I Tibetan Plateau: inkcazelo, indawo, imozulu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

I Tibetan Plateau - ummandla esiluhlaza kakhulu kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba 'uphahla wehlabathi. " Kuyinto Tibet, nto leyo isiqingatha senkulungwane uphelileyo ibe umbuso ozimeleyo kwaye ngoku yinxalenye China. Okwesibini igama it - kwiLizwe ikhephu.

Plateau Tibetan: indawo

Highlands ibekwe e Central Asia, ingakumbi e-China. Xa entshona lehewu Tibetan erhangqwe i Karakoram kumntla - kunye Kun-Lun, yaye empuma - kunye iintaba Sino-Tibetan kumazantsi ihlangabezana malayas amnandi. E Tibet, kukho iindawo ezintathu: enkabeni nasentshonalanga (U-Tsang), kumntla (Amdo), kwimpuma nomzantsi-mpuma (Kam). Plateau kuthatha indawo kweekhilomitha million 2 square. I-avareji ukuphakama Tibetan Plateau - ukususela-4 ukuya kwezi-5 amawaka eemitha.

ukukhululeka

Kumntla kukho amathafa bahambe ezindulini kwaye amcaba eliphezulu ukuphakama. Ngaphandle Northern Tibet ifuze neKwaZulu, kuphela kakhulu eziphakamileyo. Kukho glacial zomhlaba: iimoto, imikhombe, moraines. Baqala kwintaba ephakame kweemitha 4500. Kunye kungqameko Highlands iintaba kunye kumathambeka, iintlambo ezinzulu nemiwonyo. Kufuphi malayas neentaba Sino-Tibetan, amathafa thatha ifomu nezitya intermountain, apho Brahmaputra aqukuqela - Umfula omkhulu kunayo. Ukusuka kwihewu Tibetan liye lancitshiswa eemitha 2500-3000.

imvelaphi

Malayas kunye Tibet kunye naye akhiwa subduction - yokungqubana lezitya lithospheric. Tibetan ihewu Ukwakheka ngolu hlobo. Indian iqonga yazika phantsi kwipleyiti Asia. Noko ke, akazange aye kungena yokwaleka waza waqalisa ukuya tye, ngoko isiwe umgama omde, waza waphakamisa ihewu Tibetan ngokugabadelayo. Ngoko ke, lo isiqabu ubukhulu becala tyaba.

sezulu

Imozulu, nto leyo ke Tibetan Plateau, ngqwabalala kakhulu, ngokufanayo nduli. Ngelo xesha, umoya owomileyo, kuba mathafa zilahlwa phakathi kwilizwekazi. Kwiindawo ezininzi nduli kwemvula 100-200 mm ngonyaka. Ngomhla ngaphandle omise ukuya ku-500 emzantsi, apho nemvula ukuvuthela - 700-1000. Ngokusisiseko, imvula iwela njengekhephu. Ngenxa kule kwimozulu eyomileyo, umgca ikhephu elo liphezulu kakhulu, kwinqanaba kweemitha 6000. Kwindawo enkulu komkhenkce emazantsi, apho kailas kunye Thang. Ngasentla kwaye embindini komndilili weqondo lobushushu yonyaka Umfuno izidanga phakathi 0 no-5. Snowless ubusika ithatha ixesha elide, kukho iqabaka isidanga-amathathu. Zasehlotyeni ezipholileyo ngokwaneleyo lobushushu degrees 10-15. Ezihlanjeni kufuphi ngasezantsi imozulu iba ukufudumala.

Tibet Plateau lunobude omkhulu, ngoko ke umoya ezincinane kakhulu, lo msebenzi osemqoka negalelo ukungalingani lobushushu elibukhali. Ebusuku ndawo buyehla, kukho imimoya basekuhlaleni ngamandla izaqhwithi uthuli.

amanzi emhlabeni

Imilambo namachibi kwenzxiwa kwi Highlands aba nezitya ivaliwe, oko kukuthi, musani kuba umsele lwangaphandle kwiilwandle kunye neelwandle. Nangona phezu kwaloo mmandla, kugcwele mvula, imvelaphi yemilambo emikhulu kunye emikhulu. Yeyona imvelaphi i iteksti, i Mekong, kwiYellow River, i-Indus, Salween, Brahmaputra. Zonke ezi imilambo emikhulu of India neChina. Ngasentla, amandla lokungena nokuphuma kwamanzi ikakhulu ngenxa ikhephu kunye ezihambayo zinyibilike. Emzantsi shazelwa ngakumbi imvula. Ngaphakathi Tibet Plateau imifula indalo tyaba, yaye ngaphakathi nakummango kwimiphetho kunokuba anzima kakhulu okhawulezayo, neentlambo zabo, kunokuba efanayo komwonyo. Ehlotyeni kukho unogumbe imilambo, yaye ebusika ukuba ngumkhenkce.

Amachibi ezininzi kule Tibetan Plateau zisendaweni ezinobude yeemitha 4500 ukuya 5300. imvelaphi yabo ziitectonic plates. Largest kubo: rasul, Namtso, Dangrayum. Inkoliso amachibi ubunzulu nzulu, kunxweme ephantsi. Amanzi kubo ukuba isiqulatho ityuwa ezahlukeneyo, ngoko imibala kunye nemibala yezibuko zamanzi ziyahluka ukusuka omdaka ukuya aluhlaza. NgoNovemba, ukuba baqonde umkhenkce, amanzi engumkhenkce de Meyi.

uhlaza

I Tibetan Plateau kuhlala emaqeleni ikakhulu yasezintabeni neentlango. Kwiindawo ezinkulu kwezityalo inshorensi ongekhoyo, kukho igrabile namatye nobukumkani. Nangona phezu emaphethelweni Highlands kukhona amazwe ochumileyo kwimihlaba intaba-engcotyeni.

Entlango eliphezulu Lemvelo singami ndawonye. Imifuno Tibetan Plateau: umhlonyane, acantholimons, astragalus, Saussure. Imithana: ephedra, eurotia, tanacetum.

Emantla, ubulembu abaninzi kunye ulele. Apho kwetafile yamanzi kufutshane kumphezulu, kukho utyani engcotyeni (sedge, ingca umqhaphu, nomzi womlambo, cobresia).

Xa empumalanga ngasezantsi Tibetan Plateau ukunyuka kwemvula, iimeko zibe ngecala, ezinemithi aphezulu. Ukuba encotsheni yentaba esilawulwa entlango, ezantsi emathafeni ntaba (iintsiba ingca, fescue, bluegrass). Ezihlanjeni yemilambo emikhulu ikhula imithana (konwele, Caragana, rhododendron). Apha kukho amahlathi zaselunxwemeni zemingcunube nemimpampiri, Turangi.

jikelele silwane

Xa Tibetan Plateau kwi ungulates ngasentla live: yak, antelopes, argali, neula Tibetan nesihogo, Kiang cookie-Yaman. Ukuhlaselwa imivundla, pikas kunye voles. Kukho ezidla: ibhere-pischuhoed, impungutye, ingcuka, UTakao. Iintaka zilandelayo bahlala apha: iintaka, ikhephu nesakhwatsha, nguPallas isanti icula. Kukho okuzingela: nguPallas kaThixo Fish Eagle kunye nexhalanga zeHimalaya.

History of Tibet Association

izizwe Qiang (izinyanya abantu Tibetan) baye bafudukela waya kummandla we-Highlands Kukunor ngo 6-5 BC leminyaka. Xa AD ngenkulungwane-7, bafudukela kwezolimo, ngexesha elifanayo waphula inkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu. izizwe Tibetan zimanyene Namri - umphathi Yarlung. Nonyana wakhe yindlalifa Srontszangambo iqala ubukho Tibetan Empire (7-9 leminyaka).

Kulo nyaka 787 baba inkolo karhulumente ka-ubuBhuda. Langdarma ngexesha lokulawula abalandeli bakhe baqalisa ukuba atshutshiswe. Emva kokufa umlawuli urhulumente yahlulwe izilawuli ezahlukeneyo. Xa Kwiinkulungwane 11-12 apho kuvela amahlelo zonqulo ezininzi dha wakha yoonongendi, ezona zinabantu bafumane ubume ithi zobuthixo ezizimeleyo.

Ngenkulungwane ye-13, eTibet, iwela phantsi kwempembelelo le Mongols, ubudlelwane ilahlekileyo emva kokuwa i Yuan Dynasty. Ukususela 14 ukuya kwele-17 kukho ngumzabalazo amandla. Indela Tszonkaba Uhlela ihlelo dha Gelukba entsha, ngenkulungwane ye-16, intloko yehlelo wafumana itayitile UDalai Lama. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, yesihlanu UDalai Lama ucele uncedo kwi Oirat khan Kukunor. Ngowe-1642, ummangali - ngukumkani kummandla Tsang - kutshatyalaliswa. ihlelo Gelukba uqala ukubusa Tibet, kwaye UDalai Lama waba yintloko zokomoya nezenyama eli lizwe.

imbali olunye

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-18 empuma kumntla-mpuma Tibet ziyinxalenye yoBukhosi Qin. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwezinye iinkalo zikarhulumente. Power wahlala ezandleni UDalai Lama, kodwa phantsi kolawulo Qing enkundleni. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 amaBritane ahlasela Tibet ngo-1904 imikhosi abo bangena Lhasa. isivumelwano sasayinwa kunye nalo ilungelo UK e-Tibet.

It waphazamisana norhulumente Russian, neBritani asayina isivumelwano kwi ulondolozo kunye nentlonipho isithunzi sendawo Tibet. Ngo-1911 kwakukho Han Xin-revolution, apho yonke imikhosi Chinese saqhutywa ngaphandle Tibet. Kwixesha elizayo, UDalai Lama isaziso ukupheliswa kwamaqhina zonke eBeijing. Kodwa Tibet wahlala nempembelelo IsiNgesi womelele. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, US impembelelo iyasebenza apha. Ngowe-1949, urhulumente wathi geqe Tibet. China kuthathwa separatism. Iqale intshukumo Abantu i-Liberation Army kwicala Tibet. Ngowe-1951, urhulumente lafumana iwonga lokuzimela kazwelonke phakathi China. Emva kweminyaka 8 kwakhona mvukelo yaqala, kwaye UDalai Lama wanyanzelwa bazifihla e-India. Ngowe-1965, i-kwiNgingqi Ukuzilawula Tibet yamiselwa apha. Emva koko, urhulumente Chinese wenziwe uthotho repressions nxamnye abefundisi.

Njani obuBhuda Tibet

Ukungena obuBhuda ukuya Tibet sintyumpa iimfihlelo namabali. Urhulumente ngelo xesha wayeselula womelele. Ngokutsho legend, eTibet bafunda ubuBhuda kubulelwe ummangaliso ziyenzeka. Xa imithetho uKumkani Lhatotori kwebhokisi encinane wawa esuka ezulwini. Yaba itekisi Karandavyuha sutras. Ngenxa lo mbhalo, urhulumente waqalisa omfuphi, ukumkani wacinga ukuba ungumncedi wakhe ngasese.

Eyokuqala ookumkani Tibetan Dharma baba Srontszangambo kamva, yena ingqalelo esihle umxhasi Tibet kaThixo - indlela bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Watshata amakhosazana ezimbini, enye laseNepal, enye - ukusuka China. Bobabini ke izicatshulwa WayengumBhuda izinto zonqulo. inkosazana chinese ize Buddha umfanekiso oqingqiweyo enkulu, nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba oyidingayo eyintloko Tibet. Isiko imbeko la mabhinqa mabini njengoko umzimba ka-Tara - eluhlaza namhlophe.

Phakathi kwe-8, wamenywa ukuba ukushumayela Shantarakshita sobulumko esidumileyo, ngubani kungekudala waliseka yoonongendi yokuqala amaBhuda.