Irula intlekele: TOP-10. Umjukujelwa kakhulu akuphumelelanga ukuqalisa ku kwimbali astronautics

Ngenkulungwane XX, uluntu iye yakwazi ukuya phambili ngaphezu kwimbali yawo wonke. Yasungulwa ngemoto yaye baqeqeshe, umbane evulekileyo kunye namandla enyukliya, indoda leyo yathabatha off, wawuwela njengomqobo isandi, wasungula ikhompyutha, ifowuni ephathwayo kunye nezinye izinto ezimangalisayo. Noko ke, impumelelo engundoqo uluntu ingqalelo spacewalk. Emva kokuba moya Yu A. Gagarina, entsha inzululwazi -. Ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

Noko ke, ubomi kufuna intlawulo wonke. Kwaye Space akuyona umnyinyiva. Ukuba aveze iimfihlelo iphela amakhulu amadoda anamandla esichengeni ubomi babo. Emva kwengozi kuwa phezu enomjukujelwa zothutho sikwazi ukuba sibi.

Wanikela ingqalelo wakho ibali. Bathi ukubonisa ezinye ingozi irula (TOP), kuthathwa ukuba zingxola kwimbali yonke ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

Ukuwa sisemajukujukwini. Boris Volynov

Ibali ngengozi irula idumileyo (TOP) ukuqala kulo mcimbi. Yaba January 18, 1969. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba, saba docking yokuqala ngempumelelo "Soyuz-4" yaye "Soyuz-5". Eli qela of "Soyuz-4" sele wabuya. Boris Volynov kwakufuneka aye phantsi enye.

De kube mzuzu loqhawulo yaba imizuzu nje embalwa. Kwakukho oqhumayo - edubuleyo kude Pyrocartridges ukwehla gumbi. Ngequbuliso umnyango ekungeneni, ngathi kukho isiciko ithini. selesondele ekuhleni olucwangcisiweyo yaba ukuwa-phithi.

Emva kwemizuzu eli-10 kwesiganeko wayo waqalisa zazivelela ijikelezwe. Yaye lo mzuzu ... Volynov wagqiba ukuqhuba ukufundiswa ngqo into eyenzekayo. Oku kunokuba yimfuneko oosomajukujuku, bamlandela. Zonke imizuzwana 15, wacezela phezu emhlabeni ukufundwa, yonke imikhosi izama ubunokwazi ukuphembelela meko.

Kwi 90 km ukusuka kwi Umhlaba philisi kwakhona entry-nabanye enqanaweni engundoqo. Yena ndabagxotha imithwalo abangaphezu kwemfuneko kunye ... atshiswe. Le khamera yaqala ukugcwalisa ngumsi. Xa km 10 iparashute livulekile, kodwa imigca bakhe baqalisa elijikajikayo. Ekugqibeleni, oku kuya kukhokelela ukusonga yayo. Kodwa ke yokugqibela ayizange yenzeke. Ukujikeleza kumacala ahlukeneyo, ifowuni kufutshane emhlabeni.

soft umthwalo kokwehla injini nge ulibaziseko. Kuvuthelwa wayenamandla ukuba Ukophuka ngusomajukujuku esineengcambu amazinyo aphezulu.

Boris Volynov wafika kunye de kube sekupheleni yokuvulwa iparashute, bonke beluqhuqha, kodwa uyaphila.

isiqalo olubi. "Soyuz-18"

Yaba April 5, 1975. "Soyuz-18" waqalisa namhla ukuba kokufika kunye "Salyut-4" isikhululo Orbital. Sihamba zahlolwa-cosmonauts Vladimir various kunye Oleg Makarov.

rhoqo sisihelegu izikhali Soviet bamsukela inzululwazi. Ezichazwe ngezantsi - akukho ngaphandle.

Khombo yaqala sele yesibini 289th lo moya, xa iqela kwafuneka ukuba zenziwe injini wavala-off sesibini isigaba. Ngenxa breakage esingethwe relay ukuhlela icandelo umyalelo umsila engumzekelo eqongeni wesithathu.

Ukophulwa kwenkqubo amanyathelo ukungcola yakhokelela ukuba ukujikeleza. Xa imizuzwana 295 wakhokelela kwiqela "Crash". Inqanawa yahlulwe kwaye wehla waya. Ngexesha le ngozi inkqubo yolawulo ekuhleni ilahlekelwe ngamandla kuzo emajukujukwini. Ngamafutshane, ndaqalisa ukuba ukubabhida phezulu nasezantsi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni enkalweni imithetho eliqela ezingachanekanga. Ngokukodwa, endaweni zokunciphisa ukuxinana kulandele indyebo yalo ukuya ku-21.3 g ezisongela ubomi babantu. Kwaye oku nangona yokuba sindisa ubuninzi kwi gym 15 g.

Xa oosomajukujuku baqalisa ukuba kwenzeke izinto ezimbi. Qala umbono shwaka. Ekuqaleni kwaba mnyama namhlophe, emva koko yaba elimxinwa. Ngokutsho izindululo oogqirha oosomajukujuku Ndazama ukukhala kakhulu. Noko ke, Urhashaza phezu kwabo kwaba efanayo kancinane ntu. Noko ke, loo nto yathatha ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa baqala ukunciphisa ingxinano. inkqubo iparashute yenziwe yasebenza, kwaye umatshini ithe yenyuka ojonge omnye ezintabeni besekhaya.

Umjukujelwa "R-16". Disaster Mitrofan Nedelina

Nangona ngozi imijukujelwa e Baikonur ayembalwa, ngenxa yokuba spaceport wabonakala kutshanje. Kwenzeka ngo-Oktobha 24, 1960 ingqalelo le ntlekele imanyumnyezi kwimbali astronautics.

Ngaloo mini, xa launch baba №41 umsebenzi ukulungiselela kwasungulwa enomjukujelwa enjalo "R-16" umyili Michael Yangelya. Emva kokuba nokuchitha epheleleyo iingcali baye bafumana sisiphene matshini injini. Kwiimeko ezinjalo zifuna free ngokupheleleyo amafutha rocket, yaye kuphela emva koko ukuqalisa imibuzo. Nangona kunjalo, oku angalibali ixesha lomphehlelelo enomjukujelwa, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo zikhokelele "umsonto" evela kurhulumente.

Ukuze siphephe ezinjalo iimbandezelo, Marshal M. I. Nedelin wayalela ukuba alungise le ngxaki kwi rocket enongwe. Said - kwenziwe. kuwa Akukho namnye kulindeleke imijukujelwa, ingozi kwisithuthi okanye into elolo hlobo. Into exabileyo inqwaba ziingcali. Sam Marshall wabukela inkqubela yomsebenzi, ehleli esitulweni ezimbalwa iimitha kweshumi emzimbeni ngezikhali. Le ntlekele nangoku kulindeleke.

Noko ke, yonke into yahamba kakuhle nje phambi kokuba isaziso tufwile yemizuzu engama-30. Kwi iyunithi ukufunyanwa okuzenzekelayo efakelwe amandla. Kwaza ngequbuliso ukulayisha injini sesibini isigaba. Ukususela ukuphakama ndiziqhawule enamandla jet yokutshisa igesi. Abantu abaninzi, kuquka ngokwam, Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin, ababulawe. Nabanye abasebenza rassypnuju indulumbane. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukuba abaleke: esirhangqe inani zolwakhiwo ngocingo oluhlabayo yabonakala gqithi. abantu esihogweni umphunga, eshiya kuphela kucacile amanani, amaqhekeza zalaba ibhanti isiqhoboshi zaphela yes.

Kukholelwa ukuba ungqubano wababulala abantu 92 walimala 50. Ngomhla Marshal M. Nedelina wafumana kuphela inkwenkwezi "Hero eSoviet Union." UMyili Michael Yangel ngexesha le ngozi safudukela ukhuseleko kule ndlu, leyo kusindiswa ngobomi bakhe.

Ukufa "Union-11"

Eli tyala kwakhona zifakwe kuluhlu "Rocket intlekele: TOP-10", ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba ungayihoyi loo nto.

Ezichazwe ngezantsi le ntlekele yenzeke Juni 30, 1971. Ngale mini, oosomajukujuku G. Dobrovolsky, potter namakhwenkwe V., wasebenza ababekhwele kweso sikhululo Orbital "Salyut-1" iintsuku 23, wabuyela emhlabeni. Ngcu ezihlalweni zabo namabhanti okhuseleko ubhinqe, baza baqalisa ukukhangela ukusebenza kweenkqubo ekwinqwelo. kwakungekho kutenxa ibanjiwe.

Xa koMhlaba, "Union-11" umnqongo ekuhleni wangena ngexesha uqikelelo. Disclosure iparashute busisigxina 9 km ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba, kodwa ukunxibelelana abasebenzi akazange aphume. Radio antenna, athungwe ukuba isilingi yakhe, ngokufuthi wala ebikhona, ngoko MCC akalumkanga. Ezo inkathazo Idla yi ntlekele yiSoviet imijukujelwa, kodwa akazange ebulalayo. kwimizuzu emi-2 emva kokuba igqampe ukuya pod ukubaleka abantu wabaleka. Xa kunkqonkqozwa eludongeni kwakungekho mpendulo. Ivula ucango, bafumana akukho zimpawu wokuphila oosomajukujuku. Bakhawuleza basuka waqala yokurhaxwa. Imizamo ukuvuselela abasebenzi yaqhubeka ngaphezu kweyure, kodwa ke iziphumo khange zalandela - oosomajukujuku babulawa.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukufa kwabantwana bethu yaba sisiphumo lokuvula ngokungekho mthethweni omnye kwale migodi umoya, umsebenzi ogama ukuba ngokulinganisa uxinzelelo lomoya ngaphakathi umnqongo nokwehla. Yena randomly wavula kwintaba ephakame km 150. Air washiya ndlwana imizuzwana embalwa.

Indawo imizimba oosomajukujuku ebonisa ubukho amalinge ukufumana ukuphelisa le ngxaki. Kodwa inkungu, ngokuzalisa endlwaneni emva depressurization, kwakunzima ukuyenza. Xa G. Dobrovolsky (kwezinye data, B. Patsaev) wafumana kwivelufa evulekileyo kwaye bazama ukuvala oko, yena nje akazange abe nexesha elaneleyo. Yonke emoyeni ngaphandle kakade.

"Soyuz-1". Ukufa Vladimir Komarov

imijukujelwa intlekele rhoqo eSoviet Union waqhubeka amandla efanayo. Nantsi enye umzekelo.

"Soyuz-1" yaphehlelelwa ngobusuku-Aprili 23, 1967. Ngentsasa elandelayo onke amaphephandaba eSoviet Union ingxelo ngayo kwi amaphepha ngaphambili, ukuwabeka, ukongeza ulwazi, iifoto cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Ngosuku olulandelayo lavela endaweni enye, kodwa wambu isakhelo zokuzila - cosmonaut wafa.

Le Rise of "Soyuz-1" sele na censures yabangela. Launcher Wayingenisa ebisenqanaweni orbit ngaphandle iingxaki. Baqala kamva. ukuvulwa engaphelelanga kwe backup telemetry eriyali nkqubo kunye ukwala inkqubo orientation iinkwenkwezi yaba omncinane kubo. Not wavula panel yesibini solar - oko apho bubi. Ukuzama hlengisa kwiqela lenjongo okusebenza iLanga akuphumelelanga, balancing yaphukile. Inqanawa waqala ukuphelelwa ngamandla, owaboyikisa intshabalalo yayo. Kodwa ngesandla Komarov akwazi kukhokela umkhombe, ukuba ushiye komzila kwaye uqale kokutyala.

Enye ngozi yenzeke ngo-9.5 km ukusuka emhlabeni, xa woluvo liyalele ukukhulula iparashute. I "Soyuz-1" ezintathu zazo: qeda, waqhekeza kunye esisiseko. Beza ezimbini zokuqala phandle ngempumelelo, kwaye elesithathu u ntshunxekile. Imodyuli yokwehla waqalisa ukujija ngokukhawuleza. Usomajukujuku igqibe ekubeni isebenze iparashute reserve. waphuma entle, kodwa ukuxelwa okusawula zayo laqina ukuzihlalela wayaphula. Abeka kwakhona phandle i lwale.

wabulawa ngoko nangoko Komarov. Ukususela umnqongo impembelelo ushiye sisiqingatha semitha emhlabeni. Kuvele umlilo kucima ngoko nangoko, ngoko ke wangcwatywa eludongeni yesicelo kuphela iintsalela zalaba ngusomajukujuku.

Kokuwa rocket e Plesetsk

April 23, 2015 majelo Russian angaphandle akhawuleza ukuxela ukusungulwa ayiphumelelanga ye rocket zovavanyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, nangamaphepha Western amagama afana "omnye ntlekele," "irula dubulo", "Plesetsk" Sayihamba yonke imiyalezo. Noko ke, bakhohlwa yinto ebalulekileyo. Iingozi zikhali eRashiya ayikho nje rhoqo njengoko kwi-USSR. Kwenzeka ntoni?

Ngokutsho urhulumente inkonzo press Russian yommandla Arkhangelsk, yaphehlelelwa ukusuka cosmodrome ka Plesetsk ngexabiso uvavanyo yafunyanwa km 7 ukusuka pad lomphehlelelo. Njengoko ingxelo yi iinkonzo ezizodwa, le ndawo ethathwe kuphuhliso lweengcali zovavanyo komhlaba. Bahlaselwa zokuhlala ezikufuphi kusilela.

Rocket yasetyenziswa ukubonisa komzila satellite, yafakelwa izixhobo umlinganiselo. Umyalelo Missile Forces of qhinga lowu nto isiganeko singaqalisi kwaye akazi nto. Emva ezininzi zophando-oko kwazeka ukuba icebo uthengwayo yeyomnye kwamashishini kwishishini zokhuselo, kwaye ingakumbi izityalo, apho imizekelo yoyilo, "yars" imijukujelwa kunye "Topol". Ngoko ke, ezintathu gqolo evakaliswe ibinzana elithi "ntlekele", "dubulo irula", "Plesetsk", kungathathwa wokwenyaniso kuphela kutshanje.

Ukufa phambi kokuqala. "Apollo 1"

Kubonakala ukuba amagalelo ziwele ekuqaleni ngokushushu nje kuphela inkqubo isithuba eSoviet. Ezichazwe ngezantsi bali okunene ayikwazanga ngqalelo de kube sekupheleni ezinjalo, kodwa hayi rocket ayenako.

Igama "Apollo 1» (Apollo-1) bathunyelwa ex post facto ukuphehlelelwa ayiphumelelanga ka-Apollo ngexabiso iSaturn IBA204. Yayiza kuba moya wokuqala andize. lwakhe oluya ku February 21, 1967. Noko ke, ngoJanuwari 27 ngexesha iimvavanyo osezantsi kwi ngokusesikweni entsonkothileyo 34 ababekhwele kweso sikhephe kwabakho umlilo enkulu, ngenxa apho yonke crew V. Grissom, White no E. R. Chaffee wafa.

Njengoko umoya kwi Apollo ngeenqanawa series ioksijini olunyulu ngomtshini phantsi koxinzelelo lifinyele. ukusetyenziswa kwayo wenze ukuba usindisa kuphela ubunzima, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukuphelisa inkqubo ubomi inkxaso. Ukongeza, umsebenzi spacewalk lula, kuba ngo-flight xi cabin kwafuneka ukuba ATM 0.3 kuphela. Noko ke, phezu komhlaba iimeko ayide ikwazi ukuzala, ukuze ioksijini ecocekileyo xinzelelo.

Ngelo xesha, iingcali babengazi ukuba ezinye izinto xa esetyenziswa kwioksijini izinto ezinokutsha. Enye yezi yaba lokuvala zip. Kwimeko-bume oksijini liye laba umthombo iintlantsi ezininzi. Kulo mzekelo, umlilo uya kuba ngokwaneleyo enye.

Umlilo utshisa imizuzwana embalwa umkhombe, ngokonakalisa oosomajukujuku iisuti zasemajukujukwini. Ukongeza, inkqubo entsonkothileyo akazange avumele abasebenzi ukuvula ngokukhawuleza ucango. Ngokutsho iKomishoni, oosomajukujuku babulawa emva ikota umzuzu emva kokuba imbonakalo yintlantsi.

Emva komlilo, inkqubo moya swi wanqunyanyiswa, kwaye sungula oluntsonkothileyo 34 dismantled. Kumncono salo uqweqwe.

A mission ayiphumelelanga "Apollo 13"

A mission ayiphumelelanga "Apollo 13" iziphekepheke (Apollo-13) kwakhona yinxalenye yale ngozi irula. TOP asikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle. Ibali lakhe ayikho ngcono okanye ngaphezu lwangaphambili kunye ezilandelayo. Nje, ngaba lwahlukile.

Space esabangela "Apollo 13" banduluka phezu Earth Aprili 11, 1970, ukuba ahlangule inqaba yabantu enyangeni. It lwaqalwa yi Dzhim Lovell (captain), uFred Heyz noJohn Suaygeyt. kweentsuku ezimbini moya kudlule ngokuqhelekileyo. Yonke le nto yaqala ngo-Aprili 13. Ukanti nemini iseyisangene. Kuhleli kuphela ukuxuba amafutha ukuze bafumane ndawo yaso. Emva koko ...

Ekuqaleni kwakukho isithonga esikhulu, emva koko inqanawa wahlasela a udubulo ngokwenene. Ndafumanisa ukuba iza kutshabalalisa enye matanki mpilo ulwelo. Kwidashboard isilumkiso ukukhanya ngentsimbi. Ukutyhubela oosomajukujuku iglasi porthole ubukhulu wabona ukusuka umnqongo wenkonzo isithuba evulekile a jet olomeleleyo yerhasi. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo dubulo kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo itanki mpilo nezonakeleyo owesibini. Phezu kwayo yonke imigudu, akuzange kube lula ukulungisa umonakalo. Kungekudala umkhombe washiywa amanzi, umbane kunye neoksijini. Emva koko "wafa" iibhetri yemichiza efakiweyo kumnqongo umyalelo. Ukuze wolule ixesha elithile ngakumbi, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuyiwe kwimodyuli kwenyanga. Kodwa yintoni elandelayo?

MCC intloko American Dzhin Krants isigqibo sokwandisa i "Apollo", esebenzisa amandla umtsalane kwenyanga. Oosomajukujuku zaziquka injini imodyuli eyodwa, kodwa inqanawa waqala ukujikeleza. Kukuthathe iiyure ezimbini ukuya uJim Lovell, ukuze bafunde ukuba ngamaqhinga indlela inqanawa ukuya iimeko ezintsha nokuyalela kuyo kwicala elifanelekileyo. Overflights zeNyanga, "Apollo 13" phuthuma Earth.

Emva adventures ezininzi, oosomajukujuku iwile, batshize phantsi kwindawo ethile. Ezintathu wabuyela ekhaya bediniwe, ndandingcangcazela yaye akazange alale umntu.

Intlekele "Challenger"

Kule 80 soMthetho wokuLawulwa kwinkulungwane edluleyo imijukujelwa isithuba basukela astronautics Melika. Omnye umzekelo kuchaziwe ngezantsi.

Le ntlekele yenzeke January 28, 1986. Ngale mini, abaninzi bahlanganisana kwindawo launch Cape Canaveral, eFlorida (USA), sabona kwi-orenji isibhakabhaka ecacileyo kunye fireball emhlophe. Kubonakele emva kwemizuzwana 73 emva kokuqala, ngenxa yokuswela yengxinano ye rubber lokutywina kwi accelerators esiluqilima liqhuma isiphekepheke "Challenger". Inkqubo space American ilahlekelwe Francis Scobee, Michael Smith, uRonald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregori Dzharvisa kunye Kristi Makoliff. Le yokugqibela yayingeyonto usomajukujuku professional - yena wasebenza njengomfundisi kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, i Lenema. Kuye ifakiwe iqela le ukunyanzelisa ka uRonald Reagan.

Ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuqalisa zezulu eFlorida zipholile ukuya 27 ° C. Zonke kuyo, kuquka igobhogobho esi sikhephe, elibandayo. Qala kufuneka elinye, ingakumbi njengoko walumkisa enye iinjineli ka Rockwell, linoxanduva ekuqaleni. Noko ke, akazange aphulaphule. Inqanawa bethandazile balwa ukuya ekufeni.

Kwimizuzu engama-16 emva kokuqala, i-shuttle yenze i-turn turn and out of the atmosphere. Ngokukhawuleza i-twinkle ephahlazayo ibonakale phakathi kweyona nqanawa kunye netanki yayo. Umzuzwana kamva uchungechunge lokuqhuma lwavakala. Le nqanawa yawa phantsi kwaye yawela emanzini. Bonke astronauts bafa malunga nangoko.

Amagama athi "Challenger", "rocket", "inhlekelele" ichazwe oko kwenzeka kumaphephandaba aseMerika. Uhlanga lulila. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yesikhala yanyuswa iminyaka emithathu. Nangona kunjalo, yayingavaliwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukufa kwe-Columbia

Inkathazo yaseColumbia ibhekwa njengenye yeziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwiimbali zokuhlola indawo. Kwenzeka ngoFebruwari 1, 2003. Oku kuhlanganiswe kungekuphela kwenani labadlali be-astronauts abafayo ngexesha elifanayo, kodwa kunye neempembelelo ezazisetyenziswa ekuphuhlisweni kwenzululwazi yesithuba.

Qala "Columbia" yahlehliswa ngamaxesha amaninzi. Uhambo lokuqala lwaluhlelwe ngoMeyi 11, 2000. Kwakukho ixesha apho waxoshwa kwihedyuli ngokupheleleyo, kodwa iNational Congress yaphazamisa. Enyanisweni, ukuhamba kwendiza kwenzeka ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini kamva.

Kwaye apha iqala. Ngomkhosi wenqwelo-mkhosi uRick Douglas Hazband, umlingeli uWilliam C. McCool, iingcali zikaDavid M. Brown, uCalpane Chavl, uMichael F. Anderson, uLorell B. Clark kunye no-astronaut wase-Israel u-Illan Ramon. Isiqalo sasiqhotyoshelwe ngamakhamera amaninzi kumabonwakude. Ezi zinyathelo zinokuthi ziqwalasele ngokubanzi iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo, ukuba zivela. Kwakukho ngoncedo lwabo ngomhla we-82 wesibini wendiza into encinane yokukhanya ehlasela iphiko le-left of shuttle. Ekugqibeleni kwavela ukuba le nto yayiyiqhekeza le-foam ephakamileyo eyaphupha iphiko lekhohlo lesinqanawa kwaye yaphosa kuyo imingca yesiqingatha. Ukufaniswa kwe-NASA ayizange ibonakalise nayiphi na imiphumo emibi, ngoko ukuqhubela phambili kwaqhubeka.

Isibonakaliso sokuqala sokungasebenzi kakubi saqaphela ukuhamba ngokuhamba nge-16:55 eWashington. Ukufundwa okungavumelekanga kwamasenzi oxinzelelo kubonwa ngabantu bonke. Iphutha labhalwa lixhomekeke ekuxhumeni olubi. Kodwa kwakulo xesha laqala ukutshabalaliswa kwekhonto lomkhumbi. Yayiqhekeka ibe yizicucu ngaphantsi komzuzu. Bonke abahlaziyi belahlekile.

Imfihlelo emininzi yemingcipheko engeyiyo i-declassified. Xa zifumene, aziwa. Kodwa into endiyifunayo nayo yonke into. Ngaba uyayithanda?