Ukuzila: ntoni na? Imigaqo eyayize

ezixhasayo kwakhe zonke iintlobo seemfundiso zeenkolo kwaye bulumko akufani. Ngenxa yoko, kwiimfundiso dualistic ukuba iqwalasele bezinto umzimba njenge "entolongweni komphefumlo", kuphilwa wenza njengendlela ndiyoyisile inyama, ukususela inkululeko yayo (ingakumbi mfundiso yonqulo syncretic njengoko Manichaeism), lo gama abaGxeki kwakhe lichazwa ingcamango inkululeko evela eluntwini iimfuno ubudlelwano.

Ngoko ke, eli nqaku liza kuthathwa into efana ukuzila (oko kukuthi, iimbono zakhe, imigaqo). Ngokomthetho iya malunga necandelo bulumko.

Ukuzila: ntoni na?

Ukusuka lesiGrike eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "umthambo". Lo mgaqo yokuziphatha, efuna abantu self-ukuphika, ingcinezelo nje iminqweno yenyama, ukuyeka kwiziyolo zehlabathi, iinzuzo ukuphumeza iinjongo ezithile zentlalo ukuziphatha self-imfezeko.

Ngoko ke, safunda malunga ukuzila (ntoni), ngoku iindleko yiya amabali akhe. Kuluncedo ukuba ukwazi njani le nto yabonakala kumaXesha Aphakathi.

History of kombono

In pre-abangabaxhasi bakaMarx iimfundiso ethical eyayize badla uthelekiswa Epicureanism kunye hedonism. Iingcambu zayo ubuyele kuluntu abangekaphuhli: iimeko eziphathekayo okufunwa ngumntu phezulu unyamezelo ngokwasemzimbeni, ukukwazi ukunyamezela ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu. Le njongo lwabonakala imfuno izithethe zonqulo ezizodwa.

Ngokomzekelo, ngoncedo lokwaluka rite wenza ukuhlaziywa bonke abafikisayo emadodeni. Lo mkhosi yayiquka kokuzila ukudla ixesha elide, zilahliwe, filing amazinyo kunye nezinye izinto, ibiya ikukukhuthaza abantu abatsha babecinga ngemfuneko yokutshintshela ubunzima nasekusweleni.

Imigaqo eyayize kuluntu iklasi fumene ulwalathiso ngohlobo olwahlukileyo. Lilinge lokuqala isiseko theoretical component inokulandwa kwiicawa mandulo, hayi kanye mandithi, kwiimfundiso zonqulo kaPythagoras yaye kamva ubuKristu. yayibonakala yokuvuma uyazidela nje eya kwimfezeko ephakamileyo yokuziphatha: ekulweni umgaqo bomntu eziphathekayo, uphuhliso ungumoya ( "sihlangane noThixo," "ezinkanukweni zenyama"). Ukubaluleka yokwenene yentlalo yalo mgaqo yaba ekusasazeni ingcamango imfuneko kukulahlwa epheleleyo nawuphi na umnqweno iingenelo, apho wendele yi kwiiklasi alawulayo. Ikhuthaza ingcamango angqongqo, nto leyo eye wenza i isixhobo wawo hlamusela inkqubo eklasini, ukusekwa iziseko zayo. Umzekelo, i-Institute of monasticism eliquka abefundisi angqongqo (izikhundla ekungatshatini, ukuzeyisa bazicente), ubungcwele halo abunjwe malunga kubo, waxhasa ingcamango yokuba izihlwele abasebenzi zokuzila.

ukuzila zonqulo yagxekwa ngenxa ideologists loohlohlesakhe revolution (zobuntu). Kodwa nokuvuselelwa iimfuno zabantu ngaphakathi sikhokelo urhulumente yamaphephandaba i self-ziphikisana. Emva kokuba isibhengezo kwamalungelo oluntu ukuya ukuzonwabisa, uluntu ngoko yongxowankulu zange ukunika amathuba okwenene oku, ngenxa yentlupheko, ukungalingani kwezentlalo, abanye.

Ukuba siqwalasele umba ukusuka ngembono-bulumko

Ukuzila ifilosofi - eli ukungahoywa ihlabathi yenyama, oko kwenzakalise kukukhanyela yayo ngenxa elizayo, ihlabathi ngokomoya. Ngendlela elula, ucebisa ukuba zinciphise kwezithandani inkanuko kunye iintlungu ngokuzithandela, iintlungu, limited.

Xa siqwalasela amatyala ngakumbi ezinkulu, kukho sele ukuzila kufuneka iyeke ipropati, usapho, njl, Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ophambili eliphezulu ngokomoya phezu izinto zezomzuzwana, ihlabathi olucokisekileyo yokwenene.

Ngokubanzi, kuba lineqela ngesizathu nangobunto, ekubeni isekelwe izinto ezikhoyo kwi imbono ezizinzululwazi ihlabathi ngokuphathelele kwisakhiwo amalungu yaso, ulwalamano kubomi babo. Nokuphakanyiswa kakhulu wehlabathi ofanelekileyo, eyinxenye ye undoqo kolu luvo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba imvume kakhulu omkhulu yeenqobo iphambili kweli hlabathi ngokwenene okhoyo.

Ukuzila: kuluntu collectivist kunye noluntu

Wenza njengomnye iimpawu zazo eziphambili. Kwimeko yokuqala, oku aphakathi kumazwe, indawo, kwakunye nabanye, ngoxa yesibini - ecaweni, i yileyo iqela lezopolitiko okanye ihlelo lonqulo, umkhosi, enye.

Njengenxalenye wolona collectivist ukuzila eyayibonwa wokuqala izixhobo ibalulekileyo zinika utshintsho ukusuka umyalelo zentlalo uluntu olungcono, sinokuthi, "Paradise eZulwini" okanye "kwiParadesi Emhlabeni".

amacandelo eyabekwa

Uphethe eziphathekayo kunye icala lokomoya. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukuba akahambisani okanye ukwalela impahla, usapho, okanye ubuncinane uphelelo elibukhali kakhulu indima yabo kwezentlalo, kwakunye ukwahlulwa iimfuno zabantu kwi iisoyi kunye zendalo kunye ayithobe kuqala.

ukuzila ngokomoya zibandakanya eli ligatya uninzi lweezidingo yokomoya ngokwasengqondweni okanye nokuphakanyiswa yentlupheko zokomoya, kwakunye umda inxaxheba kubomi bokomoya ngokwasengqondweni ngelo xesha, yaye ligatya amalungelo abo oluntu kunye nezopolitiko. Umda phakathi icandelo isalamane yokuqala neyesibini.

Le ukuzila ephakathi

Wayethetha umbingelelo zonke izinto zasemhlabeni ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu wasezulwini, ziqale ekubonakalisweni ezikhoyo ubomi emhlabeni, kwakunye nokunciphisa ekujoliswe komhlaba, neenkxalabo ubuncinane, ukunciphisa ukubaluleka inyama yabantu ebomini wonke umntu, wazibamba umboniso ubomi emhlabeni, noxa yayo yonke, nobutyebi zobugcisa.

Ngokutsho Augustine, atha- ubumnandi ukutya, iwayini, ivumba, izandi, imibala, iimilo, luyingozi kakhulu, kodwa hayi ngokubanzi, kodwa kuphela xa esiphelweni ngokwayo, kukho umthombo ezizimeleyo kwiziyolo zehlabathi. Isibakala sokuba umntu kudala izandla zakhe, njalo enhle, kodwa kuphela kangangoko sinawo isiphelo ilandelayo eNkosini ngobuhle efanelekileyo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ulwazi engento ekuhendweni kuyingozi kakhulu nangaphezu inkanuko yenyama. Ukuba amkhanuke isifundo zehlabathi ithathwa njenge "nenkanuko yamehlo 'ukwazi, ukubawa, ukuba" ukutshintsha impahla "kwi iingubo yolwazi kunye nenzululwazi. Mawube iyakuvunywa kuphela xa oku kwaba iinjongo zonqulo, kunye nokholo.

Le peculiarity eyayize Russian

In Russia yamandulo, waba yinxalenye zombini ukuhlonela yehlabathi kunye nobomi zonqulo uyazidela (nobungcwele, abadala, monasticism, ukuswela kuqonda). ukuzila Russian luphawulwa ngokuphuma, leyo yabonakaliswa kungekho mizekelo abukhali ngokwenyama nangokomoya, yehlabathi kunye nezenkolo, ekhokelela kukuyeka ehlabathini, ikhefu kunye nabo.

Ngokutsho V. V. Zenkovskogo, uya kungekhona nayiphi kukudelwa inyama, ukwaliwa ehlabathini nombono eliqaqambileyo inyaniso engathethekiyo wasezulwini, ubuhle, eyakuthi, elubengezelo yayo eyenza kucace inyaniso oxhaphakileyo ehlabathini, ngaloo ndlela ebiza ukuba ngokupheleleyo inkululeko ebukhobokeni yehlabathi. Isisekelo sayo into entle, hayi embi, oko kukuthi, kuphilwa - ithetha umendo ungcwaliso, kumila kumbi yehlabathi.

Umgaqo yayo siyifumana sisiseko wobuyatha yamandulo, izenzo yobungcwele. Khona ngexesha umfanekiso ongcwele, ngamanye amazwi, "umntu kaThixo", yaye wohlukile ngokuphathelele Western ubuKristu nakumthetho ngokomoya baseByzantium. Le peculiarity sohlobo Russian kuxhomekeke nzulu yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ngokunjalo ukuchaza sokuziphatha kwethu ubuKristu, kwi nangoko ukuphunyezwa, ezele zeziyalezo zamaKristu yokuziphatha kwaye, kakade, xa umanyano kweziphilayo Eyokuqiqa zokomoya nabantu inkonzo kunye nehlabathi. Le yokugqibela lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa yokuzincama uthando. Ilelona li- buchaza kugqalwa feat bokuzincama. Kuba uhlobo yethu ubungcwele nobuntu nayiphi ukuzila olukhulu okanye yobuqhawe umAram, isiko lamaKristu zaseYiputa okanye nobugqi sublime of the Catholic, ubungcwele Greek. Njengenxalenye yethu zamaKristu saint Russian ubonisa kusoloko ngokwayo ngothando esebenzayo kulo ihlabathi, ethanda ukwenjenjalo ngokuthobeka nokuthantamisa, nemfesane.

isiphelo

Eli nqaku sele waxelelwa, oko kukuthi ukwenjenjalo ngokuthobeka kwentliziyo, oko kukuthi ukusuka kwindawo umbono-bulumko, imigaqo yalo kunye neengcamango.