Vlad III the Impaler: biography, izibakala umdla namabali

Inani le vampire idumileyo ehlabathini kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela ifumene umaleko yeentsomi ezahlukeneyo, unenyaniso yaye hayi kakuhle kakhulu, yaye umsebenzi wethu namhlanje - ukuqonda imbonakalo obufihlakeleyo limfiliba i-Prince. Yena esidityaniswe wayelwela ubulungisa iqhawe lesizwe, lowo ungazani inceba umlawuli ukhohlakele kwaye liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, kunye nomfanekiso ezaziwayo-kakuhle ukusuka iincwadi kunye neebhanyabhanya iyazigatya ngqondweni zigutyungelwe neminqweno bloodsucker kaHomer. Abaninzi ababelandela amalungisleelo ezithandwayo, igazi ebandayo ukusuka eyoyikekayo emoyeni, kwaye umxholo vampire, swa koteka ku umkhusane imfihlelo kunye romance, uye waba ngomnye eyona nto ibalulekileyo ifilim noncwadi.

Ukuzalwa bakazwilakhe nombulali

Ngoko ke ibali Vlada Drakuly yaqala kuka 1431 e yayo, xa zobugorha Voivod Basarab Omkhulu walwa adumileyo kunye Turks, wazala unyana. Ndimele ndithi ukuba umntwana intle, yaye kwaba kunye ukubonakala kwakhe nokungafunekiyo, abanye ababhali-mbali ukunxulumanisa inkohlakalo yezifo. Thina amandla engakholelekiyo omzimba wenkwenkwe kunye umlebe ephantsi phuhlu amehlo ezibandayo ewayo bafumana iimpawu ezizodwa: kwakucingwa ukuba abone ngabantu.

Young Dracula, womfundisi izele mabali mabi abanjalo, emva koko baze bathi ingqongwe, waye ingqalelo a lot of iingcamango wasemzini umntu ingafanelekanga. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, utata wafundisa vlad oselula ukusetyenziswa iingalo, udaba lwakhe njenge trooper ngokoqobo waduma kwilizwe liphela. Yena wadada kakuhle, kuba ngaloo mihla bekungekho ibhulorho, kwaye kusoloko kwafuneka ukoyisa swimming amanzi.

Order of the Dragon

Vlad II Dracul, owafuza ophambili umyalelo zokulwa of the Dragon kunye imiyalelo engqongqo emkhosini-emishini, wanxiba phezu medallion yakhe esifubeni, njengabanye amalungu ayo, njengophawu ubandakanyeka kuluntu. Kodwa wagqiba ekubeni ayeke. Ngokuzithoba zaso iindonga onke amabandla naphezu zemali ehlabathini lizwe, kukho imifanekiso werhamncwa lomlilo-ukuphefumla ngentsomi. Igama lesiqhulo Dracul amaRoma akaqondi ubuKristu Prince wafumana umyalelo. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa lithetha isiRomania "dragon".

onakalisa

Umlawuli Wallachia - ilizwe elincinane emi phakathi Ottoman kunye yayo - wayesoloko ekulungele ukuba ukuhlasela baseTurkey, kodwa ndazama ukwenza imibono kunye wenkolo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ugcine ubume karhulumente zeli lizwe, uyise ka-vlad uhlawule irhafu omkhulu iinkuni kunye nesilivere. Ke kwakukho yonke imisebenzi abathetheli - oonyana nabafo ithunyelwe Turks, yaye xa neziphithiphithi ngokuchasene ukongamela boyisa, abantwana elinde ukuba uza kufa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba vlad II Dracul wathumela oonyana ababini ukuya Sultan, apho iminyaka engaphezu kwama-4, baye ubotshwe ngokuzithandela, ethetha karhulumente encinane ibheyile uxolo ezibuthathaka, ezifuneka kakhulu.

Bathi into yokuba elide kude usapho kunye nokubulawa eyoyikekayo, bungqinelwa nguwo enguzwilakhe elizayo ngubani wamiselwa intlawulo yokuzicamagushela yamanyala ekhethekileyo ngokweemvakalelo, kubonakala phezu psyche esele zuka. Ukuhlala kwinkundla sultan ngayo, inkwenkwe wabona inkohlakalo nxamnye bonke abantu abaphikisa stroptiv namandla.

Kwaba ekuthinjweni, vlad III Impaler ifumana ngaphandle malunga lokubulala uyise wakhe kunye nomntakwabo omdala, ngoko ke ufumana inkululeko kunye etroneni, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa yokubaleka e Moldova, esoyikela ubomi babo.

Unya, behamba ukusuka ebuntwaneni

Imibhalo Historical eyaziwa siganeko xa imvukelo wakhuliswa ulawulo mnye, kwaye ekuziphindezeleni kule inzala yomphathi, zaye ukuba ngubani zabanjwa bathinjwa, tameke. Kuba iimveliso ukuxhwila Turks uhlatyiwe, nangenxa isiphoso kancane abethelelwe. Young vlad, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ziphantsi kwesoyikiso ubundlobongela ukuba balahle ubuKristu, iminyaka 4 ukubukela emehlweni olungaka. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba umlambo imihla igazi abachaphazelekayo psyche ethe zomfana. Bakholelwa ukuba ubomi ekuthinjweni waza ngaloo ndlela umfutho, ukuququzelela ukuvela inkohlakalo zezilwanyana bonke olweyeliselayo.

igama vlad

Uzalelwe indlu, igama apho kamva yaziwa ngokuba Bessarabia (Romania endala), vlad Tepes eyafakwa amaxwebhu njengo Basarab.

Kwaye yiloo apho wafumana isiteketiso Dracula - izimvo ezahlukeneyo. iinguqulelo 2 baziwa, echaza indlela unyana ka umlawuli got igama. Eyokuqala ithi ukuba indlalifa oselula wabizwa ngendlela efanayo njengoko uyise, kodwa ilifa isiteketiso waqalisa ukongeza unobumba "a" ekupheleni.

Inguqulelo yesibini ithi igama elithi "Dracula" liguqulelwe kungekuphela nje "inamba", kodwa "umtyholi." Ke kaloku kwathi kakuhle eyaziwa ngenxa yenkohlakalo yalo okukhulu vlad wabizwa iintshaba zakhe abanye abahlali balapha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uWele Dracul ukuze kube lula ukubiza ekugqibeleni eli lizwi kongezelelwa unobumba "a". A eminyaka embalwa emva kokufa ufumana esinye umbulali ezingcangcazelisayo igama vlad III - Tepes, bona bubonakala evela ngesiRomania ngokuthi "Impaler» (vlad Tepes).

IBhodi nombulali Tepes

1456 sisiqalo nje kuphela wolawulo elifutshane Dracula e Wallachia, kodwa amaxesha kunzima kakhulu kwilizwe liphela. Vlad, yohlulwe ukhohlakale ezizodwa, Yayiyinkohlakalo kwiintshaba zinokohlwaywa nasiphi isikreqo izifundo zakhe. Zonke njengomoni wafa ukufa kabuhlungu - ukuba abethelelwe, leyo hlukile ubude nobukhulu; ngokuba abaqhelekileyo ezikhethiweyo eliphantsi ukubulala, kunye izinduna wabulawa baba ubonakale kude.

Njengoko legend wamandulo, umthetheli Wallachia waba uthando esikhethekileyo encwina ziintlungu nkqu amalungiselelo namatheko kwiindawo apho iingozi ubunzima ya nxaniso engakholelekiyo. Kwaye ngumlawuli wokutya okunamandla kuphela ivumba ukucazulula imizimba kwaye ukubhomboloza ukufa.

Uye akuzange kubekho vampire yaye akazange nisele igazi amaxhoba awo, kodwa ukuba sadist ecacileyo ndandikuthanda ukubukela ukubandezeleka abo bangazange bathobele imithetho yakhe, eyaziwa ngokuthembekileyo. Kudla nokubulawa zaye nezepolitiki, kunye indelelo encinane landela iimpendulo ekhokelela ekufeni. Ngokomzekelo, wemka, neenkontsho, amaRoma, bafika intendelezo kwenene, wabulala ngendlela engaqhelekanga kakhulu - ngu izikhonkwane siqonde intloko yakhe.

Umlawuli owenza lukhulu nokumanyanisa ilizwe

Nangona, njengoko bathi abathile mbali, ibhalwe ukufa a izinduna-10, ngenxa yale yelenqe exheliweyo Dracula uyise kunye nomntakwabo omdala. Kodwa namasiko ibizwa inani elikhulu lwamaxhoba - malunga 100 amawaka.

Ukuba umlawuli edume ulijonga ngokwengqiqo laseburhulumenteni, neenjongo zakhe kuhle ukuba akhulule ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe kubahlaseli Turkish zixhasa ngokupheleleyo, sitsho ngengqiniseko ukuba wenza kunye nemigaqo nembeko kwityala lemali lesizwe. Ukwala ukuhlawula imbeko yemveli, vlad III Basarab udala phakathi abalimi umkhosi wamajoni, nto leyo ebangela kokurhoxa amajoni Turkish ababeze ukujongana umlawuli eneenkani kunye nelizwe lakhe. Kwaye onke amabanjwa babulawa ngethuba leeholide umzi.

uzingela zenkolo Furious

Le ndoda kakhulu inkolo, Tepes yoonongendi wanceda fanatically, lubanike isipho komhlaba. Ukuba wazuza inkxaso eyomeleleyo phambi labefundisi, umlawuli wamagazi wenza ngobuqili kakhulu; abantu bahlala cwaka yaye wathobela, kuba phantse zonke izenzo zakhe ziye kungcwalisiwe ibandla. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba imithandazo emininzi imiphefumlo egungxulweyo ukuwukhulisa yonke imihla uYehova, kodwa ukuba buhlungu awuliphalazanga kube umzabalazo komsindo nxamnye uzwilakhe wamagazi.

Ngokumangalisayo - omkhulu ukuhlonela uThixo wakhe lahlanganisa ferocity engakholelekiyo. Efuna ukwakha inqaba ngokwayo, umsiki ngenkohlakalo ndozibutha zonke ababehamba baye kubhiyozela umthendeleko enkulu Ista, kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba basebenze iminyaka embalwa de iingubo zabo zingatsalelwa wabola.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ohlambululayo ilizwe ukusuka izinto anti-social

Ngexesha elifutshane yena eradicates ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye yemihla zembali ndithi ukuba iinkozo zemali igolide tywa phezu esitratweni, wahlala kuloo ndawo apho babenikelwe zashiywa. Akukho namnye umngqibi okanye ukuhamba, lowo ngaloo maxesha navuso, kuba ebeyindoda yokulwa, akabanga nabuganga ukuba bachukumise ubutyebi.

Iyangqinelana kuzo zonke nomsebenzi wakhe, umphathi Wallachia baqalisa icebo lakhe lokuphelisa kwilizwe onke amasela. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo, nto leyo ikhokelele bonke nabuganga uyeba, elindele ukuba ulingo ekhawulezileyo afe, weza kwisiphelo esinesiqhamo. Emva amawaka abantu esibondeni okanye itheko akazange avume ukuthatha omnye umntu, yaye abemi ukunyaniseka nanto phakathi kwenkulungwane XV, kuye into eyazi akukho analogue liphela ezimbalini zehlabathi.

Umyalelo kweli lizwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ndikhohlakele

ekubulaweni kwenqwaba, ebe eziqhelekileyo - ndlela iqinisekileyo ukuze bafumane udumo size sihlale ukukhunjulwa mva. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba vlad III Impaler akazange nje Gypsies, amasela ihashe eyaziwa banganeli kungasebenzi, kwaye nangoku kule nkampu ibizwa ngokuba umbulali abaninzi, waza watshayela inani elikhulu labantu amadlelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba wafa ukufa kabuhlungu bonke abo bazisa kwi ingqumbo umlawuli, nokuba ithini na imeko yentlalo okanye uhlanga. Xa Impaler ndafumanisa ukuba ezinye abarhwebi, nangona kokuvalwa engqongqo, ubaseke ubudlelwane borhwebo kunye eTurkey, njengoko ukuze nabanye boyike ukona kubo esibondeni kwindawo yembutho omkhulu emarikeni. Emva koko, abafuna ukuphucula imeko yemali ngenxa iintshaba ukholo lwamaKristu wayengekho.

Kwemfazwe yayo

Kodwa hayi kuphela umbusi Turkish engumlawuli angonwabi namabhongo, amandla Dracula, hayi nokwadala, wamsongela yayo abarhwebi. Isityebi abafuni kubona etroneni kwande kangangokuba nenkosana engalindelekanga. Babefuna ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone yakhe ayithanda - ngukumkani Hungarian, ngubani na ukumqumbisa baseTurkey, ukubeka lonke ilizwe elingummelwane esichengeni. ekubulaweni elide Wallachia kunye nabaphumi-Sultan bekungafuneki kuye, yaye yayo akazange afune ukuba nangena umlo okungeyomfuneko, nto leyo kwimeko imfazwe bekuya kuba kunqandwa.

Vlad Dracula, emva kokufunda malunga izicwangciso kwilizwe elingummelwane, nkqu urhwebe baseTurkey, ukuvimbela nommandla wayo, kakhulu ngumsindo, watsho okubuhlungu engalindelekanga. elinyukayo ilizwe Army anegazi umlawuli Transylvanian, kunye ubunzima oluntu, abahlali basekuhlaleni owayebethelelwe.

oneminyaka eli-12 isigwebo Tepes

Eli bali yaphela iinyembezi ngenxa ezininzi uzwilakhe. Abanomsindo abasindileyo unya Abarhwebi wajika licebo lokugqibela - isibheno ukuwisa Impaler esebenzisa eli oluprintiweyo. Umbhali engaziwa wabhala iphamflethi ichaza mercilessness yomphathi, yaye ezinye ngendikongezile malunga nezicwangciso umnqobi wamagazi.

Musa ukulindela ukuba uhlaselo ezintsha Graf vlad Dracula uya kubanjiswa singalindelanga abendlu Turkish enqabeni, awayakhayo a bahambi abahluphekayo. Xa ingozi, ubalekela bethabathela eYiputa, eshiya ekufeni kwakhe umfazi wakhe nabo bonke abantu bakhe. Zinomsindo inkohlakalo onguMlawuli elite aseYurophu, yaye silindele kuphela ngalo mzuzu, kwaye mbaleki bamvalela ukumkani Hungarian, abathi itrone yakhe.

Ukufa kwenene igazi

Tepes uchitha iminyaka 12 entolongweni, yaye nokuba abe Catholic yezinto zakhe zezopolitiko. Ukuthatha lokumthobela wanyanzeleka ukuba enguzwilakhe eziza kungeniswa kukumkani uyasikhulula kuye yaye lizama ukunceda sikhwele itrone endala. kweminyaka engama-20 emva kokuba ekuqaleni kobukumkani vlad wabuyela Wallachia, apho elinde abahlali enomsindo. olwaludiliziwe umkhosi Hungarian, zizi Prince, yaye akayi emfazweni kunye nabamelwane ukumkani ugqiba ukukhupha zeLizwe okhohlakeleyo, ixhoba zodlame yakhe. Emva kokufunda ngesigqibo, Dracula ubaleka kwakhona, enethemba ikhefu lucky.

Kodwa ithamsanqa wemka kuye ngokupheleleyo kwaye amkele ukufa enguzwilakhe xa edabini, kuphela kwiimeko zokufa bakhe baziwa. Izinduna akuhlaselwa umsindo ugawule umzimba ibe ziingceba yomphathi wothiyiweyo, yaye intloko yakhe yamthumela ukuba Sultan of Turkey. Ukukhumbula lendela elungileyo owaxhasa ehlabathini uzwilakhe wegazi, ngokuzola kumngcwaba isidumbu sakhe.

Xa, emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela ze Dracula bana zakudala abanomdla, bagqiba ukuvula ingcwaba lakhe. Bothuka wonke, ingenamntu, kunye nentwana kobutyobo. Kodwa kufuphi kukho umngcwabo ongaqhelekanga amathambo ongekhoyo lukakayi, nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba nibe ngabokugqibela yokusabela Tepes. Ukhuselwe lendela ukuthintela kusiyiwa abakhenkethi mihla, abasemagunyeni wawuxhokonxa amathambo kwenye ziqithi.

Ukuzalwa welivo le vampire ofuna ixhoba entsha

Emva kokufa nokumkani ka Wallachia wazalwa ilivo le vampire, ngubani andafumana yokufihla nokuba ezulwini okanye esihogweni. Bendawo bakholelwa ukuba umoya amanene wathabatha, ebe entsha kungekho ngaphantsi ezoyikekayo kwaye ngoku roams bekhangela igazi labantu ebusuku.

Ngowe-1897 wabona ukukhanya inoveli eyimfihlakalo ngu Bram Stoker, echaza Dracula yena kunje uvukile kwabafileyo, emva koko umlawuli amagazi baye iyihlanganise kunye vampire. Umbhali wasebenzisa unobumba yokwenene vlad igcinwe yemihla, kodwa isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda wayesadla yasungulwa. Dracula Bram Stoker livela akukho ngaphantsi nabona ngokubaxwa kwayo, kodwa uhlobo nesimilo yeengcungcu kunye ngabafo ukwenza lomlinganiswa Gothic hero, ogama popularity luyakhula kuphela.

Le ncwadi ithathwa njenge ngokuncedisana yamabali yenzululwazi kunye ibali kukududuzela, uyahambelana kuyo amandla emimoya yamandulo kunye ezenzeka mihla. Njengoko abaphandi bathi, ekhumbulekayo imbonakalo umqhubi Franz Liszt waba waphefumlelwa ukuba indalo komfanekiso ophambili, kunye neenkcukacha ezininzi ziye abolekwe ukusuka 'Mephistopheles ". Stoker ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba amandla akhe umlingo akufumana uMtyholi ngokwakhe Bala Dracula. Vlad Tsepesh, iye yaba ndiyingwenya na, ingafiyo, kwaye niphakame apho engcwabeni, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-iinoveli ngaphambili malunga nezithunzela. Umbhali yenza abalinganiswa bakhe imbonakalo eyodwa, ukukhasa ezindongeni nkqo kwaye ajike abe ilulwane, kusoloko kungumqondiso ububi. Kamva esi silwanyana encinane ebizwa ngokuba vampire, nangona kungekho gazi, a swi kusela.

ifuthe uyoma

Umbhali, ukufunda intsomi ngesiRomania kunye nobungqina zembali, idala material eyodwa apho kungekho ebalini copyright. Le ncwadi umlando documentary equka iidayari, iitranskripthi zodliwano-abalinganiswa abaphambili, okusenza kuphela kubunzulu kwebali. Sungula nefuthe kubunyani asilolokwenyani, kungekudala "Dracula" yi Bram Stoker waba bible ongamiselwanga le nezithunzela, zichazwe apho imithetho yayintsha nathi kweli hlabathi. A kakuhle ezirhuqwa abalinganiswa imifanekiso kuvela ocacileyo nangokweemvakalelo. Kukholelwa ukuba le ncwadi i ubugcisa ezintsha, lwenziwa ngohlobo lwabo lokuqala.

version screen

Kungekudala, naphaya ncwadi, kunye nomdlali wokuqala abadlala Dracula, liya omnye umbhali. Vlad lakhe Tsepesh - vampire kunye nesimilo esihle kunye nenkangeleko nomtsalane, nangona Stoker wachaza umntu omdala ezingemnandi. Ukususela ngoko kabi lesi umfanekiso zothando ebukekayo, wagaleleka kuyo abalinganiswa ndawonye ngazwi ukuze asindise ihlabathi ukusuka ububi jikelele.

Ngowe-1992, umalathisi Coppola iyaqhutywa le ncwadi, emema indima ephambili umdlali odumileyo, kwaye kakuhle kakhulu wadlala Dracula G. Oldman. Phambi bhanyabhanya lo mlawuli wenza iintsuku 2 wonke umntu ukufunda incwadi Stoker ngenxa ngokuntywiliselwa ubuninzi kule mifanekiso. Coppola basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze umboniso, ngathi le ncwadi, liye laba kakhulu engokoqobo. Wada wadubula kwi izakhelo ikhamera emnyama namhlophe ukubonakala Dracula, akhangele yenene kwaye eyoyikisayo. Abahlalutyi bavakalelwa ukuba vampire, eyadlalwa Oldman, ngathi kufutshane vlad Tepes, nokuba uyinyama wakhangela ngathi prototype ngokwenene.

nqaba Dracula ngenxa ukuthengiswa

Kunyaka odlulileyo, uluntu lwaxhaswa yiindaba zokuthi ukutyelelwa kwezotyelelo kwiRomania kwakusetyenziselwa ukuthengiswa. Ibhunga eliqinekileyo lenqaba, apho kuthiwa wayelele ngexesha lakhe lempi, iTepesh, ithengiswa yinkosi yakhe entsha ngemali eninzi. Inqaba yaseDracula yayifuna ukukhulula amagosa asekuhlaleni, kwaye ngoku iindawo ezidumileyo zehlabathi, ezizisa inzuzo eninzi, zilindele umnikazi omtsha.

Ngokwabaphandi, iDracula akazange ayeke kwindawo yecawa yokucatshulwa kubo bonke abalandeli bemisebenzi yezampampu, nangona abahlali bendawo bazama ukuxelela izithethe ezikhukhulayo malunga nobomi bomlawuli obalaseleyo kule nqaba.

Ingxowa echazwe kwiinkcukacha ezincinane kunazo zonke zeStoker kuphela yaba yinto yomdlalo wenkohlakalo, ongenanto nantoni yembali yamandulo yaseRomania. Umnini wamanje wenqaba ubhekisele kumdala, ongamvumeli ukuba enze ishishini. Ukholelwa ukuba zonke iindleko ziya kuhlawula ngokugcwele, kuba i-castle ityelelwa ngabakhenkethi abayi-500.

Igolide yangempela yegolide

I-Romania yaseRomania isebenzisa ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso weDracula, ukukhanga amaninzi okukhenketho. Baya kukuxelela malunga neendlu zamandulo apho iintlondi zamanzi zeVlad III Tepes zadalwa, nangona kunjalo ukuba zakhiwe kakhulu emva kokufa kwakhe. Ishishini esiphezulu sokuvumela, esekelwe kwinzala engabonakaliyo kwisigxina somlawuli we-Wallachia, sinikela ngamalungu amacandelo ukuba uDracula ungumkhokeli ngokomoya. Amawaka abalandeli bakhe benza ukuhambela kwiindawo apho azalwe khona ukuphefumla umoya ofanayo.

Bambalwa abantu bazi ibali lokwenyaniso leTepes, bathatha ukholo oludalwe ngu-Stoker kunye nabaninzi bamabhayisikobho njengomfanekiso wevampire. Kodwa ibali lomlawuli ogazini, ongagcini nantoni na ngenxa yokufeza injongo yakhe, uqala ukulibala ixesha. Kwaye xa igama likaDracula lifika engqondweni, kuvela kuphela i-ghoul ephazamisayo, into ebuhlungu kakhulu, kuba umfanekiso ongcabisayo awunalutho nento ebalulekileyo yecala kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olubi olwenziwa yiTepesh.