizwe lemvelaphi 156. Usoqoqosho wakwa-Peoples Republic ngendidi ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha China eliyinkokeli ehlabathini elaziwayo ukuvelisa iintlobo ezininzi iimveliso zoshishino, ezifana iimoto zombane. It ezithunyelwa phantse kuwo onke amazwe isixa esikhulu yempahla yabathengi, ngoko ke udla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "mveliso ehlabathini". China - umnini likhulu neemali zangaphandle.

labantu China

Human Development Index (HDI) ngo-2014 China zibalwa th 91 phakathi kwamazwe. Yena 0,719, nto leyo nemiphumo emihle kakhulu. Demonym (igama abemi bendawo ethile) iyalila "Chinese", "Chinese", "Chinese".

E China kukho amashumi lwezizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo (56 ngokomthetho). Ahluke zabo amasiko, izithethe, izinxibo, neendidi. Abaninzi kubo babe ulwimi lwabo. Bonke aba bantu ezincinane akhawunti ngokupheleleyo% 7 kuphela yabemi beli karhulumente. Ubuninzi zokuphila China - amaTshayina, abathi bona i "Han".

Nangona isibakala sokuba ukusukela ngo-1979 eli lizwe ukuba ulawulo sokuzalwa nzima, ngonyaka endalo liqhubeka likhula. Iminyaka ubomi babantu Chinese yi-71 ngonyaka ngamnye. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani abahlali bedolophu namaphandle phantse ngokulinganayo, ebonisa ukuba izinga eliphezulu yelizwe kwabantu ezidolophini. Inani labantu ne-Peoples Republic uthi alandelayo iinkonzo eziphambili - UbuBhuda, nobuTao, ubuConfucius.

Imbali Jikelele PRC

China - enye ithi ezindala emhlabeni. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba impucuko ukuba urhulumente malunga 5000 neminyaka. imithombo ebhalwe Efumanekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba China sele 3.5 amawaka kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwakukho amaqumrhu olawulo kunye nenkqubo yolawulo eziphuhlileyo. Beman 'nganye nabalawuli ubukhosi ukusebenza uphuculo yayo. Uqoqosho lweli lizwe belusoloko esekelwe kuphuhliso kwezolimo.

A indima enkulu ekomelezeni mpucuko Chinese edlalwa ukuqaliswa ubuConfucius njengoko ideology karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yokubhala emanyeneyo. Kwathi kwi-II I BC. Kangangamakhulu eminyaka izikumkani ezahlukeneyo kunye namaphondo, ezibe kwintsimi, Ingxelo, ngoko wawa ngaphandle. Ngelo xesha abantu basekuhlaleni baba kuhlasela njalo loonothwal. Ukuze abakhusele yakhiwa Great Wall of China. Kangangamawaka eminyaka liqulunqe le mpucuko esithe nkqi, balwa, yayingeyonxalenye ukuya kutsho iintlanga Asia. Modern China ke ngenxa yeenkqubo eminyaka ubudala ezopolitiko nenkcubeko.

Kangangamawaka eminyaka esi simo balawulwa amakhosi amakhosi ezahlukeneyo. Republic of China, ekuthiwa Zhonghua mingo, ngangosuku 1911 ukuya 1949

12/02/1912, umlawuli wokugqibela, Pu Yi, wasayina shela kwetrone. Kule meko uhlobo republic urhulumente yaqaliswa emthethweni, kodwa eneneni kwixesha ukususela 1911 ukuya 1949, baqhubeka ebudeni "Ixesha Iingxaki." Kwangaxeshanye, China atyhoboza, angena ezikhoyo ezahlukeneyo karhulumente evela ngaphantsi iiyunithi umkhosi wephondo up. Kuphela ngo-1949, i-Chinese Army Communist Party kaThixo (CPC) waba ophumeleleyo kwimfazwe yamakhaya behamba intsimi yalo. Oku kube negalelo elikhulu ekunikeni inkxaso eSoviet Union. CCP iphumelele Conservative Party of Republic of China, ekuthiwa iKuomintang. Abalawuli yokugqibela abalekela Taiwan. Apho, baba wabaseki imo efana Republic of China.

isibhengezo weRiphabhliki

NgoSeptemba 1949, ummandla China mihla wajoyina People Chinese kaThixo Consultative Council. Yaba nguye lowo wavakalisa-Peoples Republic of imfundo. Ngeli xesha ke yanyulwayo Central Abantu Urhulumente Council (CPPCC), nto leyo yaba usihlalo Mao Tszedun. Ngowe-1954, e-China, i-siseko wamkelwa, ukuthiya TSNPS kwiKomiti eSisigxina National yaBantu Congress.

Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya 1956, eSoviet Union ngaphandle zonke uncedo ukuba nguRhulumente ekudalweni kwamashishini ezisisiseko. kuhulumeni kunye collectivization lwaqhutywa kwi kummandla kwiriphabliki. ngesantya kakhulu baqala ukuphuhlisa ukwakha yobusoshiyali. Ngowe-1956, ikhosi entsha yophuhliso ekuthiwe lizwe, apho waba wenyama ebomini iingcamango Mao Zedong nxamnye nkqubo "communisation" yaye "sitsibe enkulu phambili". Ukususela ngowe-1966 ukuya 1976, China lwabhengezwa i "revolution yenkcubeko", nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekomelezeni umzabalazo yeklasi. Behamba endleleni "ekhethekileyo" yophuhliso, urhulumente kunye noluntu namkhanyela ubudlelwane yorhwebo-mali, uye wavalwa ngeendlela ezingezo-imo ubunini, ubudlelwane engumkhenkce amazwe kwezoqoqosho ukubamba neemvavanyo zoluntu.

Isiqalo "ummangaliso kwezoqoqosho"

Ukuza amandla Den Syaopin wasola iinkqubo ezihlangwini zakhe, yaye ngowe-1977 yasungula iphulo elitsha, ebizwa "eBeijing Spring". Ngowe-1978, xa plenum le CPC izinga yaba rhwebo bobusoshiyali. Waye iimpawu ezithile. Wayefanele ukudibanisa izicwangciso kunye nokuhanjiswa kunye nenkqubo emakethe nge itsala elibalulekileyo utyalo amazwe. amashishini Chinese ndizuze lokuzimela ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho. It yehla kakhulu kuqoqosho kwicandelo loluntu kuzo kwezoqoqosho. ingqalelo enkulu ihlawulwe ekoyiseni bubuhlwempu sabantu, kwakunye nenkqubela lwenzululwazi nobugcisa.

Ekupheleni kwale 80s zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabemi ne-Peoples Republic iye yanika ngokupheleleyo ngokutya. Nyaka ngamnye, GDP kunye nemveliso zoshishino ziye zanda. Den Syaopina iinguqu ndibeke ngempumelelo abalufumeneyo kwaye ulandele balwamkele yayo:

• 1993 - Tszyan Tszemin;
• 2002 - Hu Tszintao;
• ukususela ngo-2012 - Xi Jinping.

system China State

Ever abhalwe kweli lizwe yenziwa 4 ka-siseko (1954, 1975, 1978, 1982). Ngokutsho abokugqibela babo, China i lorhulumente wenkqubo yobuSoshali kwe ngokozwi yabantu lwentando yesininzi. igunya yayo ephezulu ke enetsheyimba National yaBantu Congress (People kuZwelonke Congress). Siqulathe inani elikhulu zamasekela (2979), abonyulwe kunyulo zengingqi kunyaka-5. NPC idibana qho ngonyaka. Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kunyulo kuvunyelwa kuphela amalungu CPC no-8 zamaqela "lwentando yesininzi ', nto leyo eyinxalenye ye-CPPCC (People Chinese ezopolitiko Consultative Council). Iqumrhu elilawulayo eliphezulu - iBhunga of State, okanye (njengoko udla ngokubizwa ngokuba) Urhulumente i Central yaBantu. Le nkqubo ibandakanya: Prime kunye neerhuluneli bakhe, abalungiseleli, yoMphicothi-zincwadi Jikelele, amalungu eziqhelekileyo, unobhala esilawulayo. nkundla iphezulu - weNkundla Abantu Ephakamileyo kaThixo. indima enkulu kuphuhliso lizwe edlalwa ngamagunya asekuhlaleni - Abantu Congress kunye nesigqeba esilawulayo kunye norhulumente lolawulo (wesizwe).

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yowiso yayo, kukho imimandla yolawulo ezizodwa, oko kukuthi - e-Hong Kong kunye Macau. Intloko ye-Peoples Republic of China, Xi Jinping, akayeki nobuhlobo kunye ezihlangwini i-USSR - le Russian Federation. Qho ngonyaka ubuhlobo phakathi kwamazwe amabini noncedo bentsebenziswano intsebenziswano eyingenelo ukuzuza. Embassy of the People Republic of China kwi Russian Federation likubona kubaluleke kakhulu ekomelezeni ngakumbi ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe zethu.

division zokuphatha

Njengoko China - elikhulu isikali zikarhulumente labemi, isiphathele isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kakhulu yezolawulo. China usebenzisa ulawulo phezu amaphondo 22, kwaye urhulumente ukholelwa adminedinitsey 23 Taiwan. Ubume bale meko lukwaquka 5 kwimimandla ezimeleyo, oomasipala 4 (isixeko central igunya), 2 iyunithi eyodwa indawo. Kunye, zibizwa ngokuba "wase China". iiyunithi yolawulo Yahlula zezi: Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan.

Enyanisweni, e China kukho amanqanaba karhulumente wengingqi:

• wephondo (23 amaphondo, izixeko ezingoovimba ngaphantsi 4, 5 no-2 ndawo ezizodwa ezimeleyo);
• ZeeSekethe (15 prefectures aimak 3, 286 no-30 abakwizithili ezisezidolophini ezimeleyo);
• kwisiphaluka (counties 1455 eziqhelekileyo, 370 - kamasipala, 117 - ezimeleyo; 857 zesithili eziqhelekileyo nezemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa 4; 49 khoshuns elula ezimeleyo 3);
• Parish (13,587 kwaye 1085 National eziQhelekileyo counties, 19.683 zokuhlala 106 ezilula kunye 1 kuzwelonke TJS 2 indawo kwisiphaluka umyalelo kunye yesitalato neKomiti 7194);
• zasemaphandleni (urban kubumelwane, uluntu, iilali).

Hong Kong yenye maziko zemali zehlabathi. Kulo mmandla okhethekileyo zolawulo of China, abacandayo phantsi kolawulo kwayo ngo-1997, likhaya kubantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi 7. Macau - ummandla elizenzekelayo (owayesakuba ithanga IsiPhuthukezi), apho ngaphezulu kwezigidi-0.5 zabantu.

Republic of China

Ngoku kufuneka asebenze ithi akhiwe kule ntsimi. Ngubani na ke Republic of China? Kodwa akukho nto ifana Taiwan, urhulumente Chinese iqwalasela kwiphondo 23 lizwe. Esi sisiqithi Pacific Ocean kubekwe km 150 kunxweme olusempuma lwase China. Phakathi kwawo ke Taiwan Strait. Le ndawo ye siqithi ezingama-36. M. km.

inkululeko le karhulumente kwaye kumenyezwa phezu 10.10.1911 sixeko, kodwa kude kube ngoku sele ingqalelo ozakuzo buso. ulwimi olusemthethweni Taiwan kaThixo - Chinese. ikomkhulu lalo - Taipei. Le weRiphabliki a yedemokhrasi inkqubo semi-yobumongameli karhulumente lovoto. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Taiwan lelinye lamazwe ahambele phambili kule ngingqi. Le yinxalenye ebizwa ngokuba "amahlosi amane Asia". UMongameli weRiphabliki ixubene Ma Intszyu.

Flag of the Republic of China i iflegi obomvu, engumqondiso uMhlaba, kunye uxande blue kwikona ephezulu ekhohlo, nto leyo izulu. Ibonisa limhlophe. Flag of the Republic of China yokuqala ukuvela ngo-1928 kwi-iKuomintang.

E Taiwan, ikhaya kubantu malunga 23.3 yezigidi. GDP ngamnye ngamnye ngo-2013 yaba 39 767 US dollar, nto leyo izihlandlo ezili-11 mkhulu kuno eli nani e China. kushishino technology Taiwan ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Yaye ixabiso lawo elimisiweyo imihla kamihla kwandisa kuphela. Economy of the Republic of China ngempumelelo lwakhula eminyaka edlulileyo ngokusetyenziswa ngeteknoloji entsha kunye nemfundo ogqwesileyo yabemi. Lwemali yeli lizwe - Taiwan Dollar.

Education of the Republic of China eminyaka zaphuhliswa ukuze usoloko kuthatha ingqalelo neemfuno eziguqukayo zeli uqoqosho olukhulayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ixesha njengemfundo enyanzelekileyo esisiseko yiminyaka-9. Kutshanje, abasemagunyeni eTaiwan ufuna ukwandisa oku iminyaka eli-12. Inkqubo yonke lemfundo ikakhulu kwicala ukufunda Sciences zobugcisa. Ngenxa yoko uqeqesho iziqu baye enye kumanqanaba aphezulu uqeqesho zezibalo nenzululwazi.

Chinese Soviet Republic

An elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko socialism-ubukomanisi, abaninzi baye sezilityelwe. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba kukho ukwimeko enjalo, njengoko Chinese yiSoviet Republic. Sagcina elide kakhulu. Le meko elincinane yadalwa 1931 phantsi kobunkokheli Communist Party kwi-South Central China (Jiangxi). Ngowe-1937 kwathiwa similise kwindawo ethile.

Chinese Soviet Republic waba iflegi yayo, i engunobambiso kaRhulumente, i-siseko, imithetho, iimpawu emali kunye nezinye iimpawu karhulumente. IBhunga Abantu Commissars of kwiriphabliki elikhokelwa namnye ngaphandle Mao Tszedun, owathi kamva waba yinkokheli ixesha elide ne-Peoples Republic of China. inkxaso Military leli lizwe liye laba Central Army Group. Kwakugcwele abendlu ka Mao Zedong kunye Zhu De. Ngowe-1931-1932 gg. kwakukho lenguqulelo ye-Red Army.

Eyona nkalo iphambili geographical le Chinese Soviet Republic: Indawo kwemigodi, kwizikolo ezikude, ukungabikho unxibelelwano, leyo igalelo kukhuselo yayo kwiintshaba zangaphandle. Oku umiwe ngabantu malunga nezigidi ezi-5.