Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji elanga on Earth. Amathuba okuba kusetyenziswe amandla elanga ehlabathini

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingxaki yokusebenzisa amandla ixabisa kakhulu ngokwaneleyo - ubuncwane emhlabeni ayingobantu ongapheliyo, kwaye xa abantu bayo ubukho yantle ezichithakeleyo babe epha ngokwemvelo. Okwangoku, wenza phandle amalahle neoli oovimba apho yonke imihla iya ezincinane. Amandla ingcamango eye wavumela uluntu ukwenza njengenyathelo eningenakukholwa yiyo kwixesha elizayo kwaye usebenzise amandla enyukliya, bephethe kwaso ingozi enkulu ukuba ezilungileyo bume lonke.

Akukho ngaphantsi ongxamisekileyo umbuzo Environmental - imithombo zemigodi esebenzayo kunye nokusebenzisa kwabo okuqhubekayo Nto leyo eyingozi kwindlela imeko planethi, etshintsha nje uhlobo lomhlaba, kunye neemeko zemozulu.

Kungenxa yoko le nto ingqalelo eyodwa usoloko ehlawulwa imithombo yendalo yamandla, ngoko, umzekelo, njengoko amanzi okanye umoya. Ekugqibeleni, emva kweminyaka emininzi kangaka yophando olusebenzayo kunye nophuhliso loluntu "kuvuthwa" kusetyenziso amandla elanga ehlabathini. Yiloo ngayo yaye iza kuqhubeka kuyo.

Kule enomtsalane

Ngaphambi kokuba udlulele ukuya imizekelo eziphathekayo, ufumanise ukuba yintoni na kangangokuba unomdla kakhulu kolu hlobo imveliso yezamandla labaphandi ehlabathini lonke. main impahla yayo kuthiwe alipheli. Nangona nantoni na awayefike sele ezininzi, amathuba ukuba inkwenkwezi njengelanga uya kuphuma kungekudala, incinane kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba abantu wafumana ithuba lokuba afumane amandla ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo ngendlela yemvelo.

Inzuzo yesibini izicacele lokusetyenziswa amandla elanga kweli hlabathi olu khetho indalo. Ifuthe kokusingqongileyo phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo ziya kuba zero, nto leyo inika kwihlabathi apho ikamva elingcono kunalowo evulayo xa yemveliso rhoqo kwezibonelelo omhlaba kuphela.

Okokugqibela, simele sinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yokuba ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga ingozi ubuncinane ukuya mntu.

Njengoko Enyanisweni

Ngoku siza kufika emlonyeni. Phantsi ezithile igama echaza "amandla elanga 'ubusithelisayo enyanisweni aguqule imitha ibe umbane usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ephuhliswe ngokukhethekileyo. Le nkqubo ilungiselelwa iiseli photovoltaic, apho uluntu iye ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo kakhulu iinjongo zabo, yaye ngempumelelo.

imisebe yelanga

Kwenzeka ngokwembali ukuba isibizo "imitha" umntu negative ngaphezu imibutho ngaphezu entle ngokunxulumene nabo neentlekele eyenziwe ngumntu ukuba zikwazile ukuze basinde ihlabathi ebomini bakhe. Kunjalo, ubugcisa na ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kweLanga ukuya Umhlaba inikeza umsebenzi inaye.

Ngokusisiseko, olu hlobo wemitha radiation magnetic, asukela ephakathi microns 2.8 ukuya 3.0.

Ngoko ke isetyenziswe ngempumelelo eyiyeyabantu spectrum elanga akanasichazi iintlobo ezintathu kwamaza: UV (2%), malunga nama-49% ezi amaza ukukhanya, yaye ekugqibeleni, imali efanayo accounted for infrared. amandla elanga umthamo omncinane namanye amacandelo, kodwa indima yabo mncane ukuba nefuthe okhethekileyo ubomi akukho mhlaba.

Isixa amandla elanga esiwa emhlabeni

Ke kaloku, xa yokuqamba kusetyenziswa ukuze kulungelwe uluntu spectrum imiselwa, kufanele kuphawulwe enye inkalo ebalulekileyo icebo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji elanga kwi Umhlaba kubonakala ethembisa kakhulu kuba iyafumaneka izixa enkulu kangangoko nengenzulu phantse ixabiso eliphantsi ukuze isetyenziswe kwakhona. Iyonke amandla yemisebe inkwenkwezi mkhulu kakhulu, kunjalo, kufikwa ukuya komhlaba Umhlaba malunga ne-47%, ilingana iiyure-kilowatt asixhenxe anamanci quadrillion. Kuba kuthelekiswa, siphawula ukuba kilowatt-hour enye kuphela uya kuba nako ukunika kweshumi kwezibane ukukhanya samandla ezilikhulu Watts.

Amandla imisebe yelanga kunye nokusetyenziswa lwamandla ehlabathini, Kakade ke, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: iimeko zemozulu, i-engile izehlo imitha phezu kwamanzi, ixesha kunye nendawo wejografi.

Nini nokuba kangakanani

Asinto kunzima ukuthelekelela ukuba yonke imihla mabaphakelwe amandla elanga ukufikelela ngaphantsi komhlaba esoloko itshintsha, njengoko kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi imeko iiplanethi ngokunxulumene ilanga kunye isindululo nkwenkwezi. Kudala kwaziwa ukuba ekukhanyeni kwemini kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngoxa kusasa nangokuhlwa, inani imitha okufika wobuso yeyona incinane kakhulu.

Ngokuzithemba sinokuthi ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga iya kuba nemveliso kakhulu kwiingingqi, kufutshane nje band sentshinyela, kuba kulapho umahluko phakathi amazinga aphezulu kwaye olusezantsi ezincinane, ebonisa ukuba inani eliphezulu radiation ngafikeleli-langa. Umzekelo, kuloo mmandla kwimimandla kwintlango Afrika imali yonyaka radiation ifikelele umlinganiselo weeyure-kilowatt 2200, lo gama Canada okanye, umzekelo, amanani engaphantsi kwe-1,000 kilowatt-hours Central Europe.

amandla elanga kwimbali

Ukuba ucinga ngendlela ngokubanzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, uzame "lulamile" isikhanyiso esikhulu, esotha iplanethi yethu, waqala kumaxesha amandulo ngamaxesha zobuhedeni, xa isiqalelo ngasinye sele kuthwelwe unkulunkulu eyahlukileyo. Kakade ke, kwanokuba intetho ayikwazanga ekusebenziseni amandla elanga - kwihlabathi umlingo waba ngukumkani.

Umxholo ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga ehlabathini kuye ukaba waphakamisa kuphela XIV ngasekupheleni - kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Sesona sisombululo real isayensi yenziwa ngo 1839 ngu Alexander UEdmond Becquerel, ngubani wakwazi ukuba nguvulindlela na isiphumo photovoltaic. Isifundo le sihloko yande kakhulu, yaye sele engama-44 kamva Charlz Fritts wakwazi ukwakha yokuqala kwimodyuli kwimbali, leyo yayisekelwe kwi selenium ngegolide engathi ngumfanekiswana. ukusetyenziswa okunjalo amandla elanga ehlabathini wanikela imali encinane umbane akhululwe - inani lilonke ixesha zemveliso yayingekho ngaphezu kwe-1%. Kunjalo, kuba bonke abantu ukuba idabi lokwenene, lokuvula zexa olutsha isayensi, abazange bade ephupha ngaphambili.

igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso amandla elanga, yaqaliswa ngexesha Albert Einstein ngokwakhe. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, igama nzulu zidla ngakumbi ezinxulumene imfundiso yakhe edumileyo ka, kodwa enyanisweni Nobel Prize yena yanikezelwa ukuze isifundo of photoemission.

Kubuchwepheshe namhlanje lokusetyenziswa amandla elanga ihlabathi kokudlula kwi ukunyuka meteoric, oko akukho ngaphantsi yokwehla ngokukhawuleza, kodwa eli sebe yolwazi iyahlaziywa rhoqo zibakala ezintsha, kwaye kuthenjwa ukuba kwixa elizayo phambi kuthi kuvuleke umnyango ukuya kwihlabathi elitsha lonke.

Nature nxamnye nathi

Ngomhla nempikiswano ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga ehlabathini, sele uthethile. Ngoku ingqalelo iintsilelo le ndlela, leyo, ngelishwa, kungekho ngaphantsi.

Ngenxa ukuxhomekeka ngqo kwi indawo eendawo, iimeko zemozulu kunye nentshukumo kwelanga ukuphuhlisa amandla elanga ngokwaneleyo ngayo ifuna iindleko enkulu indawo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba mkhulu ummandla ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulungiswa imisebe yelanga, kokukhona umlinganiselo wamandla ehlambulukileyo sifumana ngomnyango. Placement na iinkqubo omkhulu zifuna isixa esikhulu isithuba simahla, nto leyo ebangela ubunzima obuthile.

Enye ingxaki ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa amandla elanga ehlabathini, kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi ixesha losuku, ngenxa yokuba imveliso iza kuba zero ebusuku, kusasa nangokuhlwa kwexesha, oko babambanayo mncinci kakhulu.

An into umngcipheko olongezelelweyo imozulu ngokwawo - utshintsho elibukhali kwiimeko ukuze esilimaza ukusebenza kwenkqubo enjalo, kuba kubangela ubunzima edebugging igunya elifanelekileyo. Ngandlel 'ithile, imeko yokutshintsha esikhawulezileyo le kukufakwa kunye nemali isizukulwana kunokuba yingozi.

E co, kodwa kuyabiza

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji elanga on Earth nzima okwangoku ngenxa indleko yalo phezulu. Iiseli ze-photovoltaic, kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko zonyaka kufuneka iindleko eziphezulu. Kakade ke, izinto ezakhayo ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ezinjalo akuhlawuli ndlu, kodwa uthathela ingqalelo kwezoqoqosho umbono ngalo mzuzu akuthethi ukuba bathethe ngeendleko kwakhona iindleko ngokupheleleyo.

Noko ke, njengoko kubonisiwe yile mikhwa, ixabiso iiseli elanga ashiye ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuze nithi xesha le ngxaki ingasombululwa ngokupheleleyo.

Engxakini inkqubo

Ukusebenzisa ilanga njengomthombo wamandla ke kunzima nangenxa le ndlela kwezibonelelo ukuprosesa ixesha elide yaye kuphazamise kakhulu. Ngesifo kunye processing radiation uxhomekeke ngqo kwi ekuhlambululeni amacwecwe, nebonelela kakhulu yingxaki. Ukongeza, i nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwinkqubo kunye izinto ubushushu, leyo zinokuthintelwa kuphela ukusetyenziswa injini enamandla ukuba ufuna akukho iindleko zokufunda ezongezelelweyo, yaye oku.

Ukongeza, amacwecwe ezisetyenziswa kubaqokeleli solar, emva kweminyaka engama-30 zomsebenzi esebenzayo ngokuthe ngcembe kungena lutshabalale, njengoko iindleko iiseli solar okhankanywe ngaphambili.

imiba yokusingqongileyo

It okhankanywe ngaphambili, ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwale hlobo resource unako ukusindisa uluntu iingxaki ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo zokusingqongileyo kwixesha elizayo. Inventory imvelaphi imveliso yokugqibela ngokwenene yeyona uhlambulukile ngokomhlaba.

Kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa amandla elanga, abaqokeleli solar umgaqo ukusebenza ukusebenzisa iipleyiti ezizodwa iiseli solar, nto leyo efunekayo ukuze ukwenziwa ubunzima izinto olonakalisayo njengoko ilothe, iarseniki okanye potassium. ekusebenziseni kwabo kanye nokusingqongileyo engazisi yona, ke, banikwa ixesha elilinganiselweyo emsebenzini wayo phezu yokulahla iipleyiti ixesha kuba yingxaki enkulu.

Ukunciphisa iziphumo ezibi kokusingqongileyo abavelisi lihamba ukuba amacwecwe bhanya ezicekethekileyo, leyo kufuneka ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nefuthe kangako elibi kokusingqongileyo.

Iindlela lokuguqula amandla radiation

Iimovie neencwadi malunga nekamva uluntu phantse lonke kusinike umfanekiso efanayo inkqubo, leyo, enyanisweni, zinokwahluka kakhulu abakuso. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukuguqula.

kungenzeka ukuba owona waziwa kakhulu ekuthiwa ukusebenza ochazwe ngaphambili le photocells.

Kungenjalo uluntu ngenkuthalo lisebenzisa amandla thermal ilanga, ngokusekelwe imiphezulu zokufudumeza okhethekileyo, nto leyo evumela kwicala elifanelekileyo xa ubushushu afunyenwe ukufudumeza amanzi. Ukuba lula le nkqubo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, oku azinakulinganiswa iitanki, okusetyenziselwa ishawa ehlotyeni kumakhaya kwicandelo labucala.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa amandla radiation ukwenza 'ukuhamba elanga ", nto leyo enze kuphela cleaner. Olu hlobo nkqubo iguqula radiation ibe namandla entshukumo.

Ingxaki yokunqongophala yemveliso ngexesha ibhaloni ebusuku ngokupheleleyo isonjululwe izityalo amandla elanga, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ngenxa nokwanda kwe-eneji sakhululwa nexesha inkqubo okupholisa.

Thina amandla elanga

kwemithombo amandla elanga kunye nomoya kwi Umhlaba zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenkuthalo, nangona sidla awuboni nto. Ngaphambili okhankanywe ukufudumeza amanzi nekrwada kwi ishawa ehlotyeni. Enyanisweni, inkoliso amandla elanga isetyenziselwa ezi njongo. Noko ke, kukho inala ezinye imizekelo: kukongiwa iibhalbhu phantse zonke ivenkile ubuchwepheshe anokufunyanwa ukukhanya, nto leyo ukusebenza ngaphandle ombane nokuba ebusuku ngenxa amandla okongezeleke emini.

Ufakelo photovoltaic esekelwe ezisetyenziswa kwizikhululo zokumpompa ezahlukeneyo, kunye neenkqubo umoya.

Izolo, namhlanje, ngomso

Enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo ngoluntu - amandla elanga, kwaye amathemba ukusetyenziswa kwayo liphezulu kakhulu. Ishishini eli ngemali, ezinatyisiweyo ziphuculwe. Ngoku ke amandla elanga kakhulu kuphuhliswa eUnited States, apho eminye imimandla basebenzisa ngayo njengomthombo enye epheleleyo yinxalenye ubonelelo. Amandla efanayo olu hlobo lomsebenzi kwi the Mojave kwintlango. Amanye amazwe aye kudala Yabeka olu hlobo sizukulwana umbane ukuba kungekudala ukuze basombulule ingxaki ungcoliseko.