Expressionism kumculo - it ... Expressionism lomculo kwinkulungwane yama-20

Kwikota yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwiincwadi, ubugcisa obubonwayo, ifilim nomculo, omtsha, malunga iimbono classical kwi kwicala lokudala, wavakalisa injongo ephambili yokuthetha vutshila ihlabathi ayinyani yangaphakathi womntu. Expressionism kumculo - le yenye yezona kwemali ixakayo kunye ezintsonkothileyo.

Njani expressionism

Expressionism wavela kwaye ibonakala ngokucacileyo ngokwayo kwesiqhelo Austria Germany. Ngowe-1905 e Dresden kwi-Faculty of kwisangqa Technical School Higher lenzeka ngabafundi, leyo kuthiwa "The Bridge". nxaxheba awo E. Nolde, Klee, P., M. Pihshteyn E. Kirchner. Kungekudala zangamawele, zithabathela abaculi isiJamani kunye bolunye uhlanga, kuquka abasuka eRashiya. Kamva, ngowe-1911, e-Munich baye kodwa omnye umbutho - i "Blue Rider", apho Kandinsky, P. Klee, Mark F., L. Feininger.

Kuyinto la izangqa baba baso kwicala ubugcisa, emva koko yaqala ukuvela imibutho yoncwadi, iimagazini epapashwe eBerlin ( "I Ngamandla", "Storm", "Action"), kwabakho nokuyinto kwiincwadi kunye nomculo.

Kukholelwa ukuba igama elithi "Expressionism" livele-mbali le Czech Republic A. Mateychekom ngo-1910. Kodwa elide ngaphambi koko, kwi-15 emva kwexesha - kwekhulu 16, igcisa Spanish El Greco kunye Matthias Grünewald waseJamani sele usebenzise ubuchule ekuphakanyisweni kakhulu kwaye imvakalelo emsebenzini wakhe. A Expressionists zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini baqalisa ukuba bazigqale abalandeli zabo, ngokusekelwe imisebenzi Fridriha Nitsshe (othi "Ukuzalwa Intlungu") of the ezingenangqondo ( "Dionysian") ekuqaleni wobugcisa, waqalisa ukuba ulwalathiso isiphithiphithi iimvakalelo kunye neendlela kwebinzana zobugcisa.

Yintoni expressionism

Kukholelwa ukuba Expressionism wesuka abasabela ebuhlungu entsonkothileyo psyche abantu kwiintlungu impucuko mihla, ezifana bemfazwe (First World), lo mbuso. Musa ukoyika, unxunguphalo, ixhala, iintlungu, psyche engenakulungiswa - konke oku ayiniki abazobi ziyifumanisa ihlabathi ngokungaqhutywa luluvo. Kwaye ngoko yavelisa umgaqo omtsha, abalicekisayo ngokupheleleyo naturalism kunye nobuhle ezendeleyo kwizizukulwana zangaphambili kwabayili.

Ubuhle of Expressionism kuluncwadi, ukupeyinta, kunye nomculo esekelwe amazwi iimvakalelo luluvo, ebonisa ihlabathi wangaphakathi. Kubalulekile ngaphezu mfanekiso, yaye ibinzana iimvakalelo (iintlungu, ukukhala, kukududuzela). Xa umsebenzi Umsebenzi ilawulwa yokuzala ezikhona, kunye nokudluliselwa yamava ezinxulumene nayo. Basebenzise ngenkuthalo ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yokuthetha - into ubaxo, ukuntsonkotha okanye lula, neyalo.

Expressionism kumculo - yintoni oku?

Abaqambi basoloko aspired entsha nangaziwayo. Kuwo nawuphi na zaphawula abaziimvumi abaye baba "ukuya kuthi ga ngoku", yaye phantsi kwempembelelo lweentsingiselo ezintsha zobugcisa wavula kwaye Uyicebele indlela yabo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zomculo yokuthetha.

Expressionism kumculo - i "psychogram umphefumlo womntu." Ngoko uthi sobulumko waseJamani Theodor Adorno. Nasiphina isithethe, iintlobo ezaziwa kuqamba umculo, tonality kunye nezinye izithintelo izimbo olusesikweni (Classicism, Romanticism, yokuhlobisa) Expressionism umculo isale ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye phawu yayo engundoqo.

Eyona ndlela yokuthetha

• Le zingqubane ze dissonance ngokuvumelana.
• Ukunqongophala ukuqonda ubukhulu kunye isingqisho ezaziwa umculo.
• Intermittence, kabukhali, umgca emnandi eyaphukileyo.
• ekhefu ezibukhali kwaye engesiso kunye taxi.
• umculo isantya edlulayo kakhulu kwaye kungalindelekanga.
• Ukungabikho kwindlela enkulu-minor umgangatho - atonality.
• Ukutshintsha vocal negalelo and vice versa.
• Ukutshintshwa ukucula intetho, ukuhleba, ngamayeyeye.
• anemvakalozwi mgaqweni lokujikeleza kwi isingqisho.

Expressionism umculo kwinkulungwane yama-20

Ukuvela indlela entsha umculo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho olomeleleyo ingcamango kwayo. Expressionism kumculo - olu Utyeshelo lomqathango ukususela uhlobo wezinto imveliso, ubungakanani, tonalities kunye evumelanayo. Le ndlela entsha yokuvakalisa njengoko atonality (wokuqhuba logic imo ezinkulu-minor classical), dodecaphony (zidityaniswe nowuthsi ezilishumi elinambini), ubuchule elitsha lomculo kwimisebenzi eyodwa (intetho, ukucula, warhana, bekhwaza), ziye zakhokelela ukuba amathuba ngakumbi ngqo 'sakhe umphefumlo ibinzana "(Adorno).

Ingcamango expressionism zomculo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ngenxa Viennese School Second (Viennese) kunye negama umqambi yaseOstriya Arnold Schoenberg. Kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala neyesibini zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Schoenberg kunye nabafundi bakhe Alban Berg Anton Webern ndiseke zokwalathisa nokubhala eziliqela imisebenzi isimbo esitsha. Kwakhona ngo-1910 wadala imisebenzi yakhe eneengcinga Impressionism ezinjalo abaqambi:

• Paul Hindemith.
• Igor Stravinsky.
• Bela Bartok.
• Ernst Krenek.

umculo New ebangele njengesiphango iimvakalelo kunye naloo ukugxekwa phakathi kuluntu. Ingcinga expressionist umculo abaninzi Abaqambi kuyothusa zoyikekayo, kodwa Wafumana kuwo kubunzulu ethile, abenza ngokuzithandela kunye nobugqi.

umbono

Expressionism kwi abaqambi umculo afumaneka amava eqaqambileyo etsolo luluvo, iimvakalelo zomntu omnye. Izihloko nesizungu, ukudakumba, ukudideka, uloyiko, intlungu, usizi, yaye lithemba - yiloo nto iphambili ukuba iimvumi bafuna ukuvakalisa imisebenzi yabo. Voice imvakalozwi, akukho ngoncuthu, iindinyana dissonant, nokuxhuma ezibukhali kwaye elwayo, isingqisho aliphelelanga kwaye isantya, athi ukuphucuka mgaqweni, lo alternation lezabelo abomeleleyo nababuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa non-esemgangathweni izixhobo (kwirejista ziwela kwi lomculo ezingaqhelekanga) - zonke ezi zimvo zidalwe ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo kunye ukubhengezwa umphefumlo umqambi ngayo.

Abaqambi - Expressionists

Abameli expressionism kumculo - is:

• Arnold Schoenberg (umjikelo ingoma "Pierrot Lunaire," monodrama "Ukulindela", cantata "A Survivor of Warsaw", opera "uMoses noAron," "ode to kukaNapoleon").

• Ernst Krenek (opera "Orfeo Euridice" opera "Johnny strumming").

• Bela Bartok ( "Sonata", "Concerto First Piano", "Okwesithathu Piano Concerto", "Umculo ngenxa lamagama, yesandi kunye Celesta", "isiko Spring", "I Mandarin Ngokungummangaliso" kunye neminye imisebenzi).

• Paul Hindemith (opera "umbulali, Ithemba of Women" omnye-isenzo, ipiyano suite "1922").

• Igor Stravinsky ( "Renard", "The Wedding", "I Nightingale," "The Firebird," "Petrushka" kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi).

• Gustav Mahler (ingakumbi imisebenzi kamva, "Ingoma Umhlaba" kunye neSymphony gqitywanga lweShumi).

• Alban Berg ( "Wozzeck" opera).

• Anton Webern (Five-okhestra Pieces, String Trio, "Ungcwele yeeNgcwele", kontata "Amehlo Ukukhanya").

• Richard Strauss (opera "Elektra" yaye "kwanoSalome").

Chamber umculo kwi indlela expressionism

Ngoko kwenzeka ukuba isikolo Schoenberg lujika kude iifom ezingundoqo Symphonic, kwaye ingachazwa expressionism yomculo. Imifanekiso zegumbi umculo (ukuba omnye isixhobo, ezivunywa, quartets okanye quintets kunye elincane labadlali) kule isimbo zixhaphakile kakhulu ngakumbi. Schoenberg wayekholelwa ukuba wokusungula - atonality - okungalungelaniyo kakuhle imisebenzi omkhulu kunye esibanzi.

School Viennese - yinto ukutyhilwa ezahlukeneyo bomculo. Isiphithiphithi, ngokomoya, ngengqiqo entsha inyaniso ubomi ngaphandle zenze kunye phithi ziye zaba sisiseko zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa. Ukutshatyalaliswa emnandi kraca ithoni ezahlukeneyo - imvukelo nxamnye umbono zobugcisa - abangela abacaphukayo phakathi ukugxeka yokubambana kwabantu. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele abaqambi Second Viennese ukufumana ingqalelo lonke yaye inani elikhulu vayingiseri.