Ulwimi yaMandulo isiGrike: oonobumba. History of the ulwimi Greek

ulwimi lwamandulo Greek bobabo kwicandelo "ufile": namhlanje akunakwenzeka ukuba ukudibana indoda wawasebenzisa kwincoko yemihla ngemihla. Noko ke, lona ikratshi esikhohlakeleyo, yaye baphulukana ngonaphakade. amagama athile kwi Greek yamandulo unokuviwa naphi na ehlabathini. Ukuhlolisisa alfabhethi, igrama kunye indlela imithetho - kwisehlo eqhelekileyo kwezi ntsuku.

Lisusela kwixesha lakudala

Imbali ulwimi yamaGrike kwaqala kuhlaselo lwemimandla kummandla ikamva zezizwe Balkan Greece. Kwathi phakathi xxi kunye kwiinkulungwane XVII. BC. Bazizisa nabo ekuthiwa ulwimi Proto-Greek, nto leyo eza kuqala kamva zohlobo, isitsotsi yexesha lwamandulo, yaye emva koko nolwimi (lwesigodi Alesandire) kunye nefomu mihla isiGrike. Wema esuka Indo-European, yaye ngexesha lokuzalwa, ukunyuka nokuhla zikarhulumente enkulu unenzondelelo utshintsho gqitha.

afidavithi

Kude kube UDorian ayehlasela yeBronzi Age, phezu ukusuka XVI BC ngenkulungwane XI. e., eGrisi kunye eKrete, uhlobo zohlobo lwe njengolwimi olusetyenziswayo. Namhlanje, loo nto ithathwa uguqulelo kakhulu zamaGrike. Zohlobo de namhlanje ezisagcinwe ngohlobo imibhalo kumacwecwe odongwe wafumanisa kwisiqithi saseKrete. iisampulu umbhalo Unique (a abangama-6 amawaka) siqulathe ushicilelo ikakhulu zorhwebo. Nangona ulwazi obonakala kungekho ifakwe kuzo, nezesayensi iimpawu kufunyenwe ulwazi oluninzi malunga ixesha eladlulayo.

nezendawo

ulwimi yaMandulo isiGrike, yonke intsapho bafumana iimpawu zalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kukho iziyelelane eziliqela, ezo zidityanisiwe ngokwesithethe kumaqela amane:

• ngasempumalanga: balapha Ionic nezendawo indawo yokugcina;

• Western: lwesigodi Doric;

• arcade okanye yuzhnoaheyskuyu eSipro;

• Aeolian okanye severoaheyskuyu.

Ngexesha lamaGrike, lwaqala emva ukudliwa Aleksandra Makedonskogo, ngokusekelwe iziyelelane yokugcina ka nolwimi Wesuka, ulwimi Pan-Hellenic ukuba kwafikela yonke yasempuma kwiMeditera. Kamva, ngenxa yokuba 'avuke' abaninzi neziyelelane yakhe mihla.

zamagama

Namhlanje, indlela enye okanye omnye, phantse wonke ulwimi aqhelekileyo zamaGrike. "Ngamana 'ileta (" otau "), kwakunye ileta" Beta "," Alpha "," sigma "njalo njalo asetyenziswa kwimathematika, inzululwazi kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oonobumba, kwakunye ulwimi uqobo, hayi ke waphuma umoya. Nguye X okanye IX ngo. BC. e. Belibolekiwe evela LwamaFenike (amaKanan) izizwe. imilinganiselo yokuqala oonobumba yalahleka ekuhambeni kwexesha, kodwa baqhubeka amagama abo nocwangco.

EGrisi, ngoxa kukho amaziko eziliqela enkcubeko, yaye ngamnye Bazisa awohluke zalo kwe kwi alphabet. Phakathi kwezi iinketho zasekuhlaleni anexabiso inkulu eMileto kunye eChalcis. I zokuqala ziya kuqala kamva kusetyenziswa eseByzantium. Yaba KIRILL wakhe I Mefody wazibeka kokusekwa Slavic alphabet. EChalcis ukhetho lanefuthe ngamaRoma. Yena nguyise lwe-alfabhethi Latin, ayesasebenzisa lonke Western Europe.

ulwimi Ancient Greek namhlanje

Izizathu zokuba inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo abantu namhlanje ukuba ukufunda ulwimi "ufile" yamaGrike amandulo, kubonakala sobala. Ukanti ke. Kuba abaphengululi abazibandakanya Ezolimi othelekiso kunye izifundo ezinxulumene, nokuqonda yamandulo yesiGrike - yinxalenye msebenzi. Kunjalo wathi nezifundo zenkcubeko, iingcali zefilosofi kunye mbali. Kubo, kwisiGrike wamandulo - ulwimi kwimithombo emininzi ephambili. Kakade ke, yonke le ncwadi kufuneka ifundwe kunye iguqulelwe. Noko ke, nabani na owakha kuthelekiswa la original size 'apha naphaya "uguqulelo kulwimi lwasekuhlaleni, uyayazi indlela asitshintshe version yesiqhelo. Isizathu siyifumana nombono, ingakumbi imbali kunye kwimbono yabantu. Zonke ezi ngomahluko iyabonakaliswa kwisicatshulwa, ukuyiguqula kwaye kwenziwe ibinzana untranslatable kakhulu, ezele intsingiselo ezinokuthi kuqondwa kuphela emva kokuba ukufunda ulwimi lokuqala.

Kubalulekile ukwazi yesiGrike Abembi bezinto numismatists. Ukuqonda ulwimi kube lula ukuthandana, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kuyanceda ngokukhawuleza ukumisela fake.

ukuboleka

Igama lesiGrike elithi yamandulo kwi Russian lobuninzi ulwimi. siyakhubeka kaninzi musa baze basole imvelaphi yabo, ebonisa kudala nokuba nolwazi. Amagama Elena uAndreya, Tatiana kunye Fedor kwanawezayo kuthi, evela Greece yamandulo emva kokwamkelwa ubuKristu. Ngamaxesha yorhwebo olomeleleyo kunye nezinye neentlobano zokwazana amaGrike amaByzantine ngolwimi zezizwe Slavic beza amagama amatsha amaninzi. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho "enekuku", "Sail", "iviniga", "unodoli". Namhlanje, la amagama ezifana aqhelekile kangangokuba kunzima ukukholelwa imvelaphi yazo kwamanye amazwe.

Uncwadi yenzululwazi kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ulwazi ligcwele ngokoqobo kunye yemalimboleko ukusuka Greek yamandulo. Ngomhla kummandla Greece beza kuthi amagama zezifundo ezahlukeneyo (geography, ngeenkwenkwezi, njalo-njalo), ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo (neNgonyama, idemokhrasi), kwakunye zonyango, umculo, ubuchule bokufunda nokubhala kunye neminye imibandela emininzi. Xa intliziyo amagama amatsha ebonisa angekho kumaxesha amandulo, izinto ezinzulu ke iingcambu zamaGrike, okanye akhiwa ngokusebenzisa izimaphambili Greek (ifoni, ngemicroscope). Amanye amagama asetyenziswa namhlanje, baphulukene intsingiselo yawo yokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, cybernetics e Greece ngexesha eladlulayo ebizwa ubuchule yokuqhuba isikhephe. Ngaloo ndlela, emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi kangaka, ulwimi amandulo abemi iPeloponnese lihlala kwemfuneko.