Isaqhwithi sothuli: oonobangela, imiphumo. Apho kukho izaqhwithi uthuli?

Ezi ziganeko zemozulu yenza igalelo elibonakalayo ungcoliseko moya ujikeleze umhlaba. Le yenye isenzeko yendalo emangalisayo ezininzi izazinzulu ngokukhawuleza wafumana ingcaciso elula.

Ezi ezibi phenomenon zemozulu - izaqhwithi uthuli. Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi malunga ngazo ziya kuxutyushwa kwinqaku elilandelayo.

definition

Ezinothuli okanye sandy emvula - a transfer nesenzeko eninzi zesanti kunye nothuli imimoya, sikhatshwe kukwehla elibukhali kwi ukubonakala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, la aphuma emhlabeni.

Le mimandla ngokoma umhlaba, apho nomoya athwale amafu ezinamandla uthuli olwandle. Ngaphezu koko, emele yingozi kakhulu ukuba umntu kakhulu ilizwe, kodwa imoshe kakhulu elubala umoya, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukubona kumphezulu wolwandle sisemajukujukwini.

Izinto ezibangela le uluthuli Bowl

Yonke le nto ekufudumaleni eyoyikekayo, ngenxa kumhlaba olomeleleyo omiswe, uze umaleko kumphezulu kuqhekeze zibe amasuntswana engabonakali, misho yimimoya enamandla.

Kodwa izaqhwithi uthuli ziqala xa amaxabiso athile nezibalulekileyo ngezantya umoya, ngokuxhomekeke elimi nomhlaba isakhiwo. Ubukhulu becala baqala ngesantya umoya kuluhlu 10-12 m / s. A Imihlaba buthathaka kwi izaqhwithi uthuli loess kwenzeka ehlotyeni, nokuba ngesantya-8 m / s, ubuncinane kwi-5 m / s.

ukuziphatha

Ubude noqhwithela aguquguquka ukusuka imizuzu ukuya iintsuku eziliqela. Amaninzi, ixesha ulinganiswa ngeeyure. Umzekelo, kummandla woLwandle Aral iyure-80 esikhulu yarekhodwa.

Emva yokuduka ezibangela isenzeko ochazwe wamvusa uthuli phezu komhlaba emoyeni ukwimeko anqunyanyiswe iiyure ezimbalwa, mhlawumbi iintsuku. Kule meko, ubunzima transfer yayo emikhulu yokumpompoza umoya amakhulu kunye amawaka eekhilomitha. Ebizwe umoya phezu imigama emide ukusuka kwemvelaphi uthuli kuthiwa inkungu advective. umoya Tropical ubunzima inkungu kudluliselwa emazantsi eRashiya yaye lonke elaseYurophu ukusuka Afrika (kwiindawo ezisemantla) kunye noMbindi Mpuma. A imilambo ntshona behlala besenza loo uthuli China (embindini kunye ngentla) kunxweme wePasifiki, njalo-njalo. D.

umbala

isaqhwithi sothuli babe iindidi imibala ixhomekeke ubume bomhlaba kunye nombala. Kukho izaqhwithi kwi imibala zilandelayo:

• ezimnyama (imihlaba abamnyama kwimimandla ekumzantsi kunye womzantsi-mpuma European Russia, ummandla Orenburg kunye Bashkortostan);
• mthubi brown (lifana eUnited States Central Asia - obambe novunduvundu sandy);
• obomvu (oxides yentsimbi elimbala ubomvu nomhlaba Afghanistan kunye entlango Iranian;
• omhlophe (umgxobhozo wetyuwa Kalmykia kwezinye iindawo waseTurkmenistan kunye nommandla iVolga).

izaqhwithi Geography

Kukuvela isaqhwithi sothuli kwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo mhlaba. Eyona ndawo iphambili zokusasaza kwaye owandulela entlango yimvula kwaye ziingcathu iindawo zemozulu, yaye zombini zifaka zomhlaba.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama elithi "uthuli" lisetyenziswa xa kwenzeka kwi obambe okanye zomhlaba oludongwe. Xa kwenzeka koozintlango enesanti (umz Sahara, Kyzylkum, Karakum njalo njalo.), Kananjalo ke amasuntswana incinane, umoya ethwele iitoni izigidi umoya kunye amasuntswana ezinkulu (intlabathi), sele igama elithi "isaqhwithi intlabathi" isetshenziswe.

isaqhwithi sothuli rhoqo kwenzeka Balkhash kunye yoLwandle Aral (ekumazantsi Kazakhstan), kwintshona ka-Kazakhstan, kuLwandle lweCaspian, e Karakalpakstan kunye Turkmenistan.

Apho kukho isaqhwithi sothuli eRashiya? Kaninzi ke kwenzeka Astrakhan neziphaluka Volgograd, baseTuva, Kalmykia, kwakunye kwi zeAltai kunye Trans-zamanzi imimandla. Ngamaxesha yimbalela elide, izaqhwithi banokuba (hayi qho ngonyaka) ehlathini-emathafeni kunye emathafeni yekhasi Chita, Buryatia, yaseTuva, naseNovosibirsk, Orenburg, Samara, Voronezh kunye nemimandla Rostov, Krasnodar kunye aseStavropol Territories, kwi eCrimea, kunye nabanye.

Eyona mithombo iphambili le inkungu enothuli kuLwandle Inkolo - na entlango ye-Arabia nase-Afrika. umonakalo ngaphantsi kwezi ndawo ndiyizisela uqhwithela Iran kaThixo, Pakistan ne India.

In the Pacific Ocean iziphango uthuli athwale Chinese.

iziphumo kokonakaliswa i uluthuli Bowl

Le meko ichazwe ungahambisa iindunduma enkulu nodluliselo izixa ezikhulu ngothuli ukuze phambili kubonakale enjengodonga njengothuli exineneyo ophezulu (ukuya kwi-1.6 km.). Evela Sahara iziphango entlango zaziwa ngokuba "sandstorm", "Khamsin" (eYiputa uSirayeli) kunye "habub" (Sudan). Ingakumbi izaqhwithi eSahara kwenzeka kwinxalenye nomgodi Bodélé Depression ezibamba imida Mali Mauritania kunye Algeria.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiminyaka engama-60 edlulileyo inani isaqhwithi sothuli Saharan landa nama-10 amaxesha, okwabangela ekongeni Ebubanzini kumphezulu maleko lomhlaba Chad, Nigeria. Thelekisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba Mauritania kwi-60 lwekhulu yokugqibela kwenzeka nje ezimbini izaqhwithi eluthulini, kwaye ngoku unyaka apho kwenziwa izaqhwithi 80.

Izazinzulu, zemvelo zikholelwa ukuba isimo sengqondo nankathalo kwimimandla ngokoma boMhlaba, ngokukodwa, ukukhathaza inkqubo crop, gqolo kukhokelela ekwandeni kwiindawo entlango kunye notshintsho lwemozulu kwi imeko uMhlaba emhlabeni wonke.

iindlela zokumelana

izaqhwithi uthuli, kwakunye nezinye ezininzi nezimo zemvelo ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa okanye ukuthintela iziphumo zabo ezibi kufuneka sihlolisise indlela yokubona - isiqabu, microclimate, i okhoyo oya ngakulo umoya apha kwaye enze imisebenzi enxulumene eziya kunciphisa isantya somoya kufutshane nomphezulu komhlaba kunye nokwandisa adhesion kwamasuntswana zomhlaba.

Ukunciphisa isantya somoya, ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Yonke wadala inkqubo, ezinemithi yomthunzi edwelileyo kunye namaphiko. ukusebenza kakhulu ekunyuseni adhesion kwamasuntswana zomhlaba kungabikho-kwada elima, iindiza ekhohlo, ingca ingaphelelwayo, imicu zengca ingaphelelwayo Zinokuxutywa izityalo izityalo yonyaka.

Ezinye kwentlabathi nothuli izaqhwithi edume

Ngokomzekelo, sinika uluhlu lwe kwentlabathi nothuli izaqhwithi edume:

• Ngo-525 BC. e. UHerodotus, eSahara ngexesha sandstorm wafa 50000th umkhosi ukumkani lukaCambyses wasePersi.
• Ngowe-1928 e Ukraine umoya ezoyikekayo waphakamisa Bole 15 yezigidi. Zeetoni zomhlaba abamnyama ukusuka kummandla macala kwesigidi esi-1. Km, apho uthuli sele isiwe kwi Carpathians, Romania, kunye ePoland, apho bahlala.
• Ngowe-1983, isaqhwithi esinamandla ngasentla imo Victoria e-Australia liyigubungele isixeko Melbourne.
• Ngehlobo lowe-2007 Karachi kunye Baluchistan kunye namaphondo Sindh kukho uqhwithela eyomeleleyo kunye izantyalantyala zemvula emva, aye kwakhokelela ukufa abantu abamalunga nama-200.
• NgoMeyi 2008, e Mongolia ngenxa intlabathi saqhwithi wabulala abantu 46.
• NgoSeptemba 2015, i "Sharav" ezoyikekayo (sandstorm) kutshayelwa ngaphaya indawo enkulu yakuMbindi Mpuma kunye naseMntla Afrika. Ezithwaxwa amaSirayeli, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia ne-Aram. Kwakukho abantu abaninzi.

Ekugqibeleni, isuntswana isaqhwithi sothuli komhlaba

Mars izaqhwithi uthuli kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ngenxa umahluko esomelela lobushushu phakathi ice ubukhulu kunye nomoya omuhle ezintweni ngohlangothi asemazantsi polar cap planet iMars kukho umoya onamandla, amafu uthuli wawaphakamisa enkulu kubomvu-mdaka. Kwaye apha kukho iingxaki zayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba Mars uthuli ukuze adlale indima efanayo njengoko amafu basemhlabeni. Amalahle emoyeni kwenzeka ukufunxeka yelanga yi uthuli.