Ukuza ku namandla iiBolsheviks. Izizathu iiBolsheviks weza amandla

Ukuza ku namandla iiBolsheviks, umhla ehambelana umhla Enkulu Oktobha Socialist Revolution (Novemba 7, 1917 ngesimbo mihla), wabonakala entwasahlobo waloo nyaka, isiganeko nzima amaninzi kuBukhosi Russian. Isibakala sokuba eli isebe le-Social-Democratic Labour Party, ephethwe yi VI ULenin phantse de kwiinyanga zokugqibela kakhulu revolution ayikho zithandwa kakhulu kunye neeklasi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eluntwini kweli xesha.

Iingcambu iqela lopolitiko kwiBolsheviks

Isiseko ezizinzululwazi iqela yavela kwi 90 ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ku imvelo elalisakuba populists lowo, waya ebantwini, yakuzibona iingxaki abalimi, neliya kuthi isonjululwe ngokutsha olukhulu lomhlaba, kuquka benani. Ezi ngxaki yezolimo kwaqhubeka ilishumi nangaphezulu komntu omnye kwaye ngokuyinxenye kwakhokelela ngokuvela ukuya emandleni iiBolsheviks. Ngokuphathelele ukungaphumeleli kwicala populist kunye ukusebenza isininzi sabasebenzi, iinkokeli owayesakuba ukulwelwa (Plekhanov, Zasulich, Axelrod et al.) Ahamba phezu kumava yokulwa Western, lihlaziye isicwangciso mbuso, ngomsebenzi imisebenzi Marx kunye Engels waza iguqulelwe nabo Russian waza waqalisa ukuba theory nokuhlaliswa ubomi ngenxa eRashiya iingcamango abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Itheko yasekwa ngowe-1898, yaye ngowe-1903, kuloo nkongolo yesibini intshukumo zahlulwe phakathi iiBolsheviks kunye Mensheviks ngenxa yezizathu ngemibono.

Malunga qhankqalazo waphupha of ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi

Ukuza ku namandla iiBolsheviks ekulungiseleleni eli qela lezopolitiko ixesha elide. Ngexesha revolution ka-1905-07. lo mbutho uya eLondon (Mensheviks - e Geneva), apho kwagqitywa ekubeni kwi kwimvukelo abaxhobileyo. Ngokubanzi, i Democrats Social wayesele ngelo wayefuna elo xesha lokuba atshabalalise urhulumente tsarist ngokuququzelela zaseSoweto emkhosini (kwi-Black Sea Fleet, e Odessa) nokujongela inkqubo zemali (ebizwa ukuthatha imali ezibhankini musa ukuhlawula irhafu). Bona kuziswa izixhobo Russian kunye neziqhushumbisi (group Krasin), iibhanki abaphangiweyo (Helsingfors Bank, 1906).

Baye bengangenanga abasemagunyeni esemthethweni

IiBolsheviks beza kwi "ngamajelo esemthethweni" amagunya Russian kuqala phambi kokuba revolution ayiphumelelanga. Bona babamba unyulo State Duma of yokuqala, eyesibini sifunyenwe izihlalo ezimbalwa ngaphezu Mensheviks (15 izikhundla). IiBolsheviks Balibala ngokufutshane kumzimba sokucebisa kweli lizwe, njengamalungu ngokweyelenqe wabo babanjwa ezizama ukuvukela ngoncedo i-St Petersburg ikampu. Onke amalungu Duma ukusuka iiBolsheviks babanjwa, yaye Duma ngokwawo intlanganiso lichithakale.

Yintoni wathembisa kwafika iiBolsheviks ezinokuba Russian ukuba amandla? Ngokufutshane ngale ingafumaneka kwi izigqibo London (eyesihlanu) kwinkongolo iqela, apho iinkqubo ziye yamkelwa 1907, "ubuninzi" yaye "ubuncinane". Ubuncinane iRashiya iye yanika i revolution yongxowankulu kunye kokunciphisa kwintsuku zokusebenza iiyure 8, ngokubhukuqwa lobuzwilakhe, ukusekwa kunyulo lwentando yesininzi kunye nenkululeko, ukuqaliswa balapho-government, ukunika ilungelo iintlanga self-determination, ukupheliswa izohlwayo kunye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba abalimi amanxeba. Esiphezulu kuBukhosi Russian wayeza kuqhubeka loo mbuso yesigaba kunye utshintsho kwiSocialism kunye nokusekwa kwimiyalelo zonke izihlwele.

Imeko eRashiya waqhubeka kakhulu emva 1907. Isizathu sokuba eze namandla iiBolsheviks kwixesha elizayo ukuba kunokwenzeka, kukuba ohlaziya yokumkani elo xesha akazange ukunika iziphumo ezibalulekileyo, lo mbuzo agrarian isekho, leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, emva kokoyiswa kwi Tanennbergom kuthwalelwa phandle umntu sele kummandla Russia kwaye kwakhokelela emali, ukuphazamiseka imizi zobonelelo kunye nokutya, indlala ezilalini.

Le yokubola yomkhosi negalelo revolution

Imfazwe yabulala malunga 2 million. Amajoni phantse yaba sisigidi abahlali, kwilinge enkulu kuthwalelwa phandle (15 million. Abantu), apho ubunzima engundoqo abalimi ubume, uninzi lwabo, kunye nabasebenzi inguqu, weza umkhosi kunye novelwano njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo Social iimbono malunga nokufumana nabalimi abanikazi umhlaba. I iseti waba mkhulu kangangokuba abaninzi nkqu wafunga, singasathethi imfundo wobuzwe. Kodwa abachasi bolawulo tsarist babexakekile kukhuthazo iingcinga leyo ekhokelele ukungaphumeleli Cossacks kunye namajoni ukucinezela imiboniso ezithandwayo 1915 - iminyaka 1916.

In kolawulo Tsarist washiya abaxhasi ezimbalwa

Izizathu ezakwenza ukuba namandla iiBolsheviks okanye nayiphi na enye amandla ezopolitiko ngo-1917 wagqiba ukuba ulawulo tsarist kule meko, ndandibuthathaka kakhulu ngokwezoqoqosho kwipolitiki. Ngelo xesha ngqo Nicholas II usesikhundleni elufeleni (okanye umnakekeli ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga imeko yokwenene bemicimbi). Oku kwanika, umzekelo, ithuba ngoFebruwari 1917 ukuvala mveliso Putilov and "ibhola" kwizitrato St. Petersburg, malunga 36 amawaka abantu, abanye babo baba phantsi kwempembelelo iingcamango olululo kwiBolsheviks waza waqalisa inxaxheba kugwayimbo ngabasebenzi kwezinye mveliso. Lo mlawuli ngexesha babengamele bathembele unogada wakhe, njengoko uninzi nokubunjwa kwayo pre-imfazwe kwabulawa ngaphambili kwaye endaweni amajoni aluchaphazeleki ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuchasene ukumkani onamandla ezininzi bezopolotiko belizwe, Noko ke, leyo, ngelo xesha elinye ngokuchasene omnye komnye, njengoko iqela ngalinye babenziwe isicwangciso yayo yophuhliso karhulumente.

Bambalwa kulindeleke ukuba ngoloyiso kwiBolsheviks

Njengoko ka April 1917 abaninzi babecinga ukuba iiBolsheviks weza amandla akwenzeki, njengokuba isambuku labemi, amafama ngakumbi, inkxaso Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, mveliso waba iqela labo, nezazi - yabo, kukho amaqela ezininzi ezixhasa ezasebukhosini. ULenin ka-April encwandini zange sifumane impendulo phakathi Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, Mensheviks kunye iiBolsheviks ezininzi njengenkokeli wacela ukunikezela kwizikhundla ngoyaba kwi imfazwe nokwenza uxolo (mhlawumbi nje lo iJamani "akazange isaziso", njengoko uLenin wafika Petrograd emdeni wayo evaliwe imoto). Ngoko ke, lo Izizathu ezakwenza ukuba namandla iiBolsheviks zaba, kumgaqo-nkqubo ethile, yaye amazwe. Ukongeza, le ithisisi ecetywayo kokupheliswa engunobambiso kaRhulumente kunye nokudluliselwa amandla Amaqumrhu, kunye kwesizwe belizwe, kunokuba kutshintshelwa kuluntu umlimi ezingazange ukongeza ukuthandwa sabaxhasi Lenin kaThixo.

komzamo ongaphumelelanga

IiBolsheviks eza ngamandla (1917) walandelwa yimizamo ukuba akhokele ilizwe phambi ngoNovemba. NgoJuni waloo nyaka, kwi-First Congress of lwaBasebenzi kunye Amajoni 'yamaSekela (All-Russian), kwaye kwacaca ukuba iiBolsheviks kwi nokubaluleka kwazo kwindawo yesithathu kwindawo yali. Ngelo Congress, iindwendwe bazitshitshisela isindululo uLenin ukuba ukuphelisa imfazwe kunye nokupheliswa amagunya akhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba ngelo xesha phantsi kwempembelelo kwiBolsheviks baba sele regiments amajoni, kuquka quartered e Petrograd lokuqala ibutho Umatshini gun (11, amajoni 3000) kunye Kronstadt oomatiloshe isiseko yomkhosi. Impembelelo beqela Lenin kwindawo yasemkhosini kukhokelele ekubeni kwiinzame ukuthatha Tauride Palace (kwekomkhulu Provisional Government) yasungulwa ngo-Julayi 1917. Kule mihla, kwafika eli bhotwe abasebenzi Putilov mveliso, amajoni, oomatiloshe, kodwa umbutho ka 'ekhubekisayo "Kwaba kubi kangangokuba ingcamango iiBolsheviks ayiphumelelanga. Oku lula ngomnye inxalenye ukuba uRhulumente Provisional, uMphathiswa wezoBulungisa Pereverzev ixesha lokulungiselela uncamathisele phezulu ephepheni kwi dolophu, apho uLenin kunye nabo ziye zanikezelwa aziintlola German.

Utshintsho karhulumente wayithimba ngqo

Yintoni enye inkqubo ihamba kunye ukunyuka ukuya emandleni iiBolsheviks? Unyaka esenze Great Oktobha Revolution waye esisityebi xa iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Yi ekwindla kuye kucace ukuba urhulumente wexeshana abakwazi ukumelana isiphithiphithi, ngoko ukuyilwa umzimba entsha - i-Pre-epalamente, apho iiBolsheviks kuphela 1 \ 10 ezihlalo. Ngelo xesha elinye iqela uLenin ukuba iyaluphumelela uninzi kwi Amaqumrhu kwizixeko ezinkulu, kuquka ukuya kwi-90% kwi-Petrograd yaye malunga ne-80% e-eMoscow. Oku kuxhaswa ziikomiti amajoni ngayo imiphambili Koloni kunye noMntla naphakathi abalimi ukuba ayide ithandwa kakhulu - kumbindi Amaqumrhu zasemaphandleni zamasekela yamaBolshevik yayingekabikho.

Yintoni nangoko kwiBolsheviks weza igunya? iziganeko ngokufutshane yaphuhliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ngo-Oktobha, ngasese uLenin wafika Petrograd, apho waqalisa ukukhuthaza mvukelo entsha, musa iyaxhaswa, Kamenev noTrotsky. Le lwesibini oluza ukuba alinde ngezigqibo yeSibini Congress of qumrhu (All-Russian), ezicwangciselwe 20 zidluliselwe kwi-Oktobha 25 (style endala).
2. October 18, 1917 (njengoko inqaku. Style) kwi iikampu ka Petrograd regiments ukuba yokuhlangana, apho kwagqitywa ukwenza wombhodamo wezigalo owawusilwa norhulumente ukuba abakhwetha Petrograd eSoviet (apho iiBolsheviks waba 90% ye-voti). kweentsuku ezintlanu, kwiBolsheviks wawuxhokonxa inqaba ikampu. Kwicala le Provisional kaRhulumente baba kabini oqeqesho zomkhosi kunye nezikolo zamisa, inkampani ifuthe yabafazi, i Cossacks.
3. October 24 kwiBolsheviks bababamba amandla kusungulwe, i-arhente iindaba ngawo abize Kronshtadt iinqanawa. Abazange sinike kabini ye iibhulorho ukunyibilika.
4. Ngobusuku 24 ukuya likwazile ukufaka ofisi engundoqo, i-Bank State, isikhululo Warsaw Oktobha 25 kwiBolsheviks, cima umbane umbindi izakhiwo zikarhulumente, ukuba ayithabathe Cruiser "Aurora" kwi Neva. Emini, i "izihlwele revolution" waveza Mariinsky Palace. Isiphango i Winter Palace yenziwa ebusuku, emva kwakhe pre-leHamas na imipu le Cruiser "Aurora". Xa uthatha iyure ezi 2 nemizuzu engama-10 26 Oktobha Provisional Government yanikezela.

Revolution kuqulathe ukwanda inani lamaxhoba

Imiphumo ukuza ku namandla iiBolsheviks ezaziyingozi eRashiya, ngenxa uloyiso baya kuye amandla e Petrograd (phantse ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle weSixeko Duma of Petrograd), urhulumente omtsha we iiBolsheviks, ikhokelwa nguLenin (Council of Commissars yaBantu). Kodwa abaninzi kubo musa ukulawula ilizwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imfazwe yamakhaya, ukuwa ngakumbi lwezoqoqosho, nanto leyo eyakhokelela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba indlala kunye namaxhoba amaninzi.