Ushintsho of Peter 1: oonobangela, iziphumo, ngobuhle nangobubi, ixabiso imiphumo. Zombini iziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga Ushintsho of Peter 1 ngokufutshane

Iziphumo zale nguqulelo of Peter 1 - oko kunto imiba kakhulu entsonkothileyo kwaye ibunzi leyona yesizwe zembali. Sinako zithi historiography asekwa ngexesha evaluation icala umlawuli wokuqala Russian. Abanye bona bebona wenguquko Russia kwaye bakholwa ukuba wothulelw ngokuqukwa ngurhulumente amagunya aseYurophu (polgali kunjalo, ingakumbi, abameli kolwalathiso abaseNtshona), abanye, phezu koko, wabethelela ukuba iinguqulelo yakhe bayiqhekeza iziseko yemveli ubomi kuluntu Russian kwaye kwakhokelela lokunye ukulahleka bangoobani kazwelonke (kwaqhutywa lo mbono, ingakumbi, ababhali nemisinga bulumko of the Slavophiles).

Wayo weBhodi

Iziphumo ze Ushintsho uPetros 1, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokwemeko iimpawu wobukumkani bakhe. Loo minyaka Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuba imbali Russia, njengoko kwaba lixesha yenguqu. Mbusi Alwa imfazwe sokufikelela yelizwe ukuya kuLwandle eBaltic yaye efanayo ixesha eyenziweyo inguqu yonke inkqubo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ingqalelo igalelo elibi umsebenzi wayo kukuba wayebonakalisa ukuguquka bakhe kulindeleke ukuba aba amanyathelo yethutyana ukuba silawule ilizwe ngexesha lemfazwe. Noko ke, kamva afika ukuba la manyathelo zethutyana zaye njengangaphambili, ixesha elide. Kodwa ke irhuluneli wenze, ngoko ukuthetha, ungxamile, ngoko ke iziphumo utshintsho uPetros 1 kwaba ludale ngengqiqo yokuba kaninzi kakhulu alawulwa ungxamile kunye neendlela zolawulo, ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo ingakumbi kwiindawo ezithile yaye zisenokutshintshwa.

Kakuhle eli utshintshwano

Yonke le imilinganiso umlawuli emitsha yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa uloyiso weRashiya e Northern Imfazwe eSweden sokufikelela kwi kuLwandle lweBaltic. Ngoko ke, onke amanyathelo ezo ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni ulawulo loluntu kunye nolawulo. Kodwa ke ukumkani nomdla yokuba eli lizwe othe waqukwa kumazwe aseYurophu, njengoko Ndiyaqonda ukuba ukungena elwandle kuya kukhokelela utshintsho kwi imeko neAfrika karhulumente. Ngoko ke, wafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngandlel 'alinganayo inqanaba lophuhliso yelizwe kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Kwaye ke iziphumo kaPetros 1 kule ndawo yokuvuselelwa ingabizwa impikiswano, ubuncinane, ababhali-mbali nabaphandi umahluko ukuhlolwa kwentsebenzo yabo. Kwelinye icala, zokuboleka kwi kulawulo, ulawulo kunye namasiko kungaba kuthiwe njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo le Europeanization karhulumente, kodwa ke ngelo xesha linye khawuleza abanye ukudideka kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ngezithethe zaseNtshona bafunda kuphela ezinawo elimxinwa kakhulu yezikhulu. Indawo uninzi lwabantu ayikatshintshi.

Ixabiso tshintsho kwezopolitiko

Iziphumo zale nguqulelo uPetros 1 ngamafuphi kufuneka iphawulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Russia zifumana ukuya kuLwandle eBaltic, waba bukhosi kunye nomlawuli walo - umlawuli, yaba yinxalenye yamazwe aseYurophu kwaye indima ephambili kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Isiphumo engundoqo enye, Kakade ke, kukuba eli lizwe liye lafumana iwonga elitsha ngokupheleleyo, akumangalisi ukuba ukumkani waya iinguqu ezinkulu profound ezinjalo, esazi ukuba urhulumente kufuneka aphuhlise indlela yaso, kodwa ke wanamathela nemilinganiselo yaseYurophu. Umbuzo wokuqala, Kakade ke, malunga nokudala sama omtsha nomthetho.

Kule ndawo, iziphumo utshintsho uPetros 1 ngokufutshane kufanele kuphawulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngokubanzi, i-uKhesare nesabelo sakhe. Uye wadala inkqubo yolawulo ngaphandle utshintsho angundoqo eyaqhubeka de Februwari Revolution. Kuthiwa ukuba umlawuli amanyathelo ukuguqula umatshini karhulumente ubusendaweni yaye yenziwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kakade ke, inyaniso Russian kuzisa malunga notshintsho ukuba uthathe ingqalelo kwaye baqonde umlawuli, xa waqalisa ezintsha zakhe kulawulo kunye nolawulo.

Iziphumo ze lokulungisa umnotho

Iziphumo engakhiyo utshintsho uPetros 1 naye ayikwazi njalo. Emva ukuguqulwa kwenziwa ngeendleko yokwanda nokuxhatshazwa labemi, kwaye kule meko iya kuwo onke amanqanaba oluntu, kuqalwa isiphelo ngamakhoboka kunye izidwangube, namajoni. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba inkcitho ezinkulu emkhosini kukhokelele kwiingxaki ezinzima zoqoqosho nezentlalo. Noko ke, irhuluneli uthathe iqela amanyathelo okukhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, wakhuthaza kuphuhliso lwamashisini, negalelo kuphuhliso kwezityalo, ukuphuhliswa zezimbiwa. Wakhuthaza urhwebo kunye nobomi zasezidolophini, esazi ukuba oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwi zokuthumela kunye nokungenisa kwempahla.

Noko ke, onke la manyathelo aye nobubi. Inyaniso kukuba, ngokukhuthaza uphuhliso lorhwebo, umlawuli kwi ngabarhwebi xesha erhafiswa iirhafu eziphezulu. Manufactory kunye nezityalo ezisekelwe labour serf: aba kubalelwa zakule, abemi ezo iqhotyoshelwe kwimveliso.

kwezenkolo

Ushintsho kaPetros 1, iziphumo, iziphumo kuzo ngokwenene imbonakalo lizwe, sichaphazele yokuma koluntu Russian bekota yesibini ngenkulungwane ye-18. Abaninzi mbali bakholelwa ukuba xa ekugqibeleni wathabatha layers imilo ubukhulu becala ngenxa "Uluhlu sezikhundla" edumileyo, leyo liqulathwe nokuhlelwa amagosa kunye servicemen. Ukongeza, xa yaba kukugqitywa serfdom eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nguqu, abaphandi abaninzi badla ukucinga siseko, ekholelwa ukuba isiphumo sendalo kweqonga yangaphambili zophuhliso. Abanye qaphela ukuba utshintsho achaphazelekayo kuphela elite kuluntu kunye nabanye abantu ayikatshintshi.

isiko

Ushintsho kaPetros 1, izizathu, iziphumo ekufuneka kuqwalaselwa ngokwemeko imeko ngokubanzi imbali kweli lizwe kwikota yesibini kwinkulungwane XVIII, mhlawumbi le mpembelelo ophawulekayo ubume benkcubeko karhulumente. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa kukuba ezi iinguqulelo eziye kakhulu ebonakalayo. Ukongeza, intshayelelo yamasiko Western kunye nezithethe kwi yemveli ngendlela Russian yobomi yahluke kakhulu endleleni yobomi, nto leyo ibihlaba ukukhokela uluntu phezu kwizizukulwana zangaphambili. Eyona njongo iphambili ye-nkqubo yenkcubeko umlawuli bekungenjalo kakhulu umnqweno ukutshintsha impahla, imigaqo yokuziphatha yezikhulu, indlela yokwenza amaziko ngempumelelo yaseYurophu yenkcubeko ebomini Russian leyinene.

Kodwa iziphumo eziphambili Ushintsho of Peter 1 kule ndawo ulihlwempu, ubuncinane kwiminyaka engamashumi lokuqala imisebenzi yayo ngokutsha. Eyona engundoqo iziphumo nempembelelo sele ebudeni bolawulo ezihlangwini zakhe, ingakumbi phantsi uCatherine II. Phantsi umlawuli bakwaziswa ukuba amaziko kunye arhente akubanga yimpumelelo njengokuba ebebengathanda ngayo. Wayefuna nabanumzana ezifundiweyo, wafumana imfundo elungileyo, kuba ilizwe kwakufuneka abasebenzi abaziingcali ukuphuhlisa kwindawo yokuqala lwamashisini kunye noqoqosho. Noko ke, inkoliso yezikhulu okukhethwayo ukukhokela ubomi obuqhelekileyo, yaye bambalwa wathabatha ngokwenene ohlaziya kakumkani kweli cala. Ukanti ekuthiwa-amantshontsho indlwane Petrova wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu kwimisebenzi ngokutsha indlela yomphathi, kwaye ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba isizukulwana babo bakhula, abo kamva ezichongiweyo imigaqo-nkqubo yenkcubeko emfundo nabalandeli yomphathi.

Le sphere empini

Iziphumo, ixabiso le nguqulelo uPetros 1 inguqu umkhosi ayikwazi nemikhuba. Yaba nguye owadala umkhosi rhoqo Russian, apho waphumelela uloyiso abantu abakrelekrele kwinkulungwane XVIII. Yaba umkhosi kwimodeli yaseYurophu, nenokuthi akhuphisane imikhosi kwamanye amazwe. Endaweni kwenkqubo endala umlawuli wafuna ngokuqesha inkqubo yokugaya ukuya emkhosini. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba inani leenkundla wayeza kunikela kumkhosi inani elithile lamajoni. Le nkqubo entsha iye waphila ixesha elide, de kube kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, xa ebudeni bolawulo Alexander II indawo yinkqubo emkhosini jikelele. Ukuphikelela kwentswela-Ushintsho yamajoni yokumkani ibonisa ukuba la manyathelo ngeli nqanaba lophuhliso yezembali ihambelane neemfuno zelizwe.

Ixabiso lokwakha Fleet

Iziphumo zale nguqulelo uPetros 1, iingenelo neengozi leyo, mhlawumbi, nabanako ukwahlulelana ngokulinganayo, ingakumbi zibonakala ngokucacileyo kwinkalo emkhosini. Ukongeza ekudalweni bomkhosi, umlawuli wothulelw lombutho a rhoqo lwaphela esisigxina, ngubani yakhiwe wazibonakalisa kule minyaka Northern War eSweden, xa yaphumelela uthotho zoloyiso enkulu phezu kolwandle. Ngenxa imisebenzi yohlaziyo kakumkani kweli cala, eRashiya waba igunya olwandle ihlabathi. Nangona abo bangena nangoko ukumkani ulwakhiwo iinqanawa yamiswa, nangona kunjalo, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII, ingakumbi xa n II, imikhumbi Russian kwakhona krelekrele wazibonakalisa eziliqela yeemfazwe. baphiwe kakumkani lilele yokuba eye wanyamekela nokudalwa kwizithuthi kunye elizayo. Akazange nje ukwakha inqanawe iimfuno ngoko nangoko, kodwa akujongwanga ukuba iRussia amandla emanzini, waphumelela.

Indima amazwe

iziphumo ezincumisayo le nguqulelo uPetros 1 amanga neqiniso ukuba ebudeni Russia lakhe sele ufikelele kwinqanaba zokubonisana ngamazwe, t. E. uze kudlala indima ephambili kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Enkosi ulawulo lwakhe, eli lizwe waba lilungu iziganeko sikhulu kakhulu ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, ngaphandle inxaxheba balo abadluli idiskhi yeseshini of Congress. Phantsi * uKhesare wambumba isangqa abantu, owathi wabeka isiseko kwabeMi oonozakuzaku Russian ngubani ngempumelelo zimelwe ilizwe lethu kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Yaba zonke ngakumbi kuyimfuneko, kuba ngelo xesha efanelekileyo, kwaye kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo, iRashiya inxaxheba kuzo zonke iimfazwe ezinkulu eYurophu, yaye phantse zonke ngquzulwano kwilizwekazi ngendlela enye okanye omnye kuchaphazela izinto zawo. Kulo mzekelo, esi siganeko wadala imfuneko yokuba oonozakuzaku abanezakhono afunda yaseYurophu. Kwaye singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba zozakuzo yenziwe kanye kwiminyaka wokulawula loMlawuli.

Ingxaki yokulandelelana

iziphumo kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle le nguqulelo uPetros 1 sinako, mhlawumbi, kwahlulwa ngokulinganayo. On nobubi oku kukhankanywe ngasentla, kodwa nantsi kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya ethile omnye ezibalulekileyo, nto leyo impembelelo elibuhlungu kakhulu kwi ezilandelayo uphuhliso lwezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Inyaniso yokuba, ngokunxulumene elidume nakwisehlo Tsarevich Alexei ukumkani wakhupha umyalelo ngokwendlela apho umlawuli ngokwakhe kwafuneka ukuba amisele ezihlangwini. Noko ke, ekubeni * uKhesare waba kufa, yaye akazange enze umyolelo, yaye kamva kwakhokelela ebizwa ngokuba lika komkhulu, nto leyo yaba nefuthe elibi hayi kuphela kuphuhliso kwezopolitiko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe, kodwa kwakhona kwindawo yalo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Utshintsho rhoqo abalawuli nokuwa amaqela, abaxhasi le okanye elo umviwa xesha ngamnye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle kunye nophuhliso kwezopolitiko ngaphakathi kwale khosi. Kuphela Paul I ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII ndiyibhukuqe ngengqibo yolandelelwano, kangangokuba ngoku, unyana omdala olawulayo loMlawuli waba yindlalifa kwitrone Russian.

iziphetho jikelele

Elokuphetha kufuneka kuthiwe ukuba iziphumo ezakhayo, mhlawumbi, kwaba ngaphezulu nangoku ngaphezu negative. Isibakala sokuba inkoliso wokuguqula wahlala iinkulungwane amabini ezayo, kunye nabalandeli wakufumanisa kuyimfuneko ukulandela ikhondo wobukumkani bakhe, wathi imisebenzi ngokutsha yoMlawuli obabulingana neemfuno zelizwe. Iziphumo zale nguqulelo uPetros 1, nto leyo limelwe theyibhile ingezantsi, abonisa ukuba amanyathelo kakumkani kwanokuphucula ilizwe profound, nangona lilawulwe iimfuno zomkhosi.

Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba umsebenzi aguqulayo soMhlekazi yokuqala Russian ngokubanzi ngokuhambelana neemfuno yexesha lakhe, njengoko oko kungqinwa kukuba ukugcinwa iinguqu yayo kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo.