Iisuti zasemajukujukwini oosomajukujuku: isixhobo sabelo. I isuti lokuqala

oosomajukujuku iisuti zasemajukujukwini - nto nje endombathisayo ukuba namagqiza ukujikeleza. Eyokuqala kwezi ukuvela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yaba ixesha xa ukuya vaakelani va yaba phantse sisiqingatha senkulungwane. Noko ke, izazinzulu waqonda ukuba uphuhliso kwendawo komhlaba, imiqathango eziya kwahluka zethu njengesiqhelo, kunqandwa. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuba lamaphulo elizayo inyuka ngubo usomajukujuku, onako ukukhusela umntu kwindawo ebulalayo kuye.

Ingcamango emajukujukwini

Yintoni na izixhobo emkhathini? Yesuti - luhlobo ummangaliso zobugcisa. It is a isikhululo isithuba elincinane ekhupha imilo komzimba womntu.

Yesuti yanamhlanje mayixhotyiswe inkqubo yenkxaso ubomi usomajukujuku yonke. Kodwa nangona ukuntsonkotha isixhobo, yonke into ekuwo Ngokomzi kwaye ikule encedisayo.

History of indalo

Igama elithi "sonke" nesinempandla French. Faka igama elicetywayo ngo 1775 Abbot yezibalo Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. Kakade ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 okubhabha emajukujukwini, akukho mntu siphuphe ngayo. Igama elithi "sonke", nto leyo ithetha Greek "iphenyane-abantu", kwagqitywa ekubeni isicelo izixhobo diving.

Ngokufika kwe nangobudala kwisithuba lo mbono lalisetyenziswa ngolwimi Russian. Kuphela apha uye wafumana intsingiselo eyahlukileyo kancinane. Le ndoda yaqala ukuba libe phezulu kwaye nangaphezulu. Xa oku kwabakho imfuneko yokuba izixhobo ezizodwa. Ngoko ke, kwintaba ephakame kweekhilomitha ezisixhenxe eshushu impahla neoksijini imaski. Amabanga uluhlu yeemitha amawaka alishumi ngenxa yokwehla xi ifuna ekharejini enoxinzelelo kunye isuti UKUBUYISELA. Kungenjalo, xa depressurization pilot ukukhanya uza kuyeka ukufumana umoya. Kaloku, ukuba anyuke kakhulu? Kulo mzekelo, uya kufuneka isuti isithuba. Umele ukuba iqine kakhulu. Xa uxinzelelo yangaphakathi kwi isuti (ngokwesiqhelo kwi-40 ekhulwini esesibhakabhakeni) kuyakusindisa ubomi elilingwayo.

Ngo 1920, iqela articles komzimba IsiNgesi Dzhona Holdena. In kubo umbhali wacelwa ukuba ukusebenzisa iisuti ngezifo ukuba akhusele impilo kunye nobomi balloonists. Waze wazama ukuphumeza iingcamango zabo. Wakha isuti kwaye ihlolwe ukwigumbi xi, apho kwafunyanwa xi ehambelana ezinobude km 25,6. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa iibhaloni ezinokuthi kuvuka kuloo stratosphere - akuyolisi cheap. Kwaye ke balloonist American Mark Ridge, apho eyayisetyenziswa timphahla ekhethekileyo, ithetha, ngelishwa, akukho eziqokelelweyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto isuti babanjwe umkhuba azivavanywanga.

Uphuhliso zesayensi Soviet

Kwilizwe lethu wayenza ngendlela injineli yesuti evgeniy Chertovsky, owaba lilungu le-Institute of Aviation Medicine. Iminyaka elithoba, ukususela kowe-1931 ukuya 1940, waba imifuziselo 7 kwezixhobo etywiniweyo. injineli yehlabathi yokuqala eSoviet wagqiba ingxaki ukuhamba. Into yokuba ukunyuka ukuya yesuti ethile ukuphakama anda. Emva koko, umqhubi wanyanzeleka ukuba enze iinzame ezingakumbi Wayitsala nje umlenze okanye ingalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto imodeli B-2 yenzelwe njengononjineli kunye kwiihenjisi.

Ngowe-1936, inguqulelo entsha ye zokusebenza isithuba. It is a imodeli B-3, equlathe phantse zonke iinkcukacha ezikhoyo iisuti mihla ezisebenzisa cosmonauts Russian. Vavanya olu khetho, izixhobo ezizodwa kwenzeka 19.05.1937 In bomber enzima TB-3 lasetyenziswa isithuthi.

Ukususela ngo-1936, oosomajukujuku iisuti space zaye zaphuhliswa kwaye iinjineli aselula aphantsi Central hydrodynamic Institute. Ngako oko ke waphefumlela iphambili Sci-Fi movie "Space Voyage", wadala ngentsebenziswano ne uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky.

Isuti lokuqala kunye iinjineli abaselula index SK-UP-1 yenzelwe, zenziwe kwaye avavanywa uluvo nje 1937 nokuba lwangaphandle lwale izixhobo ebonisa khona komhlaba. In imodeli yokuqala loqhakamshelwano iinxalenye ezisezantsi neziphezulu le ibhanti zazilungiselelwe isinxibelelanisi. Nika amalungu ukushukumiseka igxalaba omkhulu. Le ibhatyi suit senziwe umaleko-ezimbini ilaphu rubberized.

Inkqubo olunye isuti ngumfuziselo ezahlukeneyo phambi ngokutsha elizenzekelayo, eyenzelwe iiyure 6 ngaxeshanye. SK-AMANYATHELO-8 - Ngo-1940, i-pre-imfazwe yesuti yokugqibela yiSoviet zadalwa. Ukuvavanywa kwezixhobo baqhubeka ukulwa-153.

Ukudalwa a imveliso ekhethekileyo

Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, inyathelo ukuyila iisuti isithuba abamba Flight Research Institute. iingcali zalo bafumene umsebenzi yokuyila izinxibo, eyenzelwe abaqhubi moya, ukuze soyise isantya entsha nokuphakama. Noko ke, ngokuba ngobuninzi kwiziko elinye oko akwanelanga. Yiyo loo nto ngo-Oktobha 1952 wenjineli Aleksandrom Boyko isebe ekhethekileyo zadalwa. Waye kwi ipoma Tomilino, inombolo izityalo 918. Namhlanje, isityalo ekuthiwa NPP "Zvezda". Kuyo ngexesha isuti Gagarin yadalwa.

Flying emkhathini

Ngo-1950 emva kwexesha, ixesha entsha yophuhliso yendawo ohlala. Yaba ngeli thuba iinjineli uyilo eSoviet waqala ekuyileni i "Vostok" - isithuthi indawo yokuqala. Noko ke, oko kuqala izicwangciso ukuba isithuba iinkalo nekwalungele oosomajukujuku akayi kuba yimfuneko ukuba rocket. Umqhubi wayefanele ukuba ibe kwisingxobo ekhethekileyo moya, nto leyo eza lwahlulwe ukugaleleka leli philisi yokwehla. Nangona kunjalo, eli cebo kwaba nzima kakhulu kwaye, kananjalo, wafuna iimvavanyo ixesha elide yokuziphatha. Kungenxa yoko le nto lilungiselelo yangaphakathi "East" ngo-Agasti 1960, iye ngokutsha.

ziingcali Sergei Korolev Bureau awuyitshintshanga le isingxobo phezu kwesihlalo ejection. Kulo mba, oosomajukujuku elizayo kwakufuneka ukukhuselwa xa kuthe depressurization. Ke kaloku isuti. Noko ke, ixesha docking layo kunye neenkqubo moya i abaswela. Kulo mba, ekuphela kwento eyayifuneka ukuze ukondliwa yolingo, ibekwe ngqo kwi esitulweni.

I iisuti zasemajukujukwini zokuqala oosomajukujuku babebizwa SC-1. isuti kwabo base kwendawo, "eVorkuta" lithatyathwe, eyenzelwe bangamajoni interceptor yabaqhubi Su-9. Zalisa ngokutsha phantsi isigcina kuphela. Yaqala indlela olulawula woluvo. Ukuba xi fanela nangoko ugxeke le nemibhalo ngaphaya.

Izixhobo ze oosomajukujuku enziwe kwimigangatho ngamnye. Kuba moya yokuqala yayiyilwe abo owabonisa inqanaba ilungileyo uqeqesho. Le trio kweenkokeli, eziquka uYuri Gagarin, German titov kunye UGrigory Nelyubov.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, oosomajukujuku xa isithuba kamva watyelela isuti. Enye iisuti ezizodwa SC-1 brand sele sele ithunyelwe nezijikeleza ngexesha uqala ezimbini uvavanyo yaqonda le "Vostok" isiphekepheke, eyathi yaqhutywa ngoMatshi 1961. Ukongeza ngoxa zovavanyo ababekhwele yaba doli "Ivan Ivanovich", enxibe isuti. Emabeleni le ndoda ngumntu efakwe endlwaneni iihagu Guinea kunye neempuku. Kwaye ukuze igqampe amangqina athile abazange ukwamkela "Ivan Ivanovich" nakumphambukeli, cwecwe yabekwa phantsi nemibhalo zesuti wakhe othi "Ubeko".

I-SC-1 iisuti esetyenziselwa ezintlanu moya swi le "Vostok". Noko ke, oosomajukujuku ababhinqileyo andizele kuzo. Kubo, i-SC-2 imodeli zadalwa. Ekuqaleni wafumana ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngexesha ukubhabha "Vostok-6". Siye bokwenziwa isuti, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto awohluke ngesakhiwo komzimba ababhinqileyo, kuba Valentina Tereshkova.

Development labezempilo American

Xa phumeza inkqubo "Mercury" US abayili zakhetha ukuba iinjineli Soviet, ngaloo ndlela ekwenzeni izindululo zabo. Ngoko ke, lo American isuti yasemajukujukwini yokuqala ingqalelo into yokuba oosomajukujuku kwendawo kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba elide ukujikeleza.

UMyili Rassel Kolli wenze timphahla Navy Mark ezizodwa, ekuqaleni bekujongiwe moya pilot of Aviation yomkhosi. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye, le suti waba bhetyebhetye yaye ubunzima iphantsi kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa olukhetho iinkqubo indawo kuyilo ziye iinguqu eziliqela ukuba ngokuyintloko ezichaphazelekayo icebo ntloko.

Nezambatho AmaMelika zingqineke ukuthembeka kwabo. Kuphela kanye, xa philisi "Mercury-4" ukuqhuba waza waqalisa ukutshona, isuti phantse Niwonakalisile usomajukujuku Virgil Grissona. Umqhubi lakwazi kunzima ukufumana phandle, ngoko elide njani awucimeki ukususela kwiinkqubo ubomi inkxaso ekwinqwelo.

Yenza stand-alone iisuti

Ngenxa luhamba ngesantya esincomekayo kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni isithuba efunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe iimpahla ezintsha okhethekileyo. Ngapha koko, neendlela zokuqala kuphela ukuhlangulwa. Ngenxa yokuba ziqhotyoshelwe inkqubo yenkxaso ubomi kwisiphekepheke swi, oosomajukujuku xa isithuba ngesantya kungona ukuya. Ukuze uphume indawo evulekileyo komhlaba kuyimfuneko ukuba kwakhiwe noziqulathe-isuti yasemajukujukwini. Ezi ukwenza abayili USSR kunye USA.

BaseMelika phantsi inkqubo isithuba "Gemini" ukudala iinguqulelo ezintsha ze iisuti G3C, G4C, kunye g5c. Owesibini kubo ibiya spacewalks. Nangona zonke iisuti zasemajukujukwini US afakelwe inkqubo ubomi inkxaso ekwinqwelo, iyunithi liqulathwe-ngokwalo ukuba ezakhelwe kuzo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, bekuya kuba izibonelelo yaneleyo ukuxhasa ubomi usomajukujuku kwisithuba sisiqingatha seyure.

Le G4C suit 03.06.1965 wakhululwa emajukujukwini evulekileyo American Edvard Uayt. Noko ke, akazange abe nguvulindlela. Kuba iinyanga ezimbini ezinesiqingatha phambi kokuba ecaleni inqanawa ohanjwe isithuba Alexei Leonov. Kuba le ndiza wembali, iinjineli Soviet liphuhlise nesambatho "Berkut". Engafani NC-1 bubukho ukuqulatha yesibini. Ukongeza, isuti ukuba Zaplechny ubhaka, baxhotyiswa kunye iisilinda ioksijini, kwaye isigcina yakhe olungisiweyo lokucoca ulwelo.

Ngoxa kwisithuba evulekileyo umntu oludityaniswe intambo ngesikhephe imitha-esixhenxe, njengenxenye zazo isixhobo damping, iingcingo zombane, steel wire kunye ithumbu sobonelelo olungxamisekileyo oksijini. ngaphandle Historic endaweni ohlala senzeka 18.03.1965, Alexei Leonov engaphandle isiphekepheke imizuzu 23. 41 umzuzwana.

Nezambatho ngokuba wokuhlola yeNyanga

Emva uphuhliso orbit lomntu koMhlaba baphuma phambili. Yaye injongo yakhe yokuqala yaba ukuqhuba iihambo ukuya enyangeni. Kodwa kufuneka iisuti ezizodwa isithuba elizenzekelayo, eya kuba ngaphandle inqanawa iiyure ezimbalwa. Bona zadalwa abaseMelika ebudeni "Apollo" uphuhliso lwenkqubo. Ezi iisuti zinika ukhuseleko ukuze oosomajukujuku nobushushu elanga kunye evela micrometeorites. Inguqulelo yokuqala liphuhlise iisuti zasemajukujukwini month ebizwa A5L. Kamva, nakuba kunjalo, kuye kwaphuculwa. Iinguqulelo ezintsha A6L olunikiweyo ubushushu usambathisa ibhatyi. Version A7L waba ngobuwena engangenwa.

iisuti zasemajukujukwini Lunar i izinxibo engundoqo multi-sixhobo sekhombuya, waba amalungu bhetyebhetye ezenziwe ngerabha. Cuffs kunye ikhola zizinto amakhonkco zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa iiglavu uncamathiselo etywiniweyo nesigcina-ntloko. iisuti Buttoned ngokusebenzisa uziphu nkqo athungwe ukusuka nasemiphakathweni ukuya entanyeni.

AmaMelika ukubeka unyawo phezu Moon 21.07.1969, i Ngexesha lo moya, wafumana ukusetyenziswa iisuti A7L.

Siya inyanga cosmonauts Soviet. Kuba lo msebenzi kukudala iisuti zasemajukujukwini "merlin." Yaba uguqulelo semi-engqongqo fanela, owaba ucango emva okhethekileyo. Usomajukujuku kwafuneka enyuka kuyo, enxibe ngaloo ngesantya. I uvale ucango evela ngaphakathi. Ukulungiselela le njongo sele wasinika sokunqika kwicala cebo entsonkothileyo neentsontelo. Ngaphakathi fanela, yaye inkqubo ubomi inkxaso. Ngelishwa, le utyelelo kwi iNyanga yi cosmonauts yiSoviet ayiphumelelanga. Kodwa ke zenzelwe ukuba zilungele loo moya uye kamva zasetyenziswa xa bekuqulunqwa le kwezinye imifanekiso.

Izixhobo ngokuba imikhumbi entsha

ukusungulwa "Soyuz" Ukususela ngowe-1967, eSoviet Union. Ezi nqwelo zenzelwe ukuba indalo kwezitishi Orbital. Ixesha elichithwa kuzo oosomajukujuku gqolo ukwanda.

"Union" wenziwa isuti "Hawk" ngenxa iphaphazela ngeenqanawa. zonke iiyantlukwano zalo ukusuka 'Berkut "senzeka kwinkqubo yenkxaso ebomini design. Ngoncedo yayo Ukubolekisa umxube zokuphefumla eyenziwe ngaphakathi isuti. Apha, ukuba icocwe of ezingcolisa kunye carbon dioxide kunye koko iphela.

Isuti entsha kuhlangula "Sokol-K" lalisetyenziswa ngexesha ukusabela "Soyuz-12" ngoSeptemba 1973 Okuninzi imifuziselo phambili iimpahla zokuzikhusela ezithengwe nokuba abameli yokuthengisa China. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba xa ubaleka kwisiphekepheke swi "Shanchzhou" oosomajukujuku ekuwo banxiba nezixhobo, kuba sifunda kakhulu kwisampula Russian.

Kuba spacewalk abayili Soviet udale isuti isithuba "Orlan". Lo izixhobo ezimeleyo semi-engqongqo, efana "gyrfalcon" kwenyanga. Beka kuyo luza emnyango phaya emva. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo "Krechet", "ukhozi" waba jikelele. imikhono kunye nemilenze ndifuthe nokufutha ngokulula lihambisane ukuphakama efunekayo.

Le iisuti zasemajukujukwini "Orlan" uhamba hayi cosmonauts kuphela Russian. Emva imodeli kwezixhobo amaTshayina benze 'Feitian' zabo. Kuzo, zaya kungena indawo evulekileyo ngaphandle.

Nezambatho ye elizayo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, NASA liphuhlisa inkqubo entsha isithuba. Ezi ziquka moya ukuya izijikelezi-langa ezincinane, inyanga, kunye hambo iMars. Kungenxa yoko le nto Ukuqhubeka nophuhliso zokuguqulwa amatsha iisuti, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo kuya kufuneka ukuqhagamshela zonke iimpawu ezintle iisuti zokusebenza kunye nezixhobo yohlangulo. On yintoni lobeko uya kuyeka ababhekisi, kusesemini ayaziwa.

Mhlawumbi kuya kuba isikrweqe nzima onzima esikhusela umntu zonke iimpembelelo ezimbi zangaphandle, mhlawumbi, ubuchwepheshe bale mihla ukuvumela ukwenza iqokobhe, ayive eziya nok oosomajukujuku ababhinqileyo elizayo jikelele.