Eyafumana Antarctica ngokwenene?

Ubukho kwilizwekazi yesithandathu isondlo abantu bazi ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. I uhambo Amerigo Vespuchchi 1501-1502 gg. It wahlola ezinezinga ezimbini ikhweyitha southern kuwela elunxwemeni kwisiqithi South Georgia. Ugqithele Umatiloshe esibondeni ukuthintela kubanda, ice eqinileyo kunye hummocks. Emva koko, iimfihlelo Antarctica uyawathanda ukufunyanwa yakhe. Ngomhla iimephu belizwekazi Kwabonakala kudala ngaphambi kokuba uphumile ukuya unyawo lomntu, nkqu ukuya kwixesha lokuba abantu bokuqala Balibona ilizwe ogqunywe ngumkhenkce. Kuqala wacinga ukuba eli lizwekazi le nencam esemazantsi Latin America okanye Australia, njengoko, umzekelo, ukuzoba ngo 1513 kwimephu Pirireisa.

Kodwa Antarctica abavule kuqala? Yaye yintoni "ithole"? Nkqampu ndilibonayo? I bamfumanisa? I indwe iflegi? Ngesi sihlandlo, akukho ukuvumelana. Russian bakholelwa ukuba imbeko lokuvula ilizwekazi waba qembu lwe Bellingshausen and various (January 1820), lo gama i-British bakholelwa ukuba Antarctica wafumanisa Edward Bransfild (ngoJanuwari 1820). America unikelwa umxakatho kulo discoverer kwelizwekazi entsha iNathaniel Palmer (Novemba 1820). nto zontathu ezi zobuntlola wabona billowing elunxwemeni isibhakabhaka kuphela, kodwa bakwazi ukusondela kubo ngenxa isithuba esikhulu omkhenkce. Ingcinga yokuqala ukuba ukuphakamisa iflegi yelizwe labo engumFrentshi Dumont d'Urville, kodwa yena wenjenjalo, njengoko kanti, kwisiqithi, kodwa hayi kwi kwaqashwa indawo enkulu somhlaba.

I-Dutch unayo impendulo yabo nomba eyafumana Antarctica. Ngokutsho kubo, wenza obenegunya sikhephe Dirk Geeritts umva ngo-1559. Emva kokuba isivunguvungu zahlasela iStrait of Magellan, inqanawa ezilahlekileyo adibane butho kunye ngempazamo wathunyelwa ukuya ezantsi. Xa kwalungisa, i Dutch wabona "umhlaba phezulu" kwaye lufumanise zilungelelanise zabo - 64 ° S. w. Nangona kunjalo, i Geeritts soze sibanga kuba discoverer yelizwekazi, yaye asazi oko kuthethwa "komhlaba eliphezulu" - mhlawumbi ukuba omnye kwiziqithi, bezizininzi kwi kwithala lelizwekazi.

NgoJanuwari 1773 Dzheyms Kuk waya phezu iinqanawa «Resolution» kunye «Adventure» ukuya ° 67 'S. w., apho emiswa ngumkhenkce. Ayiyi kuphumla umxakatho bethu, yena ke wabuyela kunyaka olandelayo waza wafikelela kwi-71 ° 15 'ezantsi ekwizibanzi,, njengoko ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona Tierra del Fuego, ilizwe akazange kuso, yaye akuzange ubone. Kodwa kufutshane unxweme yezwe waba amathamsanqa ka enqanaweni "uCecilia," American ngonyaka emva kwiphulo Russian ngo-1821. Kodwa abantu musa ukuya elunxwemeni. Ukuba ijaji eyafumana Antarctica phezu kokwehla, kwaye apha sifumana i discordance.

Umhla ezisemthethweni emhlabeni bokuqala ngabantu mkhenkce elizwekazi kwithala ayikho le nxalenye obufihlakeleyo ilizwe ithathwa Januwari 23, 1895. Elo wonga yadla baseNorway ezimbini: umphathi wenqanawa lokuloba "Antarctica" Christensen kunye umkhweli Karlstenu Borhgrovinku, utitshala wezenzululwazi yendalo. Utitshala, enyanisweni, kude amabango ndeyisekile yebhongo nqanawa industrial captain kume wokubeka isikhephe kunye namanzi elunxwemeni. Kukho Borhgrovink waqokelela lwemizekelo yamatye ngamatye wachaza oko wabona ulele Antarctic. Kodwa nantsi izazinzulu Argentina baphikisana igunya eNorway, esithi ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani ovule Antarctica, akunakwenzeka, kuba aba bantu abashiywa emva akukho bungqina ebhaliweyo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa kwi kunxweme lwase ihlala kwezindlu kunye nezinto zendlu, apho umhla ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. sperm ezifihla ubuzwe engaziwayo baye ucweyo lwayo engcwabeni.

Enoba lwalunjani, ngokwemfanelo kwiphulo Russian kuluntu ayinakuphikiswa. Bellingshausen and various weza nomsinga wabonisa ukuba singqongwe kweelwandle. Sezulu e Antarctica ungakuvumeli ukuba ekukhuthazeni nzulu: nkqu ehlotyeni kukho ukunyibilika inshorensi ice le. Yaba Bulelani kuye ukuba zwekazi eliphezulu - ukuphakama kwayo avareji engaphezu kwewaka 2 iimitha, nencopho liphezulu (Vinson Massif) - 5140 mitha. Ukuvulwa Antarctica neziphumo kwizicwangciso akukho ngaphantsi ezinamabhongo yingozi eluntwini ukuze ukuya South Pole. Lavra okubona indawo kakhulu esemazantsi iplanethi yethu bangamalungu Amundsen (1911-12.).