Amalungelo Real umthetho waseRoma. Concept neendidi amalungelo empahla

umthetho waseRoma ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. AmaRoma abameli ezizodwa, izifundiswa abaye impucuko zabo amashumi eminyaka. Ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo zawo zomthetho nakhelwe phantse zonke siseko yamazwe aseYurophu. Ingakumbi amalungelo impahla ethile komthetho wamaRoma. Uninzi iikhonsepthi kule ndawo ukuya iqondo elikhulu okanye elingaphantsi asetyenziswa unanamhla.

Kuthetha ukuthini izinto?

Kanye lengcinga 'izinto "amaRoma intsingiselo ebanzi kakhulu kunokuba thina. Ngaloo ndlela, kuquka nkcazo izinto ezibonakalayo kuphela, kodwa amalungelo oluntu kunye nobudlelwane. Into okuthiwa "Res". Onke amalungelo e rem umthetho wamaRoma akazange nje aqonde zengqondo oluntu kunye nemithetho ngengqiqo impahla: loo mfundiso lasasazwa phakathi zobulumko amaRoma amaninzi aba mthetho ezigqamileyo (corporeal kunye nempahla engaphathekiyo).

ngezigaba izinto

Noko ke, umntu kufuneka sicinge ukuba le ibandakanya zonke. It kakhulu ngokucacileyo sahlukana ukwenzela ukuthintela ukubhideka. Ngoko ke, yintoni iqukiwe kwingcamango amalungelo obunini?

Okokuqala, zonke izifundo umthetho kaThixo. Oku kuquka zonke izinto zonqulo, kuquka nezo ingakumbi ezixabisekileyo ngokwenyama nangokomoya. Inani "izinto" yonke indlu yayiquka onke amazwe kuye, bonke abasemangcwabeni eqingqiweyo lunikezelwa oothixo baseRoma.

Okwesibini, izinto zabantu 'abantu ". Awela iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi:

• impahla Public, ebeyinalo zonke iindidi abemi karhulumente. zemidlalo kwaye amabala, iimarike zikawonke-wonke, kweenxweme imilambo, amachweba kunye neelwandle. akukho Ingaba amalungelo ngokwenene komthetho wamaRoma zathi zavela bafana umyalelo eqhelekileyo lokusetyenziswa komhlaba?
• Impahla Private, leyo osezandleni abemi ngabanye. Ahlukana aya ngokweendidi amancinane, kodwa oku kubalulekile.

Ziziphi iindidi komthetho wamaRoma babejongene kule ndawo? Kakade ke, lo mthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nemithetho, njengoko plebiscites akukho gunya.

yokwahlukanisa Extended izinto

Ngoko ke, ukuba umbono ocacileyo bafunda ukuba amaRoma wayekho izinto corporeal kunye engaphathekiyo (apho kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngasentla). Kodwa ke eneneni, iyunithi waba ngokubanzi kakhulu entsonkothileyo kakhulu:

• Ukuhlala ejikelezayo kwaye ingakhutshwa kulo.
• Mantsipiruemye kunye nemantsipiruemye (ingqiqo kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo, ukutyhila oko ngezantsi).
• Complex nelula.
• Ekhonza ukutyiwa and non-abasebenzisi.
• Izinto ezinokuthi nizahlule, kwaye akanako.
• Side, phezulu.
• Ayihambi yi nkcazelo generic Arts and ngasese.
• impahla enokususwa, ayishukumi.
• Kwakhona, izinto eziphathekayo kunye nomoya.

Ngoku ukucacisa ezinye la magama, ukuze aqonde ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Kufuneka kwenziwe, kuba imbali eRoma kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo kakhulu nayo.

Ukuhlala ejikelezayo kwaye sirhoxisiwe kulo

Ukuba kukuyeka ukusasazwa (imililo commercium ezongeziweyo) ibandakanya zonke ezo zifundo bakhonza iimfuno zabantu, yaye ke ngoko ayikwazanga babucala. Yinto zonke iitempile efanayo, iindlela kunye manzi, sites ukuze ube yindawo yokungcwabela eluthuthwini kwabafileyo (columbarium), kwakunye njengezinto jikelele emzimbeni (umoya, ulwandle, umlambo). Ngako oko, amalungelo rem umthetho waseRoma ngokuphathelene ayarhoxiswa ukusuka kwipropati kwegazi (res in commercio) kuquka ezininzi ezahlukeneyo izinto.

Mantsipiruemye and nemantsipiruemye

izinto Mantsipiruemymi (res mancipi) ebizwa ngokuba umhlaba Italic ngqo eqhotyoshelwe kubo amakhoboka, ezinye iindidi izakhiwo kunye neenkomo zokusebenza. konke oku ayihambi ayikwazanga kuphela nge Mancipatio. Lonke ilizwe okunene banawo kuphela kurhulumente. Ngoko ke, amalungelo wokwenene (kulo mzekelo) kunokwenzeka kuphela okudlulisela ilizwe 'labo' ilifa.

Kungakhathaliseki ngemvelaphi yezikhulu kunye nabahlali, sizinikiwe ukuba zibe nerente, ezi ndidi umhlaba ukuba asuswe kubo ngalo naliphi na ixesha. Ezi sites ziquka:

• UConnie vectigalis. Land udidi "irente ohlawula". abemi eziqeshiweyo. Igama lokuqala - iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa ke eneneni yaba ingqesho ongunaphakade. Zingakotshwa ilifa ngaphandle naziphi na iziganeko kunye nemiqobo zomthetho.
• Nami zangasese vestigalisque. Lilo eli ilizwe, apho urhulumente okanye abahlali ukuba athengisele abantu. Okukodwa ukuba umthengi akanayo ilizwe ngokwalo yaba, kodwa kuphela ilungelo ukuyisebenzisa (kodwa kugqitha njengelifa). Ukongeza, umnini kwakufuneka ukuhlawula irente ethile ukuba kusetyenziswe isabelo sakhe. Olu hlobo lokusetyenziswa komhlaba umdla kulo ukuba zingathathwa ngokuba kwisigaba lenguqu phakathi zolawulo lwabahlali kunye nempahla ngokwenene zabucala.

Yintoni enye udidi mhlaba kuquka ingqikelelo amalungelo empahla? Ngoku sijonga kudidi ngamnye.

UConnie quaestorius

Ngokubanzi, olu hlobo lobunini mhlaba waba nelo ngokupheleleyo kulowo ezidlulileyo: umthengi sifumene ubunini ilizwe ukuhlawulela yokuhlala. I peculiarity yeyokuba uMbuso ngalo naliphi na ixesha ngaphandle nasiphi na isizathu ukucima lungamkeleki kufunwe nokubuyiswa sikhutshwe ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okwexeshana. Zonke ezi nobuhlobo zilawulwa easements kumthetho wamaRoma (umthetho ipropati ngokusebenzisa ipropati yomnye umntu).

UConnie occupatorius

Eli lizwe yoluntu, umda ngokucacileyo ngokwemida zendalo (imilambo, amahlathi, iintaba). A phawu yale didi kukuba umhlaba kusetyenzwa kude kufike ixesha njengoko lunikezelwa kwi-mhlaba zabucala. Fumana kwezi ziza ukuba patricians kuphela, yaye ngokufuthi nje anazo. Olu didi, ngethiyori, ukuba kunikwa abantu aphezulu esemthethweni kwisithuba lengqesho kwabo, kodwa eneneni eyekile ilizwe ngokufuthi elingenammiselo.

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, imbali eRoma uyazi eninzi izibakala capture, emva koko umhlaba uza kubuyela kwipropati owona karhulumente kuphela emva kokufa zombini esemthethweni nabo bonke ezihlangwini zakhe.

Adsignatio

amaziko abucala wambi lugqithiselwa iipasile ngokulinganayo ngokupheleleyo iindawo zomhlaba. Olu hlobo "namakhulu amathandathu" kuba plebs baseRoma. iindawo Distribution wayenxibe ngezinga elikhulu, lwaqhutywa kwi-bume ingakumbi lolonwabo. into efanayo impahla UConnie colonicus. Oku kwakhona ilizwe Italic, kodwa ngaphandle Italy. Kufika abakhutshelwe ilungelo ngokulandelelana. Njengomgaqo, iirenti kubo inani imali encinane emva kwexesha elithile zobumnini.

Nami locatus ex eli- censoria

Kwezi ziza "ucwangciso" kuthunyelwa kuphela qho kukhuphiswano. Ngamafutshane, benze umntu owenza isithembiso ilungileyo, ukwenza kaNondyebo kaRhulumente isixa kakhulu imali.

Okubalulekileyo! Yena Mancipatio nkqubo yaba wobugqwetha entsonkothileyo kakhulu, yaye ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa efunekayo amangqina ezintlanu (it ulawulwa easements kumthetho wamaRoma). Ukuba inkqubo kokuvuma impazamo ubuncinane enye, nkqu ilizwi elithethwe, intengiselwano yonke ngokuzenzekelayo ithathwa njengokuba mthethweni. Ngesigaba nemantsipiuemyh kuquka zonke ezinye izinto.

Indlela okwahlukeneyo mantsipiruemye nemantsipiruemye izinto?

Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo kwinkqubo lokuphelisa. izinto Nemantsipiruemye eyadluliselwa yinkqubo elula kakhulu - traditio. udidi Mancipatio yesibini kwakunzima kakhulu (njengoko siye nje ekhankanywe). Musa ukucinga ukuba bakhokelise engenanto mithetho baseRoma, mayela nezinto ngayo amaziko imveliso ebalulekileyo mantsipiruemym. Ngenxa yoko, ingqiqo komthetho wamaRoma kule ndawo iye yaxutywa.

Urhulumente waba nomdla kakhulu ekulondolozweni amalungelo kubo bonke iindlela ezikhoyo. isiko elukhuni yaziswa kanye ukuze siphephe ukuba udidi lwabasebenzisi komhlaba ngabantu random. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Mancipatio hlobo wahlala kuphela kude kube lelo xesha IRoma republic. Guqulela ku Empire ngokukhawuleza isuswe amabhodlo komhlaba woluntu. Ngelo xesha, ubumnini komthetho wamaRoma kwakungaphezu ilula.

izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo

Ngokutsho amazwi Pomponius, izinto ezilula ichazwa njenge, ingqiqo ayahlukahlukenanga single. Kwabo nto zihlelwe njengelitye, amaplanga, khoboka. Zonke izinto impahla esimbaxa ziye zohlulwa iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi:

• Onke amacandelo izinto iqanjwa izinto ezininzi ezincinane ezinxulumene omnye komnye. Ezi sibenokubizwa njengendawo inqanawa okanye indlu.
• Lo mhlaba, olu sapho lwaluquka iseti akazalani omnye komnye kodwa emanyeneyo yinto enye, yezinto. La izinto amalungelo obunini ukuba kuqhutywa ngokohlobo imihlambi yeenkomo.

impahla esuswayo ezingenakususwa

Ukuze impahla ezinokuthabatheka bonke ababesebeqabuke ukutshintsha indawo yabo esithubeni. Ezi izinto Ungasa ngokuzimeleyo (iinkomo, amakhoboka), kwaye xa uzi kwisithuba ezinye amandla (iimpahla, impahla).

Ngako oko, kwipropati engashukumiyo uchaphazelekayo bonke ababesebeqabuke ukutshintsha indawo yayo kwisithuba ngaphandle ukugcina isakhiwo yayo yonke. Olu didi yokuma komthetho wamaRoma kuquka iziza umhlaba, umhlaba ongaphantsi, zonke izakhiwo. Ngokungafaniyo umthetho mihla, ngoxa ngokunxulumene zombini ezi ndidi zazisetyenziswa phantse izenzo ezifanayo normative komthetho, ukuze lazi lonke eli candelo-mthetho bobuqili, ukuba yenzelwe usebenziso olulula.

Ukongeza, eRome kudidi real estate ulinganiswa ngokuzenzekelayo zonke izinto ukuba umqeshi senziwa kumhlaba umqeshisi. Yonke impahla yaba yinxalenye yesiqwenga eso, kwaye ilingana kuyo ngokomthetho.

Ulwalamano ukuze izindlu

Ukanti ezithengiswayo kugqalwa kudidi ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Roma Kulumkele ngokutshintsha ubume ipropati leyo. Ngoko ke, ukuthatha ilifa yempahla eshukumayo kuvunyelwa emva konyaka omnye, kwipropati engashukumiyo, kabini eli xesha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ixesha printsipiata anikezele inkqubo eyahlukileyo umthetho waseRoma, nto leyo nje enye ukulawula ubudlelwane kule ndawo.

izinto generic ngabanye ezithile

Ngokuba izinto generic ziquka yonke impahla leyo baya kulima kuphela ubudala, akazange abe ubuntu babo. Kambe ke, kolu didi kwakukho ukungaqiniseki, kodwa kuba amagqwetha aseRoma umthetho olula ngokukhawuleza: ukuba isicelo ukulinganisa izinto (lokunyusa ivolyum, ubunzima) zingasetyenziswa, ngoko ngeyabo inzala. Nelahleko yale propati, oku kuzakusoloko indawo imveliso like.

Ngako oko, le okwahlukileyo ngqo yinto ngabanye ichaziwe. Lo mhlaba, nto leyo ithathwa njengento unique ngokwendalo layo, mayingabi sakhululwa indawo into efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, into enjalo lula kwahlulwa ubungakanani efanayo (single ivasi). Ukuba impahla ngamnye kuchaziwe kutshatyalaliswa, isivumelwano lobunini kuwo ime ngokuzenzekelayo njengoko onetyala bâthi ukunika into efanayo.

Ukuze ngcono ukuqonda kakuhle le meko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubiza izinto ezinjalo kubalulekile yokuchitha. Le nto ke ibaluleke kakhulu, ukususela inkqubo yomthetho yamaRoma ezisekelwe kuyo wakha ubuhlobo xexo.

Ingaphela kunye ipropati engaphuculwanga

Ngu ukusetyenziswa udidi ziquka zonke izinto ezilahlekileyo ngumnini xa zigqithiselwe komnye umntu. Olu didi kungaquka iimveliso zokutya kunye nemali. Ngokuphathelele yokugqibela, ngoko umnini, sihlawule kubo, anqunyulwe zabo.

Ngako oko, i-non-abasebenzisi izinto Ndiphelile okanye elahlekileyo nangoko, kodwa emva kwexesha elithile.

Cala impahla ephambili

Ikakhulu waqaphela loo yepropati subordinated ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izinto. Ngako oko, impahla wokuzimela-eyaziwayo, apho ukusa kumkhamo othile kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili. impahla Side yohlulwe ngokweendidi:

• Ingxenye propati.
• Abanye kwi eyahlukileyo.
• Fruit.

Ezo ndawo zendawo izinto ayikwazanga kwahlulwa kuyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwemithetho komthetho wamaRoma abawazanga loo mhlaba yesifundo. Kungenjalo, oko kuxutyushwa umba onjalo (izinto nophahla igcina kusebenziso xa ababezahlule endlwini). Ngenxa ukudideka umthetho amaRoma bodwa iimeko ezizodwa ukudibanisa kwezinye iindawo ukuze yonke into.

Uphando yokudibanisa yonke into

Ngoko ke, ukuba inxalenye wokujoyina uba engento, okanye ukufumana iipropati ezintsha okanye alohlukaniswa kwenye into, isihloko walahlekelwa ilungelo lobunini kuwo. Ke ukuba izinto ezimbini ziye ayitshintshanga emva ngokudibana, kwaye isahlulo iqhotyoshelweyo ibe uyazimela abaseleyo welifa, oko kususwa wambuyisela ngokupheleleyo kwimo yaso ngokusemthethweni. Enoba kwakuyintoni na, iindlela ukhuselo amalungelo obunini kule meko kubandakanya isibheno elula ukuya enkundleni.

Eyongezwayo neziqhamo

Ubulungu ukwabizwa ngokuba into esecaleni, kodwa enxulumene kwipropati loqobo alinjalo ngokusemthethweni kunye nezoqoqosho. Yena kungaba ngokupheleleyo ngokwazo, ithathwe noziqulathe-amalungelo into. Noko ke, kuphela xa izibonelelo ukwabelana kunye nezinto ezisisiseko ukuba kufikelelwa iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Njengoko umthetho, yonke imigaqo esemthethweni esebenza kwipropati ephambili, baba sisebenza malunga bonke "apha" ukuya nezincedisi zayo.

Isiqhamo ekuthiwa into efunyenwe kwipropati apho onokubangela (ngofele, uboya, iziqhamo). Ngokulandelelana, wayelingana iziqhamo kunye ingeniso abantu bafumana ixabiso labo. Njengoko kunjalo kunye izincedisi, ke kuxhomekeke yonke imithetho zomthetho yamkelwa malunga izinto eziphambili. Ngenxa yoko, ngasendleleni, ndaya zisithi: ". Isiphetho lwezincedisi kuxhomeke ezintweni"

Yintoni na izinto iziqhamo othwala kwiindidi sisahlula iziqhamo

Zonke ii-asethi abathwala iziqhamo (res fructiferae) luphawulwa kukuba bangazisa iziqhamo-njengabathile ngenxa yakhe, umsebenzi wayo eziphilayo, yaye ngenxa yoko yesicelo kubo lamandla oluntu. Le nto kusetyenziswa ingqikelelo ye "propati" kunye namanye amalungelo wezindlu elawula inkqubo ithuba lazo. Njengoko sele sibonile, zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo kwi ndawo emhlabeni cingela ngokuzenzekelayo ilifa lakhe waza wamnika ilungelo lokuba ibango isabelo sawo yentengiso zabo.

Iziqhamo, ezo zifunyenwe ngenxa yazo zonke ezi nkqubo, zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini ezinkulu.

Iziqhamo umthetho civil (fructus civiles). Oku ngazo besesitshilo nje, ukuba zibangelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentengiselwano propati. Ngengqiqo mihla ingeniso evela ekusebenzeni kwilizwe elinye. Le nzuzo ingaba rhoqo, kodwa ke ixesha (ukuvuna kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo okwalandela), kwakunye elifutshane elide, nto leyo eyenzeka xa ngexesha elinye-ukuthengiswa izinto abathwala iziqhamo.

iziqhamo Natural (fructus naturales). zaye ke ifunyenwe indibanisela ukusebenza abantu abathile wemiba enegalelo. Kwakhona zohlulwa ngokwendidi:

• Fruits leyo athe afakelwa nto kuwo eqale (pendentes fructus).
• Lo mhlaba, nto leyo esele ababezahlule yakhe (fructus separati).
• iziqhamo umntu babucala (fructus percepti).
• Lo mhlaba, nto leyo esele phambili (fructus consumpti).
• Abo iziqhamo sele zilungiselelwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuqokelela (fructus perci piendi).

Ukuba umnini ngenxa yesizathu esithile kufuneka babuyele iziqhamo-lokuzala kwakhe nto, zonke iziqhamo kwafuneka ukuba zibuyiselwe kunye nayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusebenzi kwiimeko apho ipropati sele indlela esetyenziswayo.

Usonga izinto phezulu kwaye ipropati ayikho phantsi ingeniso

Izinto ezikhona (res in commercio) - oko yepropati inxaxheba ezahlukahlukeneyo intengiselwano phakathi kwabantu (exchange, ukuthenga nokuthengisa). Ngako oko, zonke izinto ngenxa yayo yendalo kule nqubo abafanelekileyo, ipropati leyo ayikwazi baguqula. izinto ezinjalo ayikwazanga inxaxheba exchange, kodwa waqonda izinto elungileyo.

Ukongeza, civil umthetho waseRoma kuthetha ubukho bezinto, leyo ukunika iziqhamo ezithile, kodwa unelungelo lilifa zonke iindidi abemi. Esi sigaba sibandakanya:

• Air.
• River (oko, amanzi aphilileyo).
• Kweelwandle neelwandlekazi nazo zonke iziqhamo, nguwuphi na kubo zingafumaneka.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoko kuqondwe kokufunda eli nqaku, umthetho waseRoma izinto waba ubhetyebhetye kwaye olucingisiswe kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni umbono. Eminye imigaqo nemithetho kule ndawo kunokubonakala engaqhelekanga umntu mihla, kodwa ngaxesha nye besenza ngokugqibeleleyo imisebenzi yabo. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi kwemithetho Roma ukuya namhlanje ifundwa kwizikolo best umthetho ehlabathini lonke.