Union - oku ... Lublin, Brest, Krevsk Union

Union - le ndawo, umanyano, uluntu ithi, imibutho yezopolitiko, amahlelo zonqulo. Eyona wayedla ngengqiqo yokuba union monarchical yeentlanga ezininzi phantsi umlawuli enye.

ngezigaba izivumelwano

Real Union - Union, ekukho ukumkani, ngexesha uthatha umyalelo omnye yokulandelelana etroneni. Indlalifa lokumkani elizayo kuwo onke amazwe ilungu sivumelwano. Loo umanyano - oluqinileyo, ethembekileyo - athunyelweyo kuphela anokurhoxiswa kuphela kwimeko apho omnye nxaxheba iguqula uhlobo zikarhulumente republic. Rhoxisa neNgonyama kwenye okanye lonke ilungu lithi kuqulatha umbutho sokonakalisa okanye ukwehla kumafa yayo oluninzi.

union Personal - isivumelwano oko kukuthi random, ukuba umntu omnye uba umlawuli kumazwe aliqela ngenxa kwamaqhina ntsapho kwabalawuli ababini okanye abathathu, okanye kwimeko elililo. Amazwe inxaxheba ayitshintshi kwaye akukho nkqubo ohlangeneyo ngokulandelelana. Le manyano aluzi ukubola. Kungekudala emva ndasukuzana ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi, ngukumkani kwakulo mo, kodwa kwabanye kusenokuba nzima ngenxa inkangeleko yalo mthetho.

Union Church - uhlobo Isivumelwano phakathi iinkolo. Iinjongo kunye nezizathu manyano ixhomeke kwiimeko zembali.

Le manyano kunye dlalo: Yintoni umahluko?

Ngokufuthi le fomu yonxulumano nenani Confederation. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba yesazisi loo nto ilungile.

Okokuqala, lo manyano kungenziwa kuphela inxaxheba States monarchical. Olu phawu yayo ephambili. Yona Confederation, kumanyano onjalo ukubandakanya nengxelo republic karhulumente.

Ubukho lemanyano kufuna intsebenziswano kufutshane ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Akunjalo isivumelwano womanyano. Kungenjalo, le meko kunye Confederation. Ngokusayina esi sivumelwano, amalungu alo kufuneka ngamnye ezinye iimfanelo ezithile. amalungu Union ungalahli zabo ulongamo. umlawuli mlawuli Single Akwandise ngamandla alo. Emva kokuba nokusayinwa manyano nguye bearer of the amalungelo kakumkani zelizwe ngalinye ngaphakathi Union.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo inkalo esemthethweni kokusayina isivumelwano dlalo - ngobukho kwesivumelwano kunye nezibophelelo efanayo ebhaliweyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa kumanyano lwezopolitiko. A sobunye - yinto Uluntu kugqitywa ngaphandle sivumelwano.

Into ebalulekileyo isebenza ukuziphatha neemeko phakathi kwamaqela kwisivumelwano. Angamalungu le manyano ayikwazi ukulwa nabanye, njengoko irhuluneli - enye, ngoko, evakalisa imfazwe phakathi Union, kunyanzelekileyo ukuba ahlasele ngokwalo.

isivumelwano union Political kunye dynastic

Imbali uyazazi iimeko ezininzi, ukupheliswa okunjalo. Enye yamandulo eyaziwayo kwaye ebalulekileyo - union Krevo. Lithuania and Poland baba amaqela kwisivumelwano. Njengabo ezinye iimanyano ezininzi, oku kokuvalelwa ngomtshato dynastic, leyo waqukumbela Polish Queen Jadwiga kunye Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagiello.

Union ngowe-1385, esatyikitywa enqabeni kreva, wenze utshintsho oluthile kwisixhobo zombini namazwe inxaxheba.

Izizathu umfela - ukuba buthathaka mazwe omabini kunye uxinzelelo laba phezu kwabo ngaphandle; yi leTeutonic uMyalelo, impangele, i-Golden mkhosi. Phambi Krevsk Union Lithuania isayinwe izivumelwano eziliqela kunye eMoscow umthetheli, kwaye leTeutonic Knights, owaba negalelo elikhulu kwikhondo iziganeko, kodwa zange iphunyezwe.

Kakuhle eli isivumelwano in Krevo

Ngokutsho sivumelwano, Jagiello waba ngukumkani Poland. Yasiveza phezu kwakhe aliqela izibophelelo:

• Le rhuluneli intsha unyanzelekile ukuba ukunxibelelana Latin Lithuania.
• Jagiello ukuba ahlawule iNkosana Austria Wilhelm imbuyiselo ngenxa yokophula imvumelwano lomtshato, njengoko apho yokugqibela kwafuneka ukuba athathe umfazi wakhe Jadwiga.
• E Lithuania, kuyimfuneko ukuba yayikukwazisa ubuKatolika.
• Jagiello kwafuneka babuyele kumazwe awayesakuba Poland neRashiya ukwakha phezulu ubukumkani. Union of Lithuanian kunye Polish uyamqhuba ukwandisa inani amabanjwa.

Ngamafutshane, Jagiello waba ngumlawuli i Lithuania emanyeneyo kunye Poland, kodwa wahlala umjelo emali kunye novimba, imithetho, imithetho namasiko, kwakukho lo umda, kwakukho umkhosi eyahlukileyo kwisivumelwano ngalinye Ilungu State. Krevo Union kwabangela inkcaso kwi inxalenye ngabafo Lithuania kunye yangaphambili eRashiya, kodwa waba isiseko kuba Union of Lublin. Kummandla Poland landa.

imvelaphi zembali Lublin Union

Kwiminyaka emininzi emva kokusayina isivumelwano kwi Krevo baba iingxabano phakathi Lithuanians kunye iindwalutho Polish umthetho kunye nenqanaba yempembelelo kweli lizwe. Ngexesha ngokuvela lobunini mhlaba itshintshile kwaye isakhiwo yeklasi nelungelo kumazwe zombini. Kuba uthi ezibini, kwakukho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo eklasini feudal: i iindwalutho Polish ke bomzi, onke amalungu alo ukuba sinikwe kunye namalungelo alinganayo, yaye zonke iiyantlukwano sele ziphelisiwe; ababawa Lithuanian - class ibangela. Phantsi "nezibonda" libhekisela iintlobo ezimbini ungunyana wabanumzana:

• abanini ezinkulu (zizigwili), nto leyo eye i amalungelo phantse engenasiphelo kunye namalungelo. Abekho phantsi kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni - kuphela wenkundla Grand Duke. Ukongeza, ukuba kungathatha kwizikhundla ebalulekileyo kurhulumente. Ngaphandle isixa esikhulu somhlaba okusemandleni abo ukuba oovimba ebalulekileyo yabasebenzi.
• abanini ezincinane kunye neziphakathi. Abazange babe oluxhathisayo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, njengoko iqela lokuqala (umhlaba ngaphantsi, amathuba abasebenzi). Ukongeza, badla babe ngamaxhoba nokunyoluka tycoons ezinkulu, njengoko kwakuxhomekeke kubo.

Ngenxa yezizathu yobulungisa lunxano (okanye ngaphezulu amandla kunye nefuthe), abameli iqela lesibini befuna ukulingana, ekufuneka ukuba phakathi iindwalutho.

Kodwa ke ingxaki nje ekulweni tycoons - abameli Poland kunye Lithuania akayi kuvumelana kumaphulo eziqhelekileyo emkhosini, ukwenza zombini kumazwe abasemngciphekweni. elite Polish wanxunguphala yokuphulukana ilizwe Lithuania, kwesigwebo ngoxa eyathatha Agasto yaba ummeli yokugqibela Jagiellonian - ukutshintsha kumkani uhlobo enokwenza ukwahlulwa imimandla ethile.

Njengoko kuvunyelwene Lithuanians nezibonda?

I-Union of Lublin - isivumelwano sokuqala phakathi Poland kunye Lithuania, nto leyo eye icwangciswe ngobunono nje isenzo siseko. Ingcamango eliyinhloko nokuhlanganiswa Lithuania ePoland. Kangangexesha elide baba zoxolo ezazifanele ukuba asombulule naziphi na iziphene.

umanyene Backplane ngo-1569 bekumele ukuba isayinwe ebusika ye-Polish-Lithuanian Seimas. -Thethwano Kwakunzima, akuzange kube lula ukufezekisa umanyano. Isizathu sokuba le ntlekele yaba iimfuno kwicala Lithuanian: i ibekwa ukuba ukuthatha indawo e Vilnius, irhuluneli kwafuneka bakhethe kuphela amagosa ngokubanzi Sejm kwaye Lithuanian baphiwa ukubamba inzalelwane zasekuhlaleni kuphela. Poland ayikwazanga ukwamkela mfuno. Ukongeza, i Lithuanians ungonwabi ezenzekayo, wayishiya Sejm.

Kodwa ke kungekudala ukubuyela ukuze uqhubeke thethwano. Kukho izizathu ezininzi neyenza Lithuania ukuba bafune inkxaso ebusweni Poland:

• Ilizwe liphelelwe lixesha laza lalahlekelwa lukhulu ngexesha Livonian War.
• Xa uhulumeni ukunganeliseki ukhula kunye nabanini.
• Lithuania ilwa impangele, ekube icala elinamandla.

Ukuze ngokukhawuleza "ukweyisela" i Lithuanians, ukumkani Polish kwaye ezihlonyelwe kwiphondo Volyn Podlaskie waza wamsongela ukuba kude amalungelo evela ngabawexuki. Zonke kwakhona ndawonye ePoland. Icala Lithuanian bazithoba eyathatha Augustus. Kwakhona waqalisa ukulungiselela ukusayinwa manyano. Poland wayebathembe gqitha kwesi sivumelwano.

kwasayinwa isivumelwano

Ukutya uye waqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo ngoJuni we 1569, kwaye ngomhla wokuqala ngoJulayi, abathathi-nxaxheba benza umnqophiso. Lublin Union wavakalisa ukuyilwa kwento Rzeczpospolita bengatshatanga. Emva Lithuania and Poland wasayina ngokunzulu isivumelwano. Emva kweentsuku 3, isivumelwano kuqinisekisiwe ngakumbi ukumkani.

Noko ke, ukwamkelwa Union akazange ukusombulula zonke iingxaki, kunye Ukutya waqhubeka. imiba ethile zisonjululwe ingaphelanga inyanga emva kokuba ukutyikitywa kunye kuvunywe iinkqubo ezisemthethweni. ingxaki ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, Walizinzisa Ukutya sele ingasombululwa, equka amagumbi amabini. I-Union esizinzileyo oko kwaqaliswa isivumelwano Krevsk.

Iimbono eziphambili Union e Lublin:

• Urhulumente kufuneka abe omnye umlawuli - kukumkani ukhetha ukutya.
• nkqubo wolawulo, iNdlu Yeengwevu kunye Sejm baba ziqhelekile Polish kunye nakwimimandla Lithuanian.
• Equalized kule amalungelo iindwalutho Polish kunye Lithuanian.
• Lithuania uye wayilondoloza ezinye iisimboli sokumiswa - print, ingubo lwesizwe, umkhosi kunye nolawulo.

Iziphumo yesivumelwano Lublin

Lithuanians wakwazi ukulondoloza ulwimi lwabo, inkqubo yezomthetho kunye nenani iimpawu sokumiswa. Poland liqinise naqhama ubungakanani kwindawo ifuthe. eminyaka Rzeczpospolita eziliqela iye ibe iqela enamandla kwibakala lehlabathi. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukusasaza ubuKatolika kunye Polish ukudala luluntu zenkcubeko.

kwezinto ezimbi ezo ukwandiswa izixhobo ngokwemimiselo kunye nokwanda urhwaphilizo. Unyulo ukumkani yabangela ukuba umzabalazo esebenzayo ngaphakathi Sejm, leyo kangangeenkulungwane kuye kwakhokelela ekuweni Rzeczpospolita.

mikhwa mibi ibonakala ngokupheleleyo kwimibandela yonqulo. Xa yabemi Lithuania akazange akwazi ukukhetha ukholo lwabo - yobuKatolika waphoselwa phantse ngenkani. UbuKristu akuvumelekile. bamelene zamaKatolika baba "ngaphandle umthetho" - ukuba zabandezwa onke amalungelo, betshutshiswa. Kwi kwintsimi Ukrainian ongaphantsi ngegunya Commonwealth, waqalisa ukuba kuvela esikolweni emaqandeni.

Kwangaxeshanye, equalized kwi amalungelo wabanumzana, bathwalwa ngaphandle zokulungisa amanqwanqwa kwezopolitiko, imithetho kunye noqoqosho. Ngoko ke ukuba iziphumo Lublin Union ayikwazi bavavanywe ayintsokothanga.

isivumelwano ibandla

Imbali of Christianity igcwele nemizamo ukubuyisela ingqibelelo unqulo. Khumbula ukuba ngenxa ukwahlulwa-1054 wabumba ubuKatolika Orthodox. Zaba amasebe ahlukeneyo ubuKristu. ubudlelwane - phantse ngexesha elifanayo amalinge okuqala zenziwa womanyano.

UmKatolika, wamasiko nezithethe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezithethe. Imvume ayikwazanga ukufikelela. Isizathu - ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela Pope Orthodox. AmaKatolika nako ukwamkela imiqathango abeke phambili yi iqela: Pope Orthodox wabuza eli ligatya makulawule sabaphathi ecaweni.

Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, i-Orthodox buthathaka kwaye kwakufuneka inkxaso ubuKatolika ekulweni izisongelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1274 eLyons ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano kumzabalazo nxamnye Tatar-Mongols, yaye ngo-1439 - i-Union of Florence. Ngeli xesha, le manyano sachasa baseTurkey. Ezi zivumelwano aba-obufutshane, kodwa 'intshukumo for union "iye yazuza fans ngakumbi nangakumbi.

IMVELAPHI Brest Union

Brest sobunye - isivumelwano nto leyo eyabangela mvaba entsha kunye iinkulungwane ezininzi imbambano.

Kwinkulungwane XVI iCawa Orthodox wayengekho ncam imodeli yokuziphatha kunye zokomoya - wayesiya zinzima kakhulu. Ukuvela ngokwesithethe begxeka xa yayiyitempile eneneni umxhasi magnate propati, ibingaziswa unqulo, iimpawu ezininzi zehlabathi. Kwimeko ibandla kokuphazamisa burger, bahlwise. Oku kubhekisela abazalwana - Imibutho ezidolophini banelungelo ukulawula nabaveleli kanye. Icawa alusenampembelelo nakwigama layo umthetheleli kwamalungelo amakholwa.

intshukumo Uniate uqalwe ngenxa ipoti ye-bamaKatolika ePoland. Imbonakalo imibhalo polemical malunga iingenelo womanyano. Ababhali baba abashumayeli kunye zobulumko - Benedict Gerbest Peter Skarga, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Uniates kwaqiniswa emva "utshintsho yekhalenda" Gregory XIII - ngenxa leeholide zonqulo Orthodox namaKatolika diverged ngokuhamba kwexesha. It yephule amalungelo abemi Orthodox, abahlala kwintsimi ze-Commonwealth.

Ngenxa ziziphumo ezidibeneyo ezi zinto watyikitywa ngu Union of Brest.

Kakuhle eli isivumelwano

Ngo-1590 i kwinkongolo icawa yabanjwa kwisixeko Belz. Waqukumbela ngokubongoza ukuba le manyano nyike Gidiyoni Balaban. iphulo lakhe kuye kwaxhaswa koobhishophu ezininzi. Emva kweminyaka 5, nemfuneko yokuba umanyano olubonwa i Pope.

Beresteis'ka ubuhlobo ukuba isayinwe ngo-1596. Kodwa ingxabano uphelile. Le nkongolo, apho ndadibana ngenxa wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano, ukwahlula. Enye abalandeli kwakukho Orthodox, omnye - i Uniates. Isikhubekiso wenza imfuneko ukuthobela Pope. Ekugqibeleni, le manyano esayiniweyo nje inxalenye yale minikelo. Abefundisi Orthodox abawazanga loo womanyano. Ukutyikitywa kwesivumelwano kwenzeka phantsi kobunkokheli Metropolitan uMikhail Rogoza.

Imigaqo nemiqathango:

• Uniates waqaphela ukufakwa Pope.
• Abefundisi amalungelo afanayo njengoko zabefundisi yamaKatolika.
• Amanqaku yokholo - zamaKatolika, izithethe - i-Orthodox.

Ngoko ke, lo yesiphumo seenzame bamanyane uye waba uqhekeko nangakumbi. Ngokusekelwe kobuOthodoki yobuKatolika omnye ukholo. Ngoku Uniatism ebekwa force - Orthodox baba kwindawo ezikhohlakeleyo kunayo phambi Beresteis'ka kwesivumelwano (Brest).

Ekugqibeleni add: union - kusimanyayo, kodwa, njengoko kuboniswe yi izibakala zembali akusoloko manyano waya kuxhamle onke amaqela athabatha inxaxheba.