Operation "Weiss". Njengoko Second World War

iminyaka emashumi asixhenxe eyadlulayo, ilizwe lethu kuphunyeziwe ezona zinto esibi umonakalo kwimbali yale mihla, iye ngonaphakade itshintshe kuphuhliso Russia, ziyahlelwa abantu Russian. Kodwa kwimfazwe yehlabathi kokuba iqalile noko ngaphambili, ngowe-1939, xa urhulumente wamaNazi wagqiba iinkonzo zilayishwe kuqaliso ngobuqhophololo ukuhlasela Poland. Esi siganeko ithathwa ekuqaleni Second World War.

Sibangwa imikhosi

Ngowe-1939, imeko ixesha kakhulu ngamazwe iye yaphuhliswa eYurophu: umoya imfazwe lalidla ngokuba yonke indawo, kodwa kude kube sekupheleni ekuqaleni kwakholwa baseJamani lo mntu ukulwa ngqo. Ukongeza, uninzi lwabemi Ngilani France, amazwe ezibandakanywe mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe, ndingu sisi isicombululo esinoxolo kwimpixano waseJamani.

Kodwa izicwangciso Wehrmacht azikhe zaziquka nasiphi na isivumelwano ozakuzo, zonke izenzo eJamani ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni kwakucingwa ngaphandle kwangaphambili, kwaye thethwano uxolo izivumelwano aba neqhinga ngokujika iqela ingqalelo.

izicwangciso ukuba amaNazi

kweminyaka kuphela kamva, uluntu wakwazi ukuqonda indlela Second World War kunye leyo sizathu, ngenxa yokuba lo mcimbi kukhokelele ngokutsha epheleleyo igunya eYurophu ehlabathini lonke.

Kuthi kwakufika ethath ngamandla eziphambili Jamani ijoliswe ekufezekiseni iinjongo kuphela - imvume German uhlanga ngaphezu kwabanye nobukhosi kuphela. Kwiminyaka embalwa ngokubonakalayo ukuvuselela uqoqosho lwelizwe wahamba ngokwanda entsonkothileyo emkhosini, kwaye isizukulwana esitsha likhulile yaye wakhulela umoya ubizo lwe amaJamani emhlabeni.

prehistory

Ngowe-1939, iJamani lafikelela kwinqanaba lezikolo zikhona, kwaye inyathelo elilandelayo ngurhulumente zwilakhe yaba ingcamango ukwanda "isithuba ophilileyo" ngeendleko kumadabi esempuma yase Europe. Ngenxa-nkqubo yokuluka olucingisiswe, uHitler wakwazi ukweyisela iintloko France kunye England ukuba akanazinjongo ngokukhawuleza ukwandisa umlo eYurophu ngakulo naliphi na ilizwe.

Ngoko ke, Invasion of Poland baqalisa Chamberlain kunye neFransi entloko uhlobo isimanga, eYurophu de kutshanje, ngethemba lokuba uza kwimpumelelo izivumelwano.

Isizathu esemthethweni

Phakathi eJamani Poland bekusoloko amabango efanayo zendawo, kuquka amanye amazwe aseAfrika phezu. Kodwa ungquzulwano engundoqo imfazwe emhlabeni ngendlela eya eLwandle eBaltic kunye nesixeko iDanzig, apho amaJamani kudala wazama ukuba ibango. Hitler and Ribbentrop unqabile izihlandlo eziliqela kulilize Poland lokwamkelwa ngokuzithandela amagunya German, ukusongela Imfazwe Warsaw kunye nokwahlula elandelayo yelizwe njengoko nje kwenziwe eCzechoslovakia.

Isilumkiso zange isebenze, Poland walile nayiphi na intsebenziswano kunye amaNazi. Kodwa ke oko akuthethi ukucaphukisa layo kaHitler: izangqa Isigqibo Wehrmacht ukuba sele siphuhlisiwe kwaye sele ukulungele ukuba kuphunyezwe kwisigaba olutsha lomsebenzi ndlongo - Operation "Weiss".

iqhinga lwamaNazi

ze yamaNazi ngenkuthalo ulwazi malunga iwayini Poland of ukumqumbisa impixano nezisasaziweyo, kwaye unobangela wengxabano yathiywa kukuba Warsaw iye abavumanga ukubuya i German Free City of iDanzig.

Plan "Weiss" olunikiweyo capture ngokukhawuleza kwaye phantse lukhuni wonke ummandla, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezibonelelo kunye nokusekwa kwe kulawulo yakhe. Ukuze ezi njongo kwacetywa ukusebenzisa eyama, nomkhosi kunye netanki imikhosi, kwakunye njengeyunithi okhethekileyo, nenoxanduva ulahlekisa iinjengele Polish kwi iinjongo zemikhosi eziphambili waseJamani.

kuhlaselwa Plan Jamani kwi ePoland ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha: umkhosi Wehrmacht kufuneka nimrhawule imikhosi eziyintloko utshaba ngasezantsi kwaye amphe ixesha lokuba ukubizwa kunye nokusasazwa nemikhosi eziphambili. Hitler wayenethemba lokuba iBritani neFransi wayeza nabuganga ukuya emfazweni, njengoko ndinyanzelwe asayina ngaphambili isivumelwano soxolo, kodwa ke kuqikelelwa ukuba kungenzeka okuvula ngaphambili yesibini, wabeka umkhosi phantsi General B. Leeb kuzigcina umda wasentshona neFransi, Belgium neNetherlands.

Ukuzimisela zamaqela emfazweni

Xa kujongwa imeko uqoqosho kunye imikhosi exhobileyo ukuba ziyisebenzise Germany / ePoland ngowe-1939, isiphumo yokusebenza lwamaNazi kwakunzima akonwabi. umkhosi kaHitler kakhulu umdlali ongamile izixhobo zobugcisa. Ukongeza, amaJamani bakwazi ukulungiselela kwilinge ekhawulezileyo ngempumelelo apho Warsaw de isiphelo isiXhosa ayaziwa ke loo nto.

impi Polish yayingaphantsi kakhulu ngenani efanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni urhulumente wayegqibe kwi ukutyalwa imikhosi ecaleni imida kwi indawo enkulu kangangoko. Ezo kabanzi buthathaka umkhosi, zayenza i sengozini iqela ebengayilindelanga ezibanzi.

Izaba ukuhlasela

Ukususela ekuqaleni, "Weiss" ukusebenza kwakukho iqela amanyathelo inkanuko eyenzelwe ukuba ndlongo kwicala Poland. Hitler waxelela iinjengele bakhe ukuba uya kungekudala kunikwa isizathu esihle kuqhambuka impi, nokuba uya kuba sinengqondo - akunamsebenzi, ngokuba baphumeleleyo zingatsalelwa asigwetywa.

August 31, 1939 iqela yeentlola isiJamani abaziveza ntliziyo Polish ahlasela idolophu kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo Gleiwitz, wathabatha kuqhume ezimbalwa wathi okubhaliweyo ze ngolwimi Polish nxamnye eJamani. Emva koko wadubula abantu abambalwa bazisa nabo. Kamva kuvela ukuba abanxibe izaphuli-German.

ukuhlasela

Ukuphendula "ugonyamelo" kwicala Warsaw kusasa ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1 1939 , ekuhlaseleni aseJamani wambetha izithonga ezininzi zicolwe izibonelelo emkhosini ePoland, kamva bathelela ngeenqanawa ukuhlasela nemikhosi ilizwe yasungula ekhubekisayo enkulu kulo lonke umda.

Operation umhla "Weiss" qala ithathwa njengosuku lokuqala Second World War, wasinika intshabalalo ekhawulezileyo kwenkqubo Aviation ePoland, ngoko kuhlaselo okuqala enzeka moya eli lizwe. Kakade ekuqaleni impi urhulumente Polish uyaluqonda ngamampunge imfazwe; kodwa kusekho ithemba ukunceda mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe, khon 'ukuze prodolazhalas yokhuselo.

Ke kaloku kwathi

Nangona yokuhlaselwa amaNazi, imikhosi alwayo waba ukumelana ikrakra. Iziganeko ePoland ngoSeptemba 1939 zenzeka ngesantya esiphezulu: emveni kokutshatyalaliswa Air Warsaw, uHitler akabandulula abantu kwitanki esangweni. Oyimbangi Ndandingekakulungeli dudula i kuhlaselwa, ingakumbi ezinkqantosini indawo negalelo phambili ngokukhawuleza amaNazi kwelo lizwe.

NgoSeptemba 3, iBritani neFransi zihlasele iJamani, yaye, ngokuvumelana ePoland, ilizwe kwafuneka angenelele kwangoko ekulweni. namabutho French, ada awela umda, kodwa phantse nangoko sirhoxisiwe. Ngoko sizana zokusebenzisana antifascist Balahlekelwa mzuzu kuphela xa ungenelelo wabo nokuba ukuthintela kwangaphambili ngamaNazi.

Le mpi ezinzima

amadabi lweMida Pomerania kunye eSilesia zigcine bazoyise ngokupheleleyo iqhele yomkhosi Polish. Plan "Weiss" ezimbini wazithethelela: zingadlulanga iintsuku ezintlanu ekuqaleni impi amaJamani wafumana indlela simahla Warsaw. ukuhlaselwa ngempumelelo SS wabavumela ukuba babelane umkhosi Polish phezu lamaqhosha saa embalwa kungekho ngokunxulumene iziko, kungekhona isicwangciso samanyathelo.

Le nokulwa kuba kufuphi Warsaw, le abavikeli alwa ngesibindi yaye, nangona ubukhulu elibalulekileyo imikhosi, kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa basigcina ukuziphendulela. Kodwa icala yaseJamani wasebenzisa kuhlaselwa buhlungu emoyeni, zaye zehla ngaphezu amawaka amahlanu zibhombu, emva koko ikomkhulu yanikezela.

yokwehlulwa

Operation "Weiss" kukhokelele yokuwa epheleleyo yomkhosi Polish. Kakade ngawo Septemba 17, zingaphi iiyunithi Polish omkhosi zinikezelwa okanye basiwa banjwa. Kodwa umlo kunawo kwaqhubeka de-Oktobha. iinjengele Polish babefuna ukuphula eziphumelela aseJamani aye eRomania, apho kwacetywa ukuba alungiselele iziko ukumelana balinde uncedo namahlakani kunye.

Kuxhotyiwe imeko nokuqaliswa eentloko ezaxhobela Soviet, ngoxa uStalin ingqalelo nokuba urhulumente Isijamani njengehlakani, ngaphandle mazwe mabini enxulumene zoxolo isivumelwano, kangangokuba nomkhosi wangena emazweni Polish phantsi benze ukusombulula imeko ngokwehluleka States. inxaxheba ngqo eSoviet Union kwi ungquzulwano Polish-German ayenziwanga wabonakala, eli xesha incwadi yesicelo iye akhetha ukuba athathe isikhundla lokulinda.

Nam England okanye France baba Musa ukungxama ukwazisa amajoni zabo, ukuze ukuba kokuwa Warsaw, kwaye kancinane emva koko, kunye neminye imizi emikhulu karhulumente ezimeleyo Poland yaphela. Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo wawelela impi, yaye abanye abantu boyiswa waqhubeka ukulwa sele izintlu mdibaniso anti-zwilakhe.

Indlela iBritani France

Enyanisweni, njengoko Second World War waqalisa, yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, waqhubeka, kukho isabelo enkulu ityala ye Amanyeneyo - Britain neFransi. Umsebenzi Polish kwaba iinzame lokuqala Wehrmacht ukuba ukumbamba kwintsimi esebenzisa zomkhosi, ngoko uHitler wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze azikhusele kuvulwe ngaphambili yesibini kwimeko yokungena kumazwe nempi eYurophu.

Ekubeni oorhulumente iBritani neFransi asayina isivumelwano kwi non-ndlongo kunye elite yomkhosi iJamani wayekholelwa ukuba nangona phantsi uphuhliso esibi Chamberlain akazange nabuganga angenelele ngoku. Kwaba njalo: amazwe encedisayo abakakulungeli ukuba imisebenzi Polish Hitler neentsuku ezimbalwa yalityaziswa isigqibo kokuvakaliswa imfazwe. 3 kuphela Septemba Britain ngokusesikweni wangena kumzabalazo wokulwa Fascism, yaye emva kwakhe, yaye France, Australia, i-African Union kunye Canada. US kwingongoma ethile cala.

Ukubhengezwa yemfazwe iJamani ingako yokwenza umnqweno sezifundo ukunceda abantu Polish, kunye Britain neFransi bakhathazekile nzulu amandla ezikhulayo uHitler ebhungeni kwindawo yokuqala ingqibelelo kumazwe abo.

iziphumo

Izigidi kwabafileyo, amakhulu imizi engamanxuwa, perekroennye imida nemigangatho nempembelelo - konke oku kuye wabangela yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi. kuhlaselwa Jamani kwi ePoland mhaka igalelekile. Nokufika lwamaNazi ekuqaleni impi yaba kudlula ixesha. Amava yokuqala yemfazwe noloyiso zahamba kakuhle kakhulu, urhulumente wamaNazi yandiswa kakhulu imida yayo, annexing isixeko Lodz, Poznan, Pomeranian, Silesian, yaye inxalenye yomhlaba Warsaw Kielce.

Ayithathe lweengoma zabo uloyiso ayiphumelelanga kunye namanye amazwe, eSoviet Union wabuyela Western Ukraine kunye Belarus, Slovakia - ezinye iindawo ngaphambili wemka ePoland phantsi Versailles uxolo, kunye Lithuania wabuyela kummandla Vilnius.

Ngokuhlaselwa Poland, sineenjongo ezingatshabalalisa kwe ukuzimela likarhulumente, icandelo imimandla kunye nokuvunywa ukuthembeka kwayo ngamandla amakhulu, kube uyihlawule wayigqiba zonke iinjongo. Emva kokuba ngoloyiso Germany yena kwakhona wazama ukuba ulale England kunye neFransi, bebingelela uxolo, kodwa ukwala eli lizwe ukuba sihlangabezane ngokugqibeleleyo baza baqalisa umzabalazo ngendlela nxamnye ulawulo zwilakhe.