UMikhail Speransky: biography of ubomi bakhe, imisebenzi, iifoto

Igosa ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwaye wenguquko uMikhail Speransky (iminyaka yobomi: 1772-1839) yaziwa umbhali yeenkqubo ezininzi ukutshintsha umthetho Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Wasinda incopho kunye nokwehla ngayo umsebenzi wakhe, hayi zonke izimvo zakhe zaye zaphunyezwa, kodwa igama lakhe ukuba nelithi ulwalathiso silinene, nto leyo ukuphuhlisa iindaba zethu phantsi Alexander I and Nicholas I.

ebuntwaneni

Le laseburhulumenteni elizayo uMikhail Speransky wazalwa January 1, 1772 kwiPhondo Vladimir. Waye of imvelaphi abathobekileyo - uyise wayesebenza ebandleni, kunye nomama wakhe intombi umdikoni. Yeyona inkoliso yabazali nefuthe nomlinganiswa kunye nomdla womntwana. Yena ngokukhawuleza bafunda ukufunda kwaye bafunde lukhulu. nempembelelo enkulu kwi Misha waba utatomkhulu ukuba abaninzi ukuya ecaweni yaqalisa nomzukulwana wakhe ezifana iincwadi ezibalulekileyo njenge "Book of Hours" yaye "Umpostile."

Kwanasemva ekuphakameni kwakhe uMikhail Speransky wakhumbula imvelaphi yabo. Njengoko nguNobhala of State, yena acoca egumbini lakhe ngokubanzi hlukile ngokuthozama kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nemikhwa.

Michael waqalisa uqeqesho lwakhe ngendlela ngo-1780 kwi ezindongeni Vladimir sobufundisi Diocesan. Kukho ngenxa ubuchule ezibalaseleyo inkwenkwe okokuqala ezibhalwe phantsi igama Speransky ukuba ikopi efana nqwa ye isichazi Latin, lithetha 'ondle phambili'. Uyise womntwana lowo Vasiliev. UMikhail Speransky nangoko wema uphuma neqela labafundi bakhe ehlekisayo, umnqweno ukufunda, uthando lokufunda, kwakunye ngumlinganiswa ezindilisekileyo kodwa oluqinile. Sobufundisi wamvumela ukuba ukufunda Latin kunye neelwimi zamaGrike.

Ukufudukela St. Petersburg

UMikayeli sihlale Vladimir kwaye uqale umsebenzi ecaweni. Wade waba cellmate le umphathi wendawo. Kodwa sele ngo-1788 njengenye bafundi ankrelekrele zezona ngcali zinetalente Speransky afumene ithuba lokuba aye eSt Petersburg yaye waqhubeka izifundo zakhe e-Alexander Nevsky sobufundisi. Eli ziko phantsi kolawulo ngqo Sinodi. Apho iinkqubo ezintsha ziyaphuhliswa kwaye bafundiswa ezona titshala.

Indawo entsha Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich imfundo yezenkolo nje kuphela kodwa izifundo wempangelo, kuquka imathematika ephakamileyo, inzululwazi, ifilosofi French, ngelo xesha i ngamazwe. walawula Uqeqesho sabefundisi engqongqo, apho abafundi baphuhlise iiyure ezininzi zomsebenzi kakhulu yengqondo izakhono. Emva Speranski wafunda ukufunda isiFrentshi, ukuba wachukumiseka gqitha kukubona imisebenzi kubaphandi beli lizwe. Ukufikelela kule ncwadi intle kwaye latest wenza sobufundisi linye abantu abaninzi abafundileyo kweli lizwe.

Ngowe-1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich waphumelela izifundo zabo. Wahlala e sobufundisi, apho kwiminyaka embalwa waba ngumfundisi imathematika, intanda obuciko. Ngexesha lakhe spare uyonwaba eyinyani, waza wabhala umbongo. Ezinye zazo zapapashwa eSt Petersburg kwiijenali. utitshala ubufundisi wamnika yonke imisebenzi kuwo indoda namaninzi nembono ebanzi.

Ukuqala inkonzo karhulumente

Ngowe-1795, kukho Speransky uselula ngesindululo Metropolitan uGabriyeli baqesha Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Yaba amagosa eyaziwayo lwenqila kunye nezifundiswa. Xa Ukuvuma itrone noPawulos, wamiselwa Attorney Jikelele. Kurakin kwakufuneka nonobhala akwazi ukumelana umthwalo onzima. Ukuba indoda yaba Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Ngokufutshane, wakhetha umsebenzi umsebenzi wempangelo ngaphakathi eCaweni. Xa sobufundisi akazange afune ukuba ahlukane notitshala abanetalente. Metropolitan wamenywa ukuba athathe izibhambathiso emishini, emva koko Speransky akwazi ukubala kwi isihloko onjani. Kodwa wala, yaye ngowe-1797 wafumana elifomatiweyo umcebisi titular kwi-ofisi yomtshutshisi-jikelele.

ngokukhawuleza kakhulu igosa enyukele leri omsebenzi. omnye nje, waba uceba karhulumente eliqela. Biography Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - libali kukunyuka le nkonzo ngenxa yokusebenza ezizodwa kunye kwetalente. Ezi mpawu wamvumela ukuba azenze phambi kwabasemagunyeni, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni igunya lakhe engathethekiyo kwixesha elizayo. Eneneni, Speransky wasebenza ngokuyintloko ukuze kuxhamle kurhulumente, yaye kuphela uze ucinge izinto zabo.

Rise of the wenguquko

Ngowe-1801, i-Russian uMlawuli Alexander I. entsha Waba zahluke kakhulu ukusuka kuyise olungumbandezeli uPawulos, lowo ubesazeka ndlela zomkhosi kunye neembono angqingqwa. I-kwenkosi entsha yaba abanengqondo wayefuna ukwenza ilizwe labo bonke yeenguqulelo yayifuneka ukuze uphuhliso eqhelekileyo karhulumente. Ngokubanzi, baza ukuphucula inkululeko zoluntu.

Okufanayo ahlukeneyo uMikhail Speransky. Biography of eli nani ukwazi kakhulu; wayedibana Alexander I, xa elo Uwuthwesile yinganga, kodwa igosa ababandakanyekayo kunikwe kwakho St. Petersburg, ukuba uceba karhulumente. ngoko nangoko abantu abatsha bafumana ulwimi, yaye ukumkani elizayo akazange ukulibala wabaza oyinzalelwane ngokudangazela kwiphondo Vladimir. Xa Ukuvuma etroneni, Alexander I amisiweyo Speransky UNobhala of State nguDmitry Troshchinsky. Le ndoda owayelilungu leNdlu yeeNgwevu nomnye iiTrasti ezintsha komlawuli.

Kungekudala imisebenzi Mihaila Speranskogo wawurhola ingqalelo yamalungu ekomiti mfihlakalo. Yaba esondele Alexander Abalawuli bamanyene isangqa enye izigqibo kutshintsho engxamisekileyo. Speransky waba umncedisi elidumile Victor Kochubey.

Ikomiti imfihlo

Sele 1802, ngenxa kwikomiti efihlakeleyo, Alexander ekumiseni kwam ubulungiseleli. Bafaka lixesha kunye neekholeji nokungaphumeleli Petrine era. Kochubei waba uMphathiswa wokuqala Interior, kunye Speransky - uNobhala yakhe kaRhulumente. Yena umsebenzi njengomfundisi ogqibeleleyo: ukusebenza kunye amaphepha ezininzi iiyure ngosuku. Kungekudala uMikhail waqala ukubhala amanqaku zabo amaqela aphezulu, esicacisa izimvo zawo phezu idrafti iinguqulelo ezithile.

Asinto eyimposiso aphinde ukukhankanya ukuba izimvo Speransky akhiwa ngokufunda zobulumko French kwenkulungwane XVIII: .. uVoltaire, njl iingcamango ekhululekile uNobhala State hayi nabasemagunyeni. Kungekudala, wamiselwa intloko yesebe ophetheyo yophuhliso lweeprojekthi zobuyekezo le.

Kwaba phantsi kobunkokheli uMikhail Mikhailovich yaqulunqa izibonelelo ezisisiseko odumileyo 'ummiselo kubalimi simahla. " Yaba linyathelo lokuqala uyoyika kwanakubalawuli Russian ngendlela ukupheliswa serfdom. Ngokutsho ummiselo, izidwangube ukuba ngoku abalimi kunye ilizwe. Nangona isibakala sokuba eli phulo liye impendulo encinane kakhulu ukususela kwiklasi ilungelo, Alexander wakholiswa ngokwawo umsebenzi owenziwayo. Wayalela ukuba baqalise ucwangciso lamaxesha iinguqu ezinkulu kweli lizwe. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich wavalelwa kujongana nale nkqubo. biography emfutshane laseburhulumenteni iyamangalisa: yena, ubudlelwane kuba engenambewu, kodwa ubuchule zabo kwaye nzima umsebenzi bebengakwazi ukuya phezulu Russian Olympus kwezopolitiko.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1803 ukuya 1806. Speransky waba yimbangi inani elikhulu amanqaku zisiwe kumlawuli. Xa amaphepha UNobhala of State lukuhlahlela ngoko imo leenkundla kunye yesigqeba. Ngesiphakamiso ephambili uMikhail Mikhailovich wayeza ukutshintsha inkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngokutsho amanqaku bakhe, Russia kufuneka abe lobukhosi siseko, apho umlawuli umnakekeli igunya elipheleleyo. La maphulo aphumeze, kodwa Alexander ukuvuma theses ezininzi Speransky. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wabo omkhulu eli gosa zatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ulwimi lonxibelelwano ofisi kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente. Wayinikela archaisms ezininzi kwinkulungwane XIX, neengcinga zakhe ephepheni, abunaluthando ngokungeyomfuneko, baba mnandi kwaye icace kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

abancedisayo Mbusi

Ngowe-1806 Alexander I wenza sobufundisi yangaphambili umncedisi wakhe oyintloko, "ukukhetha" kwi Kochubey. Kwakufuneka umlawuli wayengumntu efana Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. biography emfutshane umkhonzi yoluntu akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwenkcazelo ulwalamano yayo kunye neNkosi. Alexander Speransky ezixabisa kakhulu ukuba abe yedwa yayo ijikeleza ezahlukahlukeneyo yeengcungcu, iyileyo lwaphembelela izilangazelelo zabo. Ngeli xesha, a commoner Michael edlalwa ezandleni zakhe. Yena waqala ukufumana imiyalelo kukumkani ngokwakhe.

Kule isimo Speranski inxaxheba kwezemfundo kwi zabefundisi - ngokobuqu kufutshane kuye umxholo. Yena waba yimbangi ezingummiselo eyayilawula zonke imisebenzi kula maziko. Le migaqo ngokuphepha waqhubeka kwaze 1917. Enye lweshishini ebalulekileyo Speransky njengoko yoMphicothi wemfundo Russian - ukuyila inqaku apho echaza imigaqo nekamva le Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Eli ziko izizukulwana ezininzi liqeqeshe umbala isizwe - abafana iintsapho ezininzi zihlaba yeengcungcu. bafundi Alexander Pushkin.

inkonzo zokubonisana

Kwangaxeshanye, Alexander I-nkqubo ndixakeke kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Ukuya eYurophu, njalo wathabatha Speransky kunye naye. Ngoko ke ngo-1807, xa Congress eyayibanjelwe Erfurt uNapoleon. Kungelo xesha awathi Europe kuqala wamazi uMikayeli Speransky. biography emfutshane igosa kufuneka ukuba ukukhankanya lakhe yeelwimi izakhono. Kodwa kude 1807, uye tshama amazwe.

Ngoku, ngenxa ulwazi lweelwimi kunye nemfundo yabo, Speransky ukuba ingothusa lonke ugunyaziso zahluke abafumanekayo Erfurt. UNapoleon ngokwakhe wasondela ingqalelo ukuhlangula ngokuthi Alesandire nkqu Kuthiwa ngokuqhula wabuza umlawuli Russian ukutshintsha lo abanamakhono uNobhala of State "kuyo nayiphi na ubukumkani." Kodwa amazwe Speranski yaphawula nokusetyenziswa practical kokuhlala lakhe igqiza. Wathabatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo kunye nesiphelo uxolo phakathi eFrance naseRussia. Noko ke, imeko yezopolitiko eYurophu ngelo xesha engenamali, yaye kungekudala la malungiselelo ziye olityelweyo.

bade career

Speranski wachitha ixesha elininzi usebenza ekwenzeni iimfuno zokwamkelwa kwinkonzo karhulumente. Ulwazi amagosa amaninzi abufani kwinqanaba yezikhundla zabo. Isizathu sale meko yaba eqhelekileyo kwi inkonzo kubulela isixhobo zonxibelelwano usapho. Ngoko Speransky ecetywayo ukusungulwa kweemviwo kubantu abanqwenela ukuba ngamagosa. Alexander wavumelana nale mbono, yaye kungekudala le migaqo ube ngumthetho.

Xa ukulawula of Finland eRashiya Speransky wathabatha isigxina zokulungisa izinto kwiphondo entsha. Kwakukho ngabafo endala, ngoko ke kweli lizwe, Alexander wakwazi ukuqonda izimvo zabo indodo melo. Ngowe-1810, iBhunga State yasekwa. Kwakhona kukho isikhundla nguNobhala of State, nto leyo eyaba Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Imisebenzi wenguquko akubanga lilize. Ngoku ngokusesikweni waba owesibini umntu sikarhulumente.

ihlazo

Zininzi iinguqu Speransky banokuchaphazeleka phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kazwelonke. Ndawana iinguqulelo ezinkulu, leyo baqhanqalazela inxalenye egalelwe yoluntu. UMikhail akazange ayithande abanumzana, kuba ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ukuba iimfuno zabo ubunzima kwindawo yokuqala. Ngo-1812, kwinkundla soMhlekazi kwakukho iqela kwabalungiseleli kunye zayo, abaqala zibangel 'nxamnye Speransky. Bona esasaza ubuxoki ngaye, kangangokuba kuthiwa wagxeka umlawuli. Xa kusondela nabagxeki ezininzi imfazwe waqalisa ukukhumbula uqhagamshelwano yalo kukaNapoleon e Erfurt.

NgoMatshi 1812, uMikhail Speransky wagxothwa zonke izithuba zakhe. Wayalelwa ukuba ushiye kwikomkhulu. Enyanisweni, yena ekuthinjweni, okokuqala Nizhny Novgorod, yaye emva koko kweli phondo Novgorod. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, yena wakwazi opals ukurhoxiswa.

Ngowe-1816 wamiselwa irhuluneli Penza. UMikhail Speransky, ngamafutshane, wayesazi ngalo mmandla. Noko ke, ngenxa ubuchule bakhe sombutho, wakwazi waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ukuze kweli phondo. Abantu bendawo babemthanda owayesakuba UNobhala of State.

Emva kokuba igosa Penza waba e Irkutsk, apho wayesebenza ukuze iirhuluneli eSiberia ukususela 1819 ukuya 1821. Apha, isimo ngakumbi babesilela kunokuba Penza. Speranski ukwenza ilungiselelo: aphuhliswe amaxhwebhu yolawulo abambalwa yesizwe kunye nolondolozo lwezoqoqosho.

Kwakhona eSt Petersburg

Ngowe-1821, uMikhail Mikhailovich okokuqala kwiminyaka emininzi, waba eSt Petersburg. Ukwazile umhlangano wakhe Alexander I. I koMlawuli wakwenza kwacaca ukuba ngemihla yamandulo, xa Speransky ngumntu sesibini ngurhulumente, ngasemva. Sekunjalo, wamiselwa intloko ikhomishini lokuyila imithetho. Kwaba indawo apho kuyenzeka ukusebenzisa kakuhle amava lonke, ephethwe yi uMikhail Speransky. abonakale yembali lo mntu ubonisa ukuba abe wenguquko obalaseleyo. Ngoko ke wabuyela yokudlela.

Inyathelo lokuqala Kugqityiwe ushishino olusemthethweni yaseSiberia. uguquko zolawulo lwaqhutywa amanqaku akhe. ESiberia yahlulwa eMpuma West. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ebukumkanini buka-Alexander ndachitha ixesha elininzi lilungiselelo zokuhlala zomkhosi. Ngoku ukwenza kunye Speransky, owathi, kunye Alekseem Arakcheevym ekhokelwa uthumo ahambelanayo.

Xa Nicholas I

Ngowe-1825 wafa, Alexander I. Kwakukho yokusebenza olubi ngelo Decembrists. Speransky wayetyholwa yokuqulunqwa IManifesto ekuqaleni kobukumkani uNicholas I. Irhuluneli omtsha kakhulu ekuhlengahlengiseni Speransky, nakubeni ke umbono yezopolitiko. igosa eliphambili wahlala melo. Waza ke ukumkani endala, abone ke Decembrists ngakumbi yalungisa uvuthela iinguqulelo.

In Nikolaev umsebenzi ephambili iminyaka Speranskii kwakuyimini yokulungiselela iseti epheleleyo kwemithetho yoBukhosi baseRashiya. edition Multivolume waqokelela, wadibanisa inani enkulu imimiselo, owokuqala ezavela ngenkulungwane XVII. NgoJanuwari 1839 ngenxa ubuhle bayo Speransky wafumana itayitile Count. Noko ke, ngoFebruwari 11, wafa eneminyaka engama-67.

imisebenzi yakhe ngamandla kunye nemveliso baye injini nguqulelo Russian kwiminyaka yokuqala wokulawula Alexander I. Ngelo lokugcina le career Speransky waba ihlazo obungasifanelanga, kodwa kamva wabuyela emsebenzini wakhe. Wakhonza State enyanisekile, nangona na ubunzima.