Incoko kaPlato "Feast": isishwankathelo. "Umthendeleko" Plato: Uhlalutyo

Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela incoko "emthendelekweni", wosondeza isishwankathelo yakhe. "Pir" uPlato libhekisela uhlobo symposion (incoko prandial). Nokuqala olu hlobo loncwadi kwi uncwadi Greece yamandulo phambi elide kokuzalwa sobulumko. Ebudeni kaTrojan, umzekelo, amaqhawe kaHomer kaThixo zatya inyama, asele kwaye "incoko efanayo", njengoko kuchaziwe kwi "Iliad." Kwaye "Odyssey" uhambo imisebenzi ophambili zimelwe ngoncedo ibali lakhe malunga nabo emthendelekweni Alcinous, ukumkani Phaeacians. Inkcazelo wetheko eyenziwe Xenophanes - yimbongi bulumko - in elegy yakhe, yaba incwadi.

Intsingiselo yegama kwe ncoko yababini

Iindwendwe emva kokudla enzima, wajika waya ityala. Kungenxa yoko le nto igama elithi "nxaxamelo lowu nge" lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela elithi "isidlo", eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "ukwabelana ndisele." NgesiGrike, igama uPlato "Symposium" Kwakhona iyalila "Le nxaxamelo lowu nge". Ukuncokola nongqondongqondo Hellenic ukuba indebe yewayini idla wabhenela kwizihloko kubuhle, inentsulungeko kwaye bulumko. I eponymous "Umthendeleko", kukho ingxoxo-bulumko, wadala noXenophon, owayephila edume Plato kunye nomhlobo wakhe.

Eyinhloko kanye umbono

Yintoni na ingcamango yombhali? Ukubhekabheka imveliso phambi kokuba bangenise isishwankathelo kwakhe. "Banquet" uPlato - incoko, owona mxholo uphambili kuyo - ukucamanga uthando nentsikelelo. Ngokutsho kwabanye ubungqina, kumaxesha amandulo yayinamandla isihlokwana "Le ntetho wothando", "On the Good" kunye nabanye. Asinakukwazi athi ngqo xa le piece yabhalwa. Kukholelwa ukuba kakhulu ukuba ukuthandana kwakhe - 379 BC. e.

bulumko kaPlato kudala ngaphambi kokusekwa yencoko ubeke phambili imfundiso izimvo. UPlato bekulula ukuchaza yintoni eyona izinto eziphathekayo. Kunzima kakhulu ngakumbi ukuqulunqa ingcamango umphefumlo womntu. Le ncwadi "Umthendeleko" (Plato), isishwankathelo apho abanomdla thina, nje zanikezelwa ekucaciseni lo mba. -Sobulumko ukholelwa ukuba ingcamango umphefumlo wabantu - nokufuna ngonaphakade inceba nobuhle, uthando azotywe kubo. Ekuphetheni kuhlahlelo yencoko uPlato "emthendelekweni", siphawula ukuba iquka intshayelelo emfutshane kunye nesiphelo, ngokunjalo amazwi amalungu asixhenxe yesidlo, encediswa nolubonise ingcinga ephambili.

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UPlato, kwintshayelelo ukuze ingxoxo yakhe uApollodorus ichaza intlanganiso Glaucon. UApollodorus Last wacela ukuthetha emthendelekweni, elo wabelithiyiwe kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo endlwini wembongi Agathon. Kule umthendeleko kwakukho intetho ngothando. UApollodorus uthi akazange wabandakanyeka kuyo, kodwa eliphosa iingxoxo okwenzeka apho, kunye namazwi Aristodemus, omnye nxaxheba.

UApollodorus Okulandelayo isixelela indlela Aristodemus ngengozi badibana uSocrates esitratweni. -Sobulumko waya isidlo kwi Agathon waza wagqiba ekubeni bameme naye. UPausanias, omnye kwabo babekho emthendelekweni, emva kokuqalisa-nxaxheba bacelwa ukuba benze intetho imbeko uthixo uthando Eros.

it Phaedra

Kwintetho yakhe, Phaedrus wathi Eros, ngokutsho yeziqinisekiso ye Parmenides kunye uHesiod - omdala woothixo. Akazi nokuba abazali. Makhe Eros amandla awunakufaniswa kunye nayiphi na enye. The lover akayi kubashiya isifundo yokuthatha nakwizibetho zabo, amanene owuthandayo ukuba enikelwe onothando.

it uPausanias

Uthethe yokuba akusoloko uthando nesakho sublime. Kungaba engeyoyamvelo. UPausanias uthi kukho Eros ezimbini, njengoko uthixokazi Aphrodite, abaninzi bayaqonda unina anababini. Yasezulwini Aphrodite - mdala kubo, ke intombi Uranus. Unyana omncinci (Aphrodite umcimbi) - intombi ka kuZeyus dione. Ngoko ke, kukho ezimbini Eros - yobukrwada wasezulwini - ezahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye.

uthando Noble wasezulwini - imvakalelo indoda ngobuchule kunye namabhinqa amahle kakhulu. Uthando olunjalo ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba nenkanuko bokungakhathali kwakungandonwabisi. It yimvakalelo entle yaye befanelekile. Lowo walifulela, yonke ivumelekile, kodwa kuphela engqondweni nasemoyeni, ngenxa imfezeko kunye nobulumko, abangayi kuba ngenxa yomzimba. Umntu onjalo wenza izenzo nokuzincama.

it Eriksimaha

Okulandelayo enye episode funny lichaza uPlato ( "itheko"). Umxholo emfutshane elandela yakhe. Vula ukuthetha emva uPausanias kwafuneka ukuba aye Aristophanes, bokwenza dumeke. Noko ke, enxila kunene yaye akazange ukumelana hiccups. ULizwi kudlule Eriksimahu ugqirha.

Kwintetho yakhe, wathi ukuba nje kuphela lo mntu Eros. Nguye kwaye yonke indalo. Into yokuba kukho ezimbini Eros, nokuba kuyimfuneko, ngokuba umongo ebomini kukugcina ingqiqo nobunye. Kunjalo enokuthethwa amayeza. Xa umsebenzi wakhe ugqirha kukubonelela eseleyo esempilweni kunye nabagulayo yaqala. Kunjalo ke ngomculo kunye nemvisiswano zawo kwesingqisho kunye nesandi. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo imozulu. amandla ezahlukeneyo zendalo (ukufuma kunye ukoma, ukubanda nobushushu) nokwenza kuphela kunyaka intabalala, xa "ukudibanisa" (kwisenzo uthando) ngamnye ezinye "ivumelane" yaye "ngobuchule." Nkqu nokuvumisa imibingelelo - izenzo union evumelanayo oothixo nabantu.

it Aristophanes

Okwa hiccup Aristophanes wavingcela, kwaye uthatha emgangathweni. Kwakhona uchaza intetho uPlato ( "itheko"). Isishwankathelo amagama comedy uza ngokubhala ukuba tinsimu abantu abaye belimiwe umhlaba kumaxesha amandulo, baba androgynous - bobabini abasetyhini kunye namadoda. Baye ke iingalo-4 kunye nemilenze, 2 Umntu, ababebajongela kumacala angafaniyo, zizibini ezi-2 iindlebe, njalo-njalo. D. Xa umntu ungxamile, wafudukela, ivili lothuli kwi imilenze 8.

Ekubeni androgynous babomelele kakhulu futhi engakuthandi Ndilicukuceze wakhe nguZeyus, owayalela Apollo ukugawula kubini 2 ngamnye kubo. isiqingatha Abasetyhini kunye namadoda babechithachithekile phezu komhlaba. Noko ke, inkumbulo unxibelelwano lwangaphambili kuye kwavula abantu abathanda ukuba babe nesimilo omnye komnye ukuze ukubuyisela nenzaliseko yalo yangaphambili.

Aristophanes yagqiba ukuba Eros - ngxenye umnqweno omnye komnye ukubuyisela isimo yoqobo kunye ingqibelelo yabo. Noko ke, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba bayamoyika oothixo, ngokungathi oothixo bayakwazi ukugawula ezimbi zabantu zibe ziingceba kakhulu.

Sichubeka kwintetho Agathon kwaye thaca isishwankathelo salo. "Umthendeleko" uPlato - ingxoxo leyo ethatha indawo kwikhaya lalo mntu othile.

it Agathon

Intetho kwi isidlo emva Aristophanes ibamba imbongi Agathon, umnini-ndlu. Ngenzondelelo enkondlo imncoma Eros mihlaba ilandelayo: nezimo umzimba, isisa, ulutsha obungunaphakade. Ngokwe Agathon, uthixo uthando Akawananzanga nawaphi na ugonyamelo ebangelwe uthando lwabo. Ukuziva luhlaza engqondweni nabani, ishiya ngonaphakade naye. Eros unikeza isibindi, ubulumko, okusesikweni, ubulumko, umntu. Agathon ukholelwa ukuba uthando - eyona ufanelwe iinkokeli. Ukuba bonke abantu emva kwakhe.

it uSocrates

Le ncwadi "Umthendeleko" (Plato), mhlawumbi umdla kakhulu intetho kaSocrates. Amazwi athethwa yi Agathon, wamqumbisa yokusabela eyomeleleyo abaphulaphuli. USocrates naye ke imncoma,, kangangokuba intetho yakhe ndifungeleni kwaye ovalelweyo, ayiphikisani yimbongi. Sobulumko ngalisayo ebona ukuba eulogy - esi sehlo umbandela yayo into inani elikhulu iimpawu ezigqwesileyo, ayicingi yokuba ingaba into okanye hayi. Sobulumko uthi ufuna ukuthetha into engeyiyo inyaniso Eros.

USocrates, kwintetho yakhe maieutics iiholide - indlela dialectical, ethandwa ngabo. Umbhali uchaza indlela, iingxoko kunye Agathon kunye ukubuza imibuzo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngobuchule, sobulumko ngokuthe enyanzela interlocutor ukunika phezulu oko wayethe nje.

USocrates uthi uthando - unomnqweno yomntu nantoni na. Kodwa alangazelela kunokwenzeka kuphela xa usehlelwa le mfuneko. Kuyimfuneko oko wena. Ekubeni Eros - uthando okulungileyo nobuhle, ngoko ke kulindeleke ukuba anqunyulwe okulungileyo nobuhle. Oku, nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba olu thixo okungcolileyo ngumsindo, ngokuba nomdla esingenakuphepheka lokuba okulungileyo. Kunoko, Eros izula phakathi kwezi zimo mabini. Akanayo ubomi, ngoko udla kuwo. Ukuba ke akathanga ilifa le ukugqibelela, mayingabi sakhululwa ngokuba noThixo. Ngaloo ubungqondi lothando - nto ndaweni ithile phakathi ofayo kunye awufi. Ukuhlala phakathi oothixo nabantu, Eros enebana ngemvelo yobuThixo koBuntu.

USocrates ngakumbi uxelela intsomi ngendlela wayezelwe ngalo uThixo. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha lokuzalwa egadini kaZeyus Aphrodite. Nokukhulelwa inxaxheba uthixo Poros (Ubutyebi), silale phezu umpe esinxilisayo; kunye Singing ihlwempu (ubuhlwempu). Eros, wazalwa kule uxhulumaniso, amahlwempu, bakrwada, amabi, ngathi unina. Noko ke, yena ungxamele bokuzala, eligqibeleleyo, ezintle, enkosi iimpawu kayise. Eros izimisele zonke iintlobo iimpawu ezintle, hayi nje ngenxa yobuhle; kodwa ukuba ubuqhawe nesibindi. Yena ufuna ubulumko, wayingcwalisa ke ubomi bakhe bulumko, ukuhlala phakathi phakathi yokungazi nobulumko. Ngapha koko, ukuba Eros wakwazi ukufunda eli yobomi, uza kuqalisa ukuba ulime, yaye ngaloo ndlela wayeka ukuba sizabalazela kuba, ngokutsho uSocrates.

sabaphathi inkanuko wachaza uqhubeka uPlato "Pir" incoko yababini. Intanda kaSocrates malunga uthando ikhula iba kwinkqubo yonke. It sibonisa ibonakalisa ndiziva ukwandisa iimpawu zazo zokomoya. Falling in love kuphela emzimbeni, siyakwazi ixesha elithile ingcamango ubuhle, nto leyo izisa ndawonye bonke umzimba ezintle ibe uphawu olunye egudileyo. Noko ke, kukho omnye ngcembe eqala ukuthanda ngaphezu umphefumlo, hayi umzimba. Ngoko ke umfanekiso yomphefumlo omhle. Isizathu (eliphezulu yinxalenye bethu) emva kwexesha ngenxa yale ukuwutyhalela kuthatha ukunxanelwa inzululwazi nobulumko. Ukususela iinzululwazi ngamnye umntu ngoko adlulele ingcamango Elihle, nto leyo umda Umnqweno bonke abantu.

it Alcibiades

Siyaqhubeka ukuchaza "umthendeleko" ingxoxo kaPlato, isishwankathelo yayo elinikiweyo ngokutsha. iintetho umbhali malunga nendlela esidlweni Alcibiades iyazigqabhuza Ngaphezu koko,. Yena anxile, kuba singqongwe isihlwele of emkhosini. Iindwendwe emthendelekweni nzima ukuchaza i_i_isiseko Alcibiades incoko. Yena luyamenywa ukuba ukuvakalisa uluvo yayo phezu Eros. Kodwa ke, ukufunda imixholo zentetho isithethi odlulileyo, wavuma ngokupheleleyo naye. Xa amazwi akhe akazamkeli uphuhliso ngakumbi umxholo uthando "Netheko" umsebenzi kaPlato. Ekubeni engaphethe lutho ukongeza malunga Eros, Alcibiades ugqiba ukuba enze intetho wokuwonga elaa sobulumko enkulu uSocrates.

Yena uthelekisa sobulumko ukhangela oqatha (namaqabane leivy) kunye Mars, nowayo ndimbi. Noko ke, Alcibiades uthi xa uyamphulaphula uSocrates, intliziyo yakhe ibetha ngamandla, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amehlo akhe ukuphalaza iinyembezi. Kukwanjalo kwenzeka a lot of abanye abantu. USocrates wenza intetho yakhe masiphile ubomi obutsha kwaye uphephe izenzo ukusondela kuye. Amazwi nguThixo bulumko ukufumana iimpendulo kuzo zonke imibuzo ebuzwa abo banomdla ukuphumeza yezikhulu liphezulu.

Nabala kunye nokuziphatha kaSocrates. Alcibiades inxaxheba naye kwiphulo lomkhosi, waza wawabetha le ubuqhawe lo bulumko nokunyamezela kwakhe okukhulu ngokomzimba. USocrates besebenza wasindisa ubomi bakhe, aze emva koko, vuma wala ibhaso kuyo. Lo mntu ndingenjengabanye abantu, yamandulo mihla.

UPlato, ukungeniswa umsebenzi wakhe kulo Alcibiades, isenza sikholelwe ukuba oko uSocrates ubungcwele iimpawu ze "abangenamakhaya", "kungekhona booted", "rough", "emabi", "amahlwempu", kodwa alohlukaniswa ekufuneni "iphelele "yaye" "leyo intle. Kule Ekupheleni yingxoxo yentanda dialogue "Feast" kaPlato, a ukubalisa emfutshane uhlalutyo isishwankathelo apho zichazwe kweli nqaku. Kuhleli kuphela ukuchaza isiphelo umsebenzi.

isiphelo

Emva kwentetho Alkivida lizisa umthamo omncinci isiphelo, apho sicinywa uPlato "Pir" incoko yababini. Isishwankathelo oko umdla kangako ngokwemiqathango bulumko. Isixelela ngendlela iindwendwe zihlaba ngcembe diverge. Oku iqukumbela sishwankathelo yethu ezichazwe. "Banquet" uPlato - umsebenzi apho namhlanje babuyelayo zobulumko ezininzi.