Izixeko zamaGrike amandulo mihla

izixeko zamandulo zamaGrike kwavela ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Zazakhiwe ngabameli yimpucuko yamandulo, eyayize kude ngaphaya kwemida namhlanje Greece. Apho baba imida yayo? kwakhiwa apho esixekweni, nendlela zatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha?

impucuko yamandulo

Okwangoku, i-Republic of Greece lilizwe eYurophu, ibekwe emazantsi kwi Balkan Peninsula kunye iziqithi ezikufutshane. Kokuhlanjwa yi iilwandle ezintlanu kwaye ligubungela ummandla ezikwere zeekhilomitha 131.957.

ilizwe elincinane yaseYurophu iinkcubeko ezihlangwini eziphembelele nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi nobugcisa impucuko yaseNtshona. Kwimbali yalo yophuhliso kubabela la maxesha:

• Zohlobo (III-I amawaka BC ...);
• KaHomer (. XI -IX BC ..);
• lwakudala (. VIII-VI BC ..);
• zakudala (BC ngenkulungwane V-IV ...);
• Hellenic (yesibini isiqingatha IV - phakathi I BC ...).

Hi ndlela leyi, Greece yamandulo akazange urhulumente yomanyano kunye nemiqathango engqongqo kunye ingqukuva. A imele kwizixeko eziliqela ezizimeleyo walwa kwaye zikhuphisane omnye nomnye. Uninzi impumelelo ezaziwayo lenkcubeko yalo impucuko uye wenziwa ngexesha le ngexesha layo - ixesha zoqobo, xa nkqubo weAegean wayakha umfelandawonye ekhokelwa yi eAthene.

Isixeko lokuqala Greek

kwiminyaka engamawaka amathathu eyadlulayo kwisiqithi saseKrete eyayikho labantu pre-Greek kunye nenkcubeko ephuhliswe kakhulu. Baba zamahlelo enkolo, ukuze entsonkothileyo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, Imizobo oseludongeni, kunye nencwadi. Konke oku kuya kwabela izizwe yokuqala yamaGrike - i Achaeans, akuba wabathoba yaye yayingeyonxalenye i Minoans.

Okokuqala bahlula Balkan Peninsula kunye nezizwe yendawo yezolimo. Uphelekwe abantu pre-Greek eKrete, i Achaeans sibangele ukuba impucuko zohlobo. Apha iqala ukuyilwa uhlanga zamaGrike.

Xa BC kwewaka wesibini Mycenaeans imizi yabo (Mycenae, Athens, Tiryns, Orchomenus). Njengoko kunye Minoans, amaziko zabo iinqaba obutofotofo. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo isixeko inkcubeko uxolo yangaphambili Mycenaeans embi ziindonga zamafu. Ngaphakathi kwabo, bakholisa ukuba eludongeni ngaphezulu olungqonge ebhotwe kunye Acropolis.

izizwe zobukrwada Ngequbuliso wabonakala waphumelela kukutshabalalisa impucuko zohlobo. Kwakukho basekuhlaleni ezimbalwa kuphela (Ionians, Aeolians). Ukuhlaselwa nakumaBharbhari, i Dorians nezizwe ezinxulumene Elahliwe uphuhliso inkcubeko kangangamakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo.

Wood kunye nodaka izindlu indawo yangaphambili iingxande enemigangatho emibini, akukho ubudlelwane zorhwebo. Oku iyazingenela imfazwe, SANDF nobukhoboka. Ukongeza, uluntu inxaxheba kwezolimo kunye nezilwanyana abantwana, nemizi zamaGrike kufana kwiilali.

ikoloni Great

Kweli xesha akudala sisesisizwe esahluleleneyo kwiiklasi. Ukwandisa izinga kwezolimo, imisebenzi yobugcisa, kunye namandla emkhosini. Kwesixeko neziko elibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho, ezenkolo kunye nezopolitiko. I VIII-VI cc. BC. e. asakhasayo imikhumbi, kwaye nayo - iimveliso zorhwebo kunye namakhoboka.

Ingumasipala ziqala ukuthumela bezithanga ukuphuhlisa umhlaba omtsha. Kunxweme Northern loLwandle Black, i-lweMeditera Asia Minor abavelayo onqatyisiweyo umzi-karhulumente, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo. Ngaloo ndlela kuvela Milet, isigcino, Olviya (Ionians), eSmirna (Aeolians) Galikarnas, Hersonissos (dorijtsy). impucuko Greek asuka mihla Rostov-na-Donu ukuya ku Marseille.

Amazwe oluya jikelele ngoxolo. umntu Special oykist, khetha indawo yomhlaba, oko thethana kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni, eqhuba izithethe nyulu kunye nezicwangciso ukubeka ityala.

Imigaqo-ngokuqhelekileyo akhiwe kunxweme, kufutshane imithombo yamanzi okusela. Enye indlela eziphambili ezibangela ukukhetha indawo xibilili. Kwafuneka ukuba lungakhuseleki, kungakuhle ukuba niyinikele induli ukulungiselela Acropolis.

Ubomi kule nkqubo

Ngomhla bayahlelwa bezithanga ngokufuthi ubhalisiwe abasebenzi zesiqhelo, aneliseke lendawo begazi-oozwilakhe. Xa amathanga, ifuthe izithethe zesizwe bengengabo uvalo kakhulu, elikuvumela ukuba ukwandisa kuphela uqoqosho kodwa inkcubeko. imigaqo Kungekudala kakhulu ukuba urhulumente echumayo intaphane yobugcisa, izakhiwo kanye nobomi esebenzayo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.

isixeko lohlobo ZesiGrike ubumiwe kubantu-5 ukuya kwali-10 amawaka. Umda wabo igubungela 200 square metres. km. imigaqo emikhulu eyayinabemi ukuya ku amabini anamanci amawaka (Sparta Praha, Sparta). Viticulture, imveliso namafutha omnquma, isitiya sisiseko koqoqosho kunye neemarike ngokusebenzisa unaniselwano okanye ukuthengisa. Abemi kwa- kwamafama kunye neengcibi.

Policy republic lwentando yesininzi. Xa intliziyo uluntu yaba nakwimibutho yasekuhlaleni. Wonke umhlaba njengesiqinisekiso yezibophelelo alo mgaqo-nkqubo. Ngenxa ukulahleka komhlaba, yena umnakekeli kunye namalungelo oluntu. Abemi ezipheleleyo (amadoda oyindoda), abathatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko, kwaba ukuya amawaka amabini. Ezinye abahlali (abasemzini, amakhoboka, abafazi, nabantwana) bangavoti.

imigaqo-nkqubo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuqala engazange abe isakhiwo ecacileyo kunye nobeko. izixeko zamandulo isiGrike zakhiwa ngokuma. Kunxweme, wadala nezibuko. Imigaqo-ngokufuthi waba "inkqubo yolawulo entlu-mbini." Isendaweni phezu Acropolis entabeni (idolophu phezulu) engqongwe ngeendonga zamafu.

Ngo Acropolis kwakukho iitempile ezingundoqo ezikhumbuzo. Kule dolophu asezantsi wabeka izindlu zokuhlala kunye square yentengiso - yemarike. Yena waba iziko lobomi kwezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo. It kwaku kwenkundla, kunye neBhunga intlanganiso Labantu, yenza iintengiselwano kunye nezigqibo isixeko kwamkelwa.

Kweli xesha lakudala-nkqubo iba isicwangciso ngendlela eyenzelwe Hippodamus. iindawo zokuhlala kunye nezitalato benza Igridi iiseli ezibuxande okanye isikwere. Agora nendlu afumaneka ngokungqongqo ngaphakathi kwi seli. Zonke izinto ngokwamaqela malunga izitalato ezininzi eziphambili ezibanzi. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, esi sicwangciso wathabatha njengesiseko bezakhiwo New York kunye neminye imizi.

Amagama imizi Greek

Imida yommandla Greece yamandulo abachatshazelwa ezininzi kumazwe yangoku eBulgaria, Ukraine, Italy kunye nabanye. koloni ochumayo elide esezingamabobosi, kunye namagama awo, ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko nezentlalo, zitshintshile.

amagama zangaphambili igcinwe isixeko Greek mihla. De kube ngoku, apho eAthene, eKorinte, Thessaloniki, Halkida ehlabathini. Kwamanye amazwe, kodwa kuphela iguqulwe kancinane amagama, loo ndawo Akragant e-Italy yaba Agrigento kunye Gela - Gela. E Northern oLwandle Omnyama amagama mihla kwizixeko zamaGrike ziye kakhulu angaqondakali.

Zidweliswe apha ngezantsi kwisixeko samandulo yesiGrike kuLwandle Black, ezithe zatshintsha ngamagama abo. Kwindawo yegama - amagama abo ngoku kunye neendawo:

• Panticapaeum (Kerch, eCrimea);
• Kerkinitida (Yevpatoriya, eCrimea);
• Dioskuria (Sukhumi, Abhaziya);
• Hersonissos (kufuphi Sevastopol, eCrimea);
• Olbia (kufuphi Ochakov, ummandla Nikolaev, Ukraine);
• Kafa (Feodosia, eCrimea).

emzini Greece namhlanje

Namhlanje eGrisi, kukho imizi 65. Abaninzi kubo Kwasekwa ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Yintoni likhulu izixeko mihla eAtene, Thessaloniki ne Patra?

Athene - elikomkhulu eGrisi, iziko yayo ephambili kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko. Esi sesinye sezixeko zindala eYurophu, ukukhankanywa yokuqala yaba emva BC ngenkulungwane XVI. Modern Athens eyaziwa zesikhumbuzo bamandulo nje kuphela, kodwa nangenxa yasebusuku yayo-kumgangatho wehlabathi, kunye kudederhu ezinkulu shopping. Namhlanje, le sixeko nto ilikhaya kubantu abamalunga ne-4 million.

Thessaloniki - isixeko yesibini kunezizwana kweli lizwe. Kubalulekile kwakhona sixeko sidala apho ubani angabona zesikhumbuzo amaninzi lamathuba amandulo baseByzantium. Ayaziwa Thessaloniki kunye ishishini abaninzi: yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, elukiweyo, ukulungisa nqanawa. Kwaye apha isebenza wesibini ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso utshwala eGrisi.

Patras - isixeko ephambili iPeloponnese elinabemi abemi malunga 230 lamawaka. Yayisekelwe kwi BC ngenkulungwane yesithandathu. Kwaba apha ukuba wafa njengomfeli-nkolo, Andrey Pervozvanny, omnye wabapostile abalishumi bakaKristu. Modern Patras - iziko yenkcubeko ebalulekileyo Southern Europe. Wonke entwasahlobo, ziyabanjwa kwi odumileyo Patras Carnival.