Battle of Maloyaroslavets 1812

Patriotic War of 1812 ngonyaka - oku yenye yezona kumaphepha amaninzi yobuqhawe imbali yethu, abantu Russian ngokupheleleyo aye abonisa ubuchule ukubethelela xa esengozini lwangaphandle. Kwaye nangona kucingwa ukuba isiganeko engundoqo kwedabi Borodino, oko imfazwe Maloyaroslavets 1812 kwanyanzeleka uNapoleon ukuba bashiye sisicwangciso ukoyisa amaphondo asemazantsi kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba siphumele endleleni ESmolensk. Ngenxa yoko, satshatyalaliswa umkhosi isiFrentshi, baza abendlu Russian wabakhulula eYurophu angena Paris.

prehistory

Phantse ngoko nangoko emva September 14, 1812 umkhosi uNapoleon zibaliwe Moscow, xa ngasemva wajika impi. Ingakumbi iiyunithi utshaba lenkathazo zinikelwe, ilawulwa yi Ivan Dorokhov, A. Seslavin, D. kunye A. Davydov Figner njengoko batshabalalisa iinqwelo kunye nezibonelelo kunye nokutya. Ngelo ilahleko ngexesha elinye ngenxa nokuhlasela luqalile kwi units Army French sixabana ufana kakhulu kunye nenani abonzakeleyo amadabi ezinkulu. Ngokukodwa, 11 Oktobha Dorokhova squad yakhulula Vereya, besaphula intloko yakhe nomkhosi i Westphalian webutho, kwaye luqalile baye bafumana isiseko elula ukuba bahlaselwe njengoko ukulungela ukusebenza kunye ESmolensk phezu ezindleleni. Ukungabikho kwezixhobo ezidla kuye kwathetha ukuba i-French waqala ukuphelelwa ukukwazi ukulwa kwaye nkqu yaphosa umpu ngenxa yokunqongophala amahashe. Ukuqwalasela zonke ezi zingasentla cwaka le tsar Russian ukuphendula isithembiso uxolo, uNapoleon wagqiba ukushiya eMoscow afudukele ESmolensk nge ukulungela ukusebenza.

Iintshukumo ngaphambi kokuba impi

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe kwedabi Maloyaroslavets, kufuneka ukuqonda indlela iqela jikelele yomkhosi yajika ecaleni kwidolophu encinane yaye ingathi yimimangaliso, apho ngelo xesha wayephila malunga 1.5 kuphela amawaka. Ngoko ke umkhosi UNapoleon kaThixo angqisha aphuma apho eyinkunzi zonakale Russian ngo-Oktobha 19 waza waya ecaleni kwendlela endala ukulungela ukusebenza. Noko ke, ngosuku olulandelayo, lo mlawuli wayalela ukuba kwidolophana Troitskaya endleleni entsha ukulungela ukusebenza waza wathumela phambili phantsi umyalelo vanguard ngayo indodana yakhe evgeniya Bogarne, ngubani wathimba kwilali Oktobha 21 Fominskoe. Emva koko utshaba kufuneka ibe ngendlela Maloyaroslavets ingxelo, Kutuzov wayalela Dokhturov asithe indlela eya ukulungela ukusebenza. Kwangaxeshanye, uNapoleon ngempazamo baqonda kushenxa eentloko ezaxhobela Russian ukulungiselela edabini waza wayalela Beauharnais bayeke ihamba phambili, ukubeka olu thumo ukwahlukana ngamanani encinane General Delzona.

Capture French Maloyaroslavets

Xa Delzon besondela kuwo umzi, usodolophu Bykov wayalela ukutshatyalaliswa ibhulorho phezu eludakeni. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele elihamba utshaba ukuba kuyiwe ngaphesheya ekwakhiweni umchankcatho owawuza uthabathe Maloyaroslavets, ngelo xesha kwakungekho namnye yokuzithethelela. Ngelo xesha linye * uKhesare yena kunye nemikhosi ephambili bamisa ukuba ebusuku Borovsk.

Battle of Maloyaroslavets umhla kunye nemisitho emikhulu

Njengoko usazi, ababhali-mbali abaninzi unomdla imibuzo of "nini" yaye "apho". Ngoko ke, imfazwe Maloyaroslavets ka-1812, nto leyo ke umhla - Oktobha 24, yaqala ngo 5:00 kusasa xa Dokhturov wathumela rangers ukuba ukuhlasela Colonel A. Bistrom. Amawaka lamajoni eli webutho, yakwazi kkuba French kwi ngaphandle komzi, kodwa kwiiyure 11 yosuku ukunceda abavikeli kwafika iishelufu Beauharnais, yaye kamva uNapoleon yena kunye nemikhosi eziphambili. Sifumene ukusekelwa kunye Russian, ngoko emva kwemini ekulweni sele inxaxheba ngabantu 9000 ukusuka kwicala ngalinye. Emva kweeyure ezimbalwa, kodwa dabi kuphela ukuba kudlula, kodwa wakhulela endlongondlongo njengoko imikhosi zokuhlangula i ungxamile yonke komele ezintsha.

Ngentsimbi yesine idabi Maloyaroslavets wangena sikwinqanaba obungahexiyo. Isibakala sokuba Kutuzov wakwazi ukuba athathe isikhundla kakuhle phezu eziphakamileyo, ibekwe 1-3 km emzantsi zedolophu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukulawula indlela eya ukulungela ukusebenza. Kulo mlo umzi evuthayo waze 10 emva kwemini.

Events October 25-26

Ngentsasa elandelayo, endaweni Maloyaroslavets yaba uthuthu, kwaye omabini la macala kwakhona lilungele idabi. Noko ke, Field Marshal M. I. Kutuzov ngesiquphe wayalela ukuba abhenele kwizikhundla kuphekelwe ngokuhlwa, ebiza izenzo zabo bengalindelwanga yotshaba. Esi kushenxa sakhatshwa ngentshukumo ofihlakeleyo regiments ezininzi Platov, abo bayiwelayo kwamanye izadunge icala, ayifikela isiFrentshi. Kwaye uNapoleon yena wasinda bamba kwanyanzeleka ukuba abize kwibhunga Gorodnya, apho single-handedly wagqiba ukuba "bacinge kuphela losindiso umkhosi." Ngenxa yoko, imfazwe Maloyaroslavets ka-1812, umhla release apho - Oktobha 26, laphela kokurhoxa yomkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo Mozhaysk, ukuba akazange athembise nantoni na elungileyo.

iziphumo

Xa iingxelo iinkokeli French emkhosini, ngubani zahlukahlukene, umkhosi uNapoleon elilahlekileyo ukususela 3500 ukuya kubantu 6000. Ngokutsho kwicala Russian, babulawa yaye ababuleweyo ngamagosa kunye namadoda 6.700. Kwaye akukho namnye kwazithathela ingqalelo iilahleko phakathi militiamen, ngubani mhlawumbi nabo baba baninzi. Nangona onke amaxhoba, imfazwe Maloyaroslavets ngexesha leMfazwe ka-1812 lwaye wonke umntu ngabo mbali uloyiso enkulu qhinga Kutuzov. Yona i-French, oko walibala kuphela kokumka kwabo, ndayihluthwa umkhosi ngethemba uNapoleon yokugqibela ukuphinda kumadabi ngo-1813.

iinjengele Russian, badlale indima ebonakalayo edabini kuba bridgehead phezu izadunge zebhanki

Ukuthetha ngayo nayiphi na iimfazwe, yaye ngakumbi ke, njengoko impi Maloyaroslavets ngexesha leMfazwe ka-1812 (yenzeka kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kokurhoxa kukaNapoleon ukusuka eMoscow), akunakwenzeka ukuba ungathi amagama ambalwa malunga ngqwayi abathabatha inxaxheba kuyo. Ngoko, kwi edabini kuba Luga bridgehead wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu:

• UMikhail Kutuzov. Kwanangaphambi Field Marshal ekuqaleni emfazweni wabonisa umbono ezizodwa kunye Yaduma Tarutino kushenxa, kwanyanzeleka uNapoleon ukudlala yimithetho Russian. Inyathelo elilandelayo Kutuzov kukhokelele kokurhoxa isiFrentshi, yaba indawo kuthatyathwa kwindlela eya ukulungela ukusebenza, apho utshaba nako ukuthatha ngenxa yokusilela kwamabutho olomeleleyo zokudubula.
• M. Platov kunye D. Dokhturov. Phakathi iinjengele, ngenxa apho idabi Maloyaroslavets (1812) waye ekuqaleni kwesiphelo yomkhosi uNapoleon Enkulu, wathi ingakumbi ezi iinjengele ezimbini - Ukugqwesa kubo ngokwenene gqitha. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko siyazi, kwimbali indima enkulu edlalwa ngengozi, kwathi ngosuku olungaphambi eli dabi. Emva kwedabi Maloyaroslavets 1812 (umhla: Oktobha 24) athe ecwangcisiweyo, kwaye ukuba French akazange ukwamkela Dokhturov umzimba intshukumo lokulungiselela umlo brilliant and wayeka ezishukumayo Beauharnais, akucaci ukuba kwenzekile. Kwelinye icala, xa kwimeko ngolwalathiso Platov yaba ngakwicala uNapoleon, apho Cossacks ayikwazanga kwikhompyutha. Kodwa lemfazwe abe sele-Oktobha 25, 1812!
• A. Seslavin. Hayi indima yokugqibela kweli dabi Maloyaroslavets (umhla - 1812, Oktobha 24) ukuba saba nemiphumo emihle amajoni Russian kolo luqalile. Nangakumbi, lo wona libutho uLieutenant General Seslavin. Inyaniso yeyokuba xa Scouts bakhe abazange babone intshukumo umkhosi French, umzimba Dokhturov, elungiselela ukuhlasela ilali Fominskoe uza koyiswa phambi kokuqala edabini.

iinjengele French abaye bazibalula kweli dabi Maloyaroslavets

Iinjengele zika-kukaNapoleon kule mpi zizakubalulwa:

• Evgeniy Bogarne. Loo Viceroy of Italy wathabatha Fominskoe, balungiselela amajoni bamba Maloyaroslavets uyise owamkhulisayo, waza yena kunye elihamba wakhe 4 kwakhona bangena-kuwo umzi, emva kokuba ekhululwe rangers Bistrom.
• Alexis Delzon. Delzonu jikelele ilungelo lokubamba isixeko owaqalisa idabi Maloyaroslavets kuyo. Ukongeza, yena siqu omnye ukuhlaselwa waza wabulawa empini, njengoko esifanele ijoni onesibindi.

heroes yaziwa kancinane edabini

Kuba izenzo ezenziwa kwidabi ngenxa Maloyaroslavets, ufumene iimbasa ezininzi ezilikhulu ezintlwini. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amajoni amaninzi 19 Jaeger webutho, apho waya kuhlasela Archpriest Vladimir Vasilkovsky. Le umfundisi laziwa ngokuba lo mfundisi yokuqala Russian, wawongwa Order of St. George ngezinga yesine. A indima enkulu kweli dabi Maloyaroslavets ngo-1812 uphele wakhetha yomkhosi Kutuzov kaThixo, wadlala kunye S. Belyaev, ngelo xesha ubeyintloko isebe lenkundla yasekuhlaleni. Xa French wafuna ukuba ubukelwe umchankcatho owawuza, lo mfana wathabatha wasahlula unina, yaye amanzi indulumbane bahlaseli avalelwe.

Chernoostrozhsky Nicholas Monastery - ubungqina cwaka ukuze kwimbali

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, omnye kuphela wasinda, "ingqina" ekulweni uNapoleon, esenzeka ngasechwebeni eludakeni lomlambo. Inyaniso kukuba ukususela ekupheleni sigodlo ngenkulungwane ye-16 e-Maloyaroslavets, ngo-1812 ukuba embindini ngamajoni. Emva kokuba imfazwe adumileyo baloo dolophu waphawula ukuba amasango aluhlaza woonongendi kunye nomfanekiso koMsindisi ifihle ngokupheleleyo kunye nentwana le iimbumbulu kunye eziyingozi, kodwa ubuso uKristu yonakele okanye imbumbulu enye. It edunyiswa ummangaliso, yaye ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas I ngokuyalelwa mlawuli esangweni kwakukho umbhalo "ulcer kukhunjulwa kwemfazwe French." Ngelishwa, le ipleyiti ayifumaneki, kodwa namhlanje kwiSango Blue, uyakwazi singaziboni iimbumbulu ukuba washiya restorers memory inzala.

Zodumo imbeko amaqhawe kwedabi Maloyaroslavets, eyasekwa kwinkulungwane ye-19

Phantse nangoko emva yeSibini yeHlabathi War kunye kukaNapoleon nabantu Russian baqala ukumisela zezikhumbuzo, ezibe ukuya phambili imemori ye yokuba iingangamsha zibhuqiwe. Bekungekho ngaphandle kunye nedabi Maloyaroslavets, ngokufutshane ndixelele apho kunzima kakhulu.

I lesikhumbuzo yokuqala imbeko amaqhawe eli dabi yaba yecawa iSt Nicholas Church, eyakhelwe iminikelo baseRashiya, wazingcwalisa ngo-1843. Ukongeza, engama-30 sezidube woloyiso umkhosi Russian kulo imfazwe Napoleonom uNikolay ndathi ukuseka lesikhumbuzo emhlabeni zonke iimfazwe edumileyo, kuquka e Maloyaroslavets. Le lesikhumbuzo waphoswa phezu uyilo wezakhiwo A. Adamini kwaye ebeka ebaleni dolophu lwagqitywa ngo Oktobha 1844. Ngelishwa, le lesikhumbuzo iye makangehli aye kuthi ga namhlanje, ekubeni yayiyimini yatshatyalaliswa imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

Ezikhumbuzo amaqhawe edabini, wazibeka 20-21 kwiinkulungwane th

Ngowe-1950 kwagqitywa kwelokuba zahlule park lesixeko xa kukhunjulwa amaxhoba kweMfazwe Patriotic nxamnye uNapoleon. Lakhe bazibiza phakathi ezimbini amangcwaba ubunzima, apho amajoni bangcwatyelwa, Bulelani apho idabi Maloyaroslavets ngexesha leMfazwe ka-1812 yaba zaguquka ingongoma ebalulekileyo. Nokuba ngaphambili, imbeko unyaka we-100 kwesi siganeko, ngaphezu ezimbini abaluqilima litye lesikhumbuzo iye yafakwa.

Eyokuqala kwezi liphume phezu kwentaba. Embindini ekwakhiweni, eyenzelwe phambili imemori abo waphumelela kwedabi Maloyaroslavets, kumi useko kunye engxondorheni apho emnqamlezweni imvelaphi inyuselwa khona. amajoni ayo unyawo ngokubekwa enesidanga Polotsk webutho, kwaye kwisiza phambi kokuba lesikhumbuzo kunokubonwa umpu imodeli 3 intsimi 1812 kunye nuclei iphiramidi.

Njengokuba Ngokubhekisele wesibini lesikhumbuzo, ukuba ibekwe yembutho enye na iliwa kunye umnqamlezo phezu leyo ibonisa unyaka (idabi Maloyaroslavets kwenzeka ngo-1812) yaye yasekwa ukuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo kunye nombhalo: "ookhokho abantliziyo iyimbalasane, Fifth lweSizwe".

Ukongeza, emaphethelweni kukho enye emangcwabeni kunye obelisk obulula, naye owenziwa 1812.

Ukukhunjulwa iziganeko ezenzeka kwi Maloyaroslavets kunye neminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo, ezalelwa kwindawo ezingqongileyo, ukuba iziqu namhlanje. Ngokukodwa, Oktobha 5, 2014 kweso sixeko ukumisela ilitye lesikhumbuzo Archpriest B. Vasylkivska, ibhalwe igcisa Shcherbakov.

Reconstruction kwemfazwe Maloyaroslavets, 2014

Khumbula sezakhiwo iingalo nomkhulu - yinto isiko elungileyo. Xa ngokwesakhelo eminyaka eziliqela ehlabathini lonke olwenziwe kuvuselelwa amadabi ezahlukeneyo. Kwilizwe lethu, isiganeko yokuqala eso ezaziqhutyelwe ekupheleni 80s, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ukuba sizinikele emfazweni odumileyo ababini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kulo nyaka, kuvuselelwa edabini ka Maloyaroslavets (2014) ebibanjwe ngo-Oktobha 26, kwaye kananjalo iziqephu zokulwa, ukusungulwa ngokweenkcukacha enkulu, abaphulaphuli naye wabona yayiqandusela enemibala, oomasifundisane kwimveliso iimbumbulu, wathabatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo.

amadabi amaninzi zemfazwe ka-1812 ngonaphakade iincwadi zezifundo zobugcisa emkhosini. Nangona, njengoko imbongi yathi, yonke iRussia ukhumbula imini Borodino, Maloyaroslavets imfazwe nawo kufanele ukuba inzala akazange asilibale amaqhawe ayo.