Idabi lwe Marathon. "Imbali" of nguHerodotus

Xa kufikwa Idabi Marathon, abaninzi ezithi qatha ilivo sesithunywa, ethwele eAthene iindaba ezimyoli uloyiso amaGrike oyise amaPersi, wabaleka 42,195 km, ukwazisa abemi nabo ngeendaba, wawa ufile. Kulo mba, kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho uqeqesho imidlalo - lokubaleka kwi 42 km, benjenjalo ukumemeza, olu gqatso emidala ngenxa kweMidlalo YeOlimpiki ngokubaluleka. Noko ke, idabi lwe Marathon yaziwa ukuba kweli dabi, umkhosi baseAthene yakwazi ukoyisa amanani azo umkhosi yamaPersi, amaGrike, ilahleko yaba bantu 192 nxamnye 6400 ababulawa kotshaba.

imithombo

Battle of Marathon igutyungelwe kwiNcwadi VI "Imbali" of nguHerodotus. Le yengundoqo i umthombo, osixelela ngeziganeko, ifikile phantsi ixesha. Ulwazi oluqulethwe mbali yamandulo yamaGrike, kudla wagxeka ngenxa babesondela kubhalwe imisebenzi yakhe mgaqo bokukhupha yonke into uxelela abantu, nokuba ukukholwa yonke le nto okanye hayi - ngomnye umbuzo ngokupheleleyo.

Uninzi amabali uHerodotus mhlawumbi kunganxulunyaniswa kumabali neenoveli. Ukongeza, waba umthombo iingxelo ezahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni akhawunti kuFacebook. Noko ke, namhlanje data mbali waqinisekisa zonke iintlobo izifundo. Ngokutsho likaHerodotus, umhla Idabi Marathon - Septemba 12 490 BC. e.

prehistory

Ngowe-VI BC Ngenkulungwane kukho uphuhliso esebenzayo uBukhosi basePersi, rhoqo ukuthatha phezu imimandla emitsha. Ekugqibeleni, xa ngasentshonalanga Achaemenid bukhosi wajongana impucuko ephuhliswe kakhulu zamaGrike abantu inkululeko-onothando kakhulu. Nangona abahlaseli basePersi ikwazile ukuba ndizinyathele izixeko ezininzi zamaGrike kunxweme olusentshona Asia Minor, amaGrike waqhubeka ukuxhathisa, yaye ngo-500 BC. e. kula mazwe walitshisa yemvukelo evulekileyo, eyaqala ngo eMileto. Idabi Marathon yaba episode iphawulekayo kokuyaphula.

Noko ke, kwiminyaka yokuqala kwimvukelo hayi Bazizisile kwanakumaGrike amiyo e- Asia Minor, impumelelo enkulu ekulweni zabahlaseli. Ngaphandle kokuba Eretria kunye eAthene anika inkxaso yomkhosi kubahlali eMileto, amaGrike azikhange zikwazi ukumanyanisa yonke imikhosi kunye nokubonelela ekwalile efanelekileyo namaPersi. Ngoko ke, ngo-496 BC. e. Achaemenid umbuso gqiba, Njengasengcaphukisweni, lo gama yaqala ukulwa zonke Hellas.

Isiqalo entsha yokulwa

Ngo-492 BC. e. iphulo yokuqala nxamnye amaGrike, ke umkhosi, lithwele amajoni phesheya kolwandle, oko yatshatyalaliswa phantse ngokupheleleyo yi sisaqhwithi. Le usebenze kanzima yaphazamiseka, waza ke kunyaka olandelayo, ukumkani wasePersi uDariyo wagqiba ukwenza ngokwahlukileyo - wathuma abathunywa eGrisi, apho egameni layo lufuna yokurhoxa yamaGrike. Abanye mizi bakhetha ukuba uyavumelana neemfuno lukaDariyo, kodwa aninjalo nonke. Abahlali baseAtene Sparta zisingathwa nje yoosaziwayo basePersi.

Ngo-490 BC. e. NamaPersi ukwenza iphulo elitsha ukuya Hellas, yaye eli xesha eqalisa ngakumbi ngempumelelo. imikhumbi yabo ngokukhuselekileyo ukuwela uLwandle lweAegean, kunye nomkhosi lawela Attica kumntla-mpuma - kufuphi nje kwidolophu encinane Marathon. Kwezi ndawo, yaye kwakukho Idabi Marathon, leyo waduma ehlabathini lonke.

Amalungiselelo ukulwa

Umkhosi Persian kwa- ngokulinganayo bamaxhoba ngeenyawo, owamahashe, inani lilonke - amadoda angamashumi amabini amawaka. Marathon neArabha ngokuphawulekayo ezilungele abo amaqhinga imfazwe. impi ubomvu kwaba kabini ngaphantsi, kodwa kude lee namaPersi ngengubo olova. Kwakugcwele hoplites, bambethe ilinen nezikrweqe, hip, nezigcina-ntloko sobhedu axhobe amakhaka amakhulu kunye kwenkcula elide. Kodwa impi Marathon afunyanwa yi amaGrike kuphela ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zabo ezilungileyo. Indima ebalulekileyo kwakhona udlalwa nge sicwangciso.

Miltiades, owayengomnye kweenjengele ezilishumi ngokwemveli wakhokela umkhosi yamaGrike, wayeqhelene Amaqhinga yamaPersi ukulwa. Wacela isicwangciso esebenzayo, kodwa yahlulelana isicwangciso, uluvo leyo. Abanye babo wagxininisa ukuba abantu wabuyela eAthene nokukhusela umzi, ngoxa abanye babefuna ukuhlangabezana utshaba apha entilini. Ekugqibeleni, Miltiades wakwazi ukulukuhla isininzi ukuya kwicala labo. Wathi ukuba idabi lwe Marathon sele iphumelele, oku kuya kongela ekutshatyalalisweni kwezinye izixeko zamaGrike.

Isiphumo edabini

YamaPersi babenethemba lokuba abatoli yabo wagubungela utshaba nesichotho iintolo kunye amahashe abe nako kuthintelwe amaGrike ukusuka nelisemihlubulweni uze ukudideka zaba ngamaqela zabo. Kodwa Miltiades Kujongwe ukuba ithuba esebenzisa eli qhinga namaPersi ndiphindise. Kodwa indlela "yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza", esetyenziswa yi umkhosi baseAthene, waba boyisa ukumangala. Ekusondeleni namaPersi mgama, badubula abatoli, amaGrike atyhoboza, angena ngokubaleka, banciphise umonakalo evela iintolo yotshaba. hoplites Hellenic kakhulu axhobileyo ngempumelelo kakhulu nako ukumelana zombini abatoli, kunye amahashe yamaPersi. Isiphumo yaba Battle of kokurhoxa abahambela bahlaseli, kwaye ledabi yalahleka inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomkhosi basePersi.

Enyanisweni, ngenxa yale ezilahlekileyo imfazwe wasePeshiya akazange abe nayiphi imiphumo abulawe, kuba Amandla Achaemenids waba kwincopho amandla kwaye imithombo emikhulu. Year of Battle of Marathon yaba sisiqalo ixesha elide lomzabalazo yamaGrike wenkululeko.