Generation computer: itafile, iimpawu kunye nembali. Lithetha ukuthini igama elithi "isizukulwana ikhompyutha"?

Ukuvela iikhompyutha mihla, apho siya owoyamaniswe kuyo, lwandulelwe ngendaleko yonke kuphuhliso zobugcisa computer. Ngokutsho ingcamango ethandwayo, uphuhliso computer waya kwizizukulwana ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo.

iingcali Modern badla ukukholelwa ukuba amathandathu zabo. Abahlanu kubo sele zenzekile, omnye - endleleni. Yintoni kanye kanye igama elithi "isizukulwana iikhompyutha" ukuqonda IT-iingcali? Yintoni umahluko ezisisiseko phakathi maxesha ngamnye zophuhliso zobugcisa computer?

Ingcaciso ukuvela kwi computer

Imbali ye computer kwizizukulwana 5, uphuhliso umdla yaye inika umdla. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba bacande kulo, kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi iinkcukacha ezinxulumene noko ngaphambi uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe izisombululo iikhompyutha.

Abantu basoloko befuna ukuphucula iinkqubo ezinxulumene izibalo, izibalo. Mbali baye bafumanisa ukuba izixhobo ukusebenza ngamanani, ukuba indalo ngoomatshini, iye yasungulwa eYiputa yamandulo kunye namanye amazwe yamhlamnene. KumaXesha Aphakathi, abayili yaseYurophu wayeza ukuyila iindlela ngazo, ingakumbi, ukuba ibalwe periodicity kuhla kwenyanga.

Kwase kweekhompyutha mihla, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa lasungulwa ekuqaleni 19 umatshini kwenkulungwane Babbage, uye imisebenzi computing lokuprograma. Xa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni 20 kukho izixhobo ukuba elektroniki lalisetyenziswa. ubukhulu becala Bona inxaxheba kushishino, yomnxeba kunye nerediyo.

Ngowe-1915 wafudukela US abavela kwamanye waseJamani Herman Hollerith waseka inkampani IBM, kamva waba ngomnye brand ezaziwa kakhulu ye-IT-mveliso. Phakathi izinto kunazo Herman Hollerith amakhadi punch ziintsimbi, eminyaka njengoko ephambili carrier ulwazi xa usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe computer. Ekupheleni kwale 30 kwakukho ubugcisa kuvunyelwa ukuba athethe ngalo ekuqaleni kwexesha computer kuphuhliso lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. kwabonakala iikhompyutha yokuqala, apho kamva waba okuyimfihlo koluphi "isizukulwana yokuqala".

iimpawu ze computer

Le njengenqobo engundoqo esingundoqo zokuhlela isixhobo computing ukukhangela iikhompyutha, okanye iingcali ikhompyutha umnxeba programmability. Oku elihambisana uhlobo kumatshini, ingakumbi, ayahluka zokubala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unamandla okanye yokugqibela. Nokuba xa kufikwa wokuprograma kwinqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu, xa usebenzisa i "iintsapho zero" - isibaluli esebenzayo. Ngako oko, kamsinya nje imishini kwemoto, mhlawumbi, yi imbonakalo yazo efana kakhulu ikhalityhuleyitha, kodwa ke loo nto zahlelwa - baye babizwa iikhompyutha.

Igama elithi "isizukulwana ikhompyutha" kuthetha, ngokuqhelekileyo ikhompyutha yelo ukuma ethile zobugcisa. Oko kukuthi, izisombululo zekhompyutha elinye, olusekelwe phezu esetyenziswa yi computer uyasebenza. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokusekelwe kwezi khrayitheriya ecetywayo yi izazi IT-hlula ngo kwisizukulwana iikhompyutha kude esukela kulimo oluqhelekileyo (nangona, kakade, kukho iintlobo yenguqu iikhompyutha, ezo kunzima ayintsokothanga zibangelwa naluphi udidi oluthile).

Emva kokugqiba lo kuphambuko yeengcingane, singaqala ukuhlola iikhompyutha isizukulwana. Le theyibhile, ngezantsi, kuya kusinceda ukukhangela yonke periodization.

Okulandelayo siza kujonga iimpawu zeteknoloji iikhompyutha kudidi ngalunye. Thina Zibonisa izizukulwana iikhompyutha ziya kumiselwa. Le theyibhile ukuba ngoku bafikelele, kuza kumana ngabanye, eza enxulumene kudidi efanelekileyo kunye parameters inkqubo.

Siphawula lo caveat ebalulekileyo - izizathu alandelayo abhekisele kakhulu ngendaleko weekhompyutha, enizityelweyo ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela lobuqu. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo iikhompyutha - emkhosini, mveliso. ibizwa ngokuba Kukho "computer". ukuvela yabo kunye nophuhliso -. umba eyahlukileyo

I computer yokuqala

Ngowe-1938, injineli waseJamani uKonrad Tsuze owakha isixhobo ebizwa ngokuba uZ1, yaye yama-42 ukhupha version yayo eziphuculweyo - Z2. Ngowe-1943, umatshini zokubala basungula IsiNgesi besithi balungisa "sondo". Ezinye iingcali zidla ukukholelwa British kwaye German umatshini computer kuqala. Ngowe-1944, esekelwe ubukrelekrele evela eJamani ukudala umatshini computing njengoko abaseMelika. Developed kwi US computer ebizwa ngokuba "Mark I".

Ngowe-1946, iinjineli yaseMelika bayawenza revolution encinane kuyilo lobuchwepheshe computer, ukudala into elapha tube ENIAC ikhompyutha, amaxesha 1,000 nemveliso ngaphezu "Mark I". Olunye uphuhliso odumileyo waseMelika waba yasekwa ngo-1951 yi computer, ogama Uniake. osemqoka yalo esentloko kukuba yaba ikhompyutha yokuqala yayisetyenziswa njengendawo imveliso yorhwebo.

Ngelo xesha, ngasendleleni, ikhompyutha yakho sele ceba iinjineli Soviet asebenza Academy of Sciences yaseUkraine. uphuhliso wethu ebizwa SECM. ukusebenza kwayo, ngokutsho iingcali, yaba liphezulu phakathi iikhompyutha bahlangana eYurophu.

iimpawu kwezobugcisa of computers sizukulwana sokuqala

Eneneni, ngenxa yintoni imiqathango emiselwe isizukulwana lokuqala iikhompyutha? Ezinjalo IT-iingcali cinga, kuqala kwiinto zonke, icandelo isiseko ngokohlobo kwimibhobho cleaner. oomatshini sizukulwana yokuqala ilifa inani lemisebenzi esemqoka iimpawu zangaphandle - a ubungakanani enkulu, ukuba ungadli igunya elikhulu kunene.

amandla abo computing iphinde njengesingabalulekanga kangako, kwaba amawaka elilodwa. Noko ke, isizukulwana lokuqala iikhompyutha eziqulathe izinto ezininzi kwiikhompyutha mihla. Ingakumbi, le khowudi umatshini ukuya kwiprogram imiyalelo kwakunye data Ngokushicilela kwinkumbulo (usebenzisa amakhadi punch kunye neetyhubhu electrostatic).

isizukulwana lokuqala iikhompyutha zifuna isakhono iphezulu yabantu, sebenzisa yona. Kufuneka nje kuphela elo ilifa kwezakhono ezizodwa (ochazwa ukusebenza amakhadi punch, ulwazi ikhowudi ngomatshini, njl), kodwa ke, njengokuba umthetho, nabo ababeqondisa ulwazi kwinkalo electronic.

Isizukulwana sokuqala iikhompyutha, siye sathi nje, kakade RAM. Nangona kunjalo, umthamo wayo wayethozamile kakhulu, wayifaka enqatheni makhulu, okubhetele - ngamawaka bytes. Iminqongo yokuqala memory for iikhompyutha bekungenakuba ubani kuthiwe licandelo lektronikhi. Bazaliswa kwizikhongozeli mercury ngohlobo kwimibhobho. memory ziikristale ayethe njo kwiindawo zabo ezithile, yaye igcinwe kuqinisa data. Noko ke, msinyane emva kokusungulwa iikhompyutha yokuqala ukuvela umphakathi ferrite phambili ngakumbi memory-based.

Isizukulwana yesibini iikhompyutha

Yintoni na uphuhliso olungaphezulu kwimbali computer? iikhompyutha isizukulwana ukuthuthukisa. Le 60s zaye iikhompyutha usebenzisa nje ityhubhu lwepolitiki, kodwa semiconductors. Ngokuphawulekayo ukwanda chips clock frequency - ingqalelo Isalathisi eziqhelekileyo 100 lamawaka elilodwa nangaphezulu .. Yeza disk yokuqala otsalayo njengenye indlela amakhadi ngenqindi. Ngowe-1964 inkampani IBM likhuphe godu imveliso ekhethekileyo - ikhompyutha monitor eyahlukileyo ezineempawu ngokwaneleyo endilisekileyo --12 intshi oxwesileyo, isigqibo ka-1024 ngo-1024 pixels kunye sihlaziya umyinge we-40 Hz.

Generation inombolo ezintathu

Isizukulwana ephawulekayo yesithathu iikhompyutha? Kuqala kwinto zonke, wabeka ikhompyutha yakho kunye nezibane kunye semiconductors ezihlangeneyo neziphaluka, leyo, ngaphandle iikhompyutha, ziye zasetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo kwezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ithuba leesekethe ezihlangeneyo esaboniswa ihlabathi ngenxa yemizamo injineli Jack Kilby kunye nenkampani eTexas Zizixhobo ngo-1959. Jack wadala isakhiwo encinane kwakheka kwi iipleyiti germanium yesinyithi, okuthiwa endaweni zoyilo semiconductor ezintsonkothileyo. Kwelinye icala, inkampani Texas Instruments wadala ikhompyutha, ndawonye ngokusekelwe kwezi rekhodi. Eyona nguqu, kuba amaxesha 150 ngaphantsi efanayo yokusebenza semiconductor computer. integrated technology beesekethe sele iphuhlisiwe ngakumbi. indima ebalulekileyo kule wadlala isifundo Roberta Noysa.

La macandelo hardware zivumelekile, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubungakanani kweekhompyutha. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukwanda kakhulu yokusebenza ikhompyutha. Kweekhompyutha isizukulwana lesithathu luphawulwa kukhululwe ikhompyutha kunye yefrikhwensi iwotshi, ichazwe kakade megahertz. power okwehlileyo kunye nabo iikhompyutha.

Siye sakuphucula data ukurekhodwa technology nokuhoywa ngabo iimodyuli RAM. Ke ukuba RAM, izinto ferrite baba ngakumbi capacious, enobuchwepheshe. Kukho AMAGQABAZA ▸ kuqala, uze emva koko ke version diskettes yokuqala kusetyenziswa yangaphandle lokugcina. Le sesakhiwo le PC wabonakala cache pamyat.Standartnoy bume intsebenziswano lomsebenzisi kunye computer yaba window elibonisiweyo.

Senzeka components software kangcono. Bekukho inkqubo yinxalenye yokusebenza iye yaphuhliswa kakhulu ezahlukeneyo isoftwe isicelo, siye zaqaliswa ingqiqo ezininzi kumsebenzi computer. Le iikhompyutha wesithathu-isizukulwana kuvela iinkqubo ezifana neenkqubo zolawulo database, kunye software esizisebenzelayo lomsebenzi yoyilo. Kukho ezinye iilwimi kweenkqubo kunye neemeko apho ukudalwa software.

iimpawu yesine-isizukulwana

Nakwesesine isizukulwana iikhompyutha luphawulwa ukuvela leesekethe ezihlanganisiweyo ukubayinxalenye iklasi ka ezinkulu, kwakunye ekuthiwa-ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu. Le sesakhiwo le PC wabonakala chip phambili - iprosesa. Iikhompyutha kuqwalaselo ngakumbi ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo. ukusebenzisa kwabo libe nempumelelo kunye noqeqesho emfundo ubuncinane, xa esebenza ngekhompyutha ngaphambili izizukulwana ezifunekayo izakhono. Iimodyuli RAM zaveliswa hayi ngenxa lweziqalelo ferrite, yaye ngenxa iCMOs-chip. Sisizukulwana sesine iikhompyutha kwaye yamkelwe ukuya kowokuqala computer Apple, eqokelelwe Steve Jobs and Stefanom Voznyakom ngo-1976. Abaninzi IT-iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Apple - ikhompyutha lokuqala ehlabathini.

computers sizukulwana sesine kwakhona ehambelana popularization ye Internet. Ngelo xesha kwakukho uphawu kushishino elaziwa software namhlanje - Microsoft. Ukuba version wokuqala kwinkqubo yokusebenza ukuba siyazi namhlanje - Windows, MacOS. Iikhompyutha baye yajikeleziswa ngokubanzi ehlabathini lonke.

isizukulwana sesihlanu

Le abenzi bemilingo besizukulwana sesine iikhompyutha - 80s yee-kwexesha. Kodwa 90 ekuqaleni ngenkqubo kwimarike IT-technology waqala ukuthatha indawo, leyo ukuvunyelwa ukuba baqale ukubala isizukulwana esitsha computer. Sithetha amanyathelo ezibalulekileyo phambili, ingakumbi zobunjineli yobugcisa impumelelo, kukhatshwa ukuya kumqhubekekisi. chip bokwakha wabonakala kungayanyaniswa nohlobo wesangqa ngaxeshanye.

Isizukulwana sesihlanu iikhompyutha - it Kuyamangalisa umatshini pace kwemveliso ukukhula ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye. Ukuba ekuqaleni 90 kaThixo isantya iwashi microprocessors kwi emashumini ezimbalwa megahertz, njengento isalathiso esihle, ekuqaleni kuka 2000, akukho mntu gigahertz wothuka. Iikhompyutha ukuba sisebenzise namhlanje, kukholelwa ukuba IT-iingcali - it kwakhona isizukulwana sesihlanu iikhompyutha. Oko kukuthi, isiseko lobuchwepheshe 90 yee-esasebenza.

PC besive kwisizukulwana sesihlanu, ziye musani iikhompyutha nje, kunye nezixhobo eliphezulu-grade multi-media. Kubo kwakunokwenzeka ukuba entabeni iifilimu, ukusebenza kunye nemifanekiso, ingxelo nokusebenzisa isandi nokudala iiprojekthi zobunjineli ukuze isebenze esengqiqweni 3D-imidlalo.

Iimpawu besizukulwana lesithandathu

Kwixesha elizayo, njengoko abahlalutyi, sinokulindela ukuba kuya kuvela 6 isizukulwana kweekhompyutha. Iza luphawulwa ukusetyenziswa izinto zemithambo kwi sesakhiwo engenelela usebenzisa iziqhubekisi kwi womnatha yasasazwa.

computers Performance kwi kwisizukulwana esilandelayo iya kulinganiswa, mhlawumbi, Andisekho gigahertz, kodwa uhlobo bohluke leeyunithi ukubala.

Faka uthelekiso

Siye bafunda computer isizukulwana. Le theyibhile ingezantsi kuya kusinceda uzulazule kungqinelwano lweekhompyutha akwi udidi enye okanye enye, noseko zeteknoloji apho umsebenzi lwabo lusekelwe. Kuxhomekeka kulandelayo:

Kwakhona kuba nokuthelekelela luncedo ukuba unxulumano lwentsebenzo ngezizukulwana ezithile iikhompyutha. Le theyibhile, leyo ngoku ukuzoba phezulu, kwaye abonisa le patheni. Sithathe njengesiseko i parameter ekuthiwa clock frequency.

Ngenxa yoko, nathi libonwa iimpawu eziphambili kwezobuchwepheshe kwisizukulwana ngasinye computer. Le theyibhile ezingeniswe nayiphi na kuthi, kuya kusinceda ukuba angqamane iziphumo zabo parameters kunye nodidi oluthile iikhompyutha ngokuphathelele neqonga ethile kuphuhliso zobugcisa computer.