Intonga kunye noluntu

Intonga kanye nomphakathi

uluntu lwasekuqaleni kangangamawaka eminyaka yaba amaqela amancinane kakhulu. Community (group) kwi archanthropines isigaba kwixesha Neolithic ayidluli inani labantu-20 ukuya kwi-30. ulwazi, kunjalo, zikhona; ngokoqobo musa ukubonisa isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kula maqela kunye kubudlelwane babo. ethnologists kuphela, ngokugcina ubomi uluntu eyayingekaphuhli bamaxesha mihla, nakwigazi ukukhanya kulo mba ..
Intonga - enye enkulu yaqala kuluntu kwakudala. Nokuba kwinkulungwane XIX. i zesayensi ukuya indima le nto yokuqala kuphunza wamnika ingcaciso yenzululwazi uMnu L. Morgan. Ngokutsho definition yakhe, nto leyo kakhulu igcina ixabiso layo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uhlanga - iqela labantu eziphambili inzalo kuhlobo olunye (wokwenene okanye wasentsomini) kwelinye imigca emibini - amadoda (ukusuka uyise kubantwana) okanye intombazana (unina abantwana); . Uphawu sodidi - exogamy, oko kukuthi, lo mthetho ukuba batshate amalungu ngohlobo lwazo; onke amalungu sodidi banyanzelekile ukuba ukunceda omnye komnye yaye kunzima ukuba ukuziphindezelela ngokufa okanye ukwenzakala izalamane zabo, wabangela abantu abavela kwezinye kwisizukulwana; amalungu sodidi simanyene lenkolo, injongo ephambili unqulo apho rhoqo izenzo eyodwa; ukhokho kaninzi iba uphawu engcwele umanyano yezizwe (totem), igama lakhe amalungu bazibiza hlobo (-Iroquois amaNdiya - "Abantu okhozi", "abantu ihobe," njl ...). Enye yezona zinto zombutho wesizwe - ngokohlanga ngokupheleleyo ngeke siphile qela. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngokwesiko amantombazana exogamy kunye namakhwenkwe uhlobo ezemali ukutshata amalungu uhlobo esahlukileyo. Ukuba sodidi virilokalen (sibini satshata ababeke kwindawo umyeni team), ngoko iqela onjalo kufuneka ukuba bahlale abafazi amadoda avela kwezinye uhlobo, kunye noodade neentombi amadoda kwezinye amaqela. Xa uksorilokalen uhlanga (sibini satshata luhlala kwiqela umtshakazi leyo), ngomhla koko, lo mfana emva komtshato Ushiya iqela, apho rodilis.Vse ukuba likubona kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo mba lobomi nobu-, beliqela, t. E. Iqela labantu munye kuphela amaqhina zesizwe, kodwa ke indawo ohlala kuyo, kunye emtshatweni.
Uluntu ifuze iqela imveliso, ogama amalungu esebenza kunye nezinye iimveliso Ukuxelenga kwabo ngokusekelwe yomgaqo wolingano, nokuba baxhasa eliphi na yezizwe. Ngaphakathi emphakathini besive sodidi ibalulekileyo kunqulo (njengabaphambukeli kuyo kaninzi abavumelekanga), ngokulandelelana kumadoda amakhulu okanye isimo inkokeli. unxibelelwano Generic bangene ngaphaya eluntwini.
Besive sodidi maternally okufana lokuqala kwisigaba prehistory. Ngoko kwakucingwa de ngokwentelekiso kutshanje, yaye ezinxulumene indima ephezulu kweli xesha yamakhosikazi kuluntu ( "matriarchy" amandla unina) ulwazi .Etnologicheskie malunga abantu bakudala onke amazwekazi yoMhlaba ayikuxhasi oku, yaye zakudala, ngemvelo zabo, akakwazi ukunika ubungqina ngqo ukuchaneka okanye oshibochnosti.Otmechennye iimpawu zayo ngokobuhlanga kunye nohlobo indibanisela yawo noluntu kuphela ngemigaqo ngokubanzi efunyenwe into enkulu ethnological. Xa inzululwazi okunene ndiyazi ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zeentlobo woluntu-yezizwe organizatsii.Razlichiya phakathi kwezi ndidi maxesha ngamabanga: kukho abantu ababemi kwinqanaba siswini, apho ekuhlaleni, kuquka abantu abangekho ngaphezulu kwe-15, eziqhagamshelene ubudlelwane elula phakathi kweentsapho (consanguine community) ngaphandle ukuzikhetha nayiphi na omnye umgca lemvelaphi. Kudla abazingeli zamandulo kunye abavuni, bahlala kwiimeko ezinzima ehlathini lemvula (nambikvara Amazon, le tyhubhu besiqithi iSumatra, njalo-njalo. D.). Baxelela abantu, uluntu, nto leyo enye uhlobo (Papuans), lo gama kwizizwe advanced ngakumbi (amaNdiya of North .Ameriki, baseMelanesia) uluntu kusoloko amaqela ezininzi ezilinganayo generic (kuluntu owahlukeneyo).

Kwiindawo ezininzi wesiqithi of New Guinea, Papuans abantu, luphawulwa uluntu wesizwe, ogama amanani kunqabile ngaphezulu abantu 100. Xa emphakathini, ungasoloko ufumana iindidi ezintathu eziphambili abantu: 1) amadoda uhlobo * okumisele undoqo loluntu lokuphila ngokwahlukileyo evela kwabanye, ingakumbi endlwini lamadoda; 2) ngoonina kunye nabafazi, abahlala ooronta usapho kunye nabantwana babo; emele kwisizukulwana bafika ngokunxulumene kumtshato kwezinye iindawo; 3) oodade kunye neentombi madoda nabemi bokwexeshana, njengokuba kungekudala uya kunikwa kude emtshatweni kwaye ashiye zokuhlala. uluntu Male yenza imisebenzi yemisebenzi-enzulu kwamahlathi ngu gadi izityalo yetropika: sago, taro, itapile elithozamisayo. Amaqela ebumbene ukuba ukwazi wesizwe, lenkolo eqhelekileyo. Konke oku ngokuthelekisa kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini (kwezinye iindawo nokuthetha ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo).
Papuan zoluntu tribal, enyanisweni, uhlanga hlukanisa ulwimi yaso, amasiko nenkcubeko. Ngokufuthi igama abantu, uluntu bubonakala "thina nabantu ', nto leyo evakalisa inkolelo yokuba amaqela omelene efanayo, kuquka abafazi babo, aba bantu.