Ngoobani aba Janissaries? Intsingiselo "Janissaries"

Amanqaku mbali, ezichaza Ottoman, obizwa "umkhosi emkhosini" - amajoni ezizodwa, ingxelo ngqo kwi-Sultan. Ngoobani aba Janissaries, njengoko amajoni baseka umbono, ungabona kweli nqaku.

ngezinto zezindlu zooyise

Janissaries eyaziwa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14, xa amandla iiyunithi Sultan Murad I elihamba Turkish elite ahlelwa. Intsingiselo "Janissaries" - "umkhosi omtsha" (in Turkish). Okokuqala, nezikhundla zabo kwasekwa kumabanjwa abantwana zamaKristu kunye nabantu abatsha. Nangona imfundo engqongqo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nenkani Turkish, amajoni elizayo ngasekhohlo amagama zamaKristu. Janissaries akhule ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye abantwana, yenze izakhono zokulwa kunye ukunyaniseka yenzondelelo Sultan. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 sibe janissaries kunye intsha imvelaphi Turkish. Of zicelo Wakhetha, abantu kakhulu ezinzima yaye inokusityeda oselula ukusuka kwiminyaka-8 ukuya kwele-12. Wakhethwa wayehlala enqabeni yomkhosi, kwaqhutywa uqeqesho kwiindawo ingakumbi ngqwabalala. La majoni ohlulwa aba iinkampani, esidla evela kwimbiza okuqhelekileyo ngokuba nabahlobo Order of Dervishes. Yokuba balelwa ukuba kuzekwe, usapho lwabo umkhoko lweenkobe (unit kumda wesangqa), nto leyo kuthathwa luphawu kwibhoyila.

Malunga ngubani Janissaries, umbhali-mbali eyaziwa kakhulu yathi kwenkulungwane ye-19, TN Granovsky. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, kukhankanywa ukuba umbusi Turkish waba elihamba sisebenzayo ehlabathini, kodwa inxalenye kwakunzima engaqhelekanga, "Janissaries iphumelele lonke idabi olukhulu Varna, ngoxa Kosovo ..." Kuyinto ngenxa ngenkalipho namandla wasiwa eConstantinople. Ngenxa yoko, umlawuli Turkish woyisa intsimi entsha baze Wazomeleza umbulelo wabo amandla amajoni lowo imvelaphi zamaKristu.

Best of the Best

Janissaries banikwa iqela amalungelo. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16, kwafuneka ilungelo ukuqala usapho, senze yezandla ezahlukeneyo norhwebo ngexesha non-emkhosini. Ingakumbi amadoda abalaseleyo zanikwa ngokobuqu Sultan. Phakathi nezipho izacholo, izixhobo, kunye nemivuzo nesisa. abathetheli Janissary emlonyeni iminyaka emininzi ahlala emkhosini ephezulu kunye nezikhundla luluntu Turkish Empire. Ocak Janissary zamabutho, ebekwe kuphela Istanbul kodwa kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu karhulumente Turkish. Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-16, le Janissaries ayeke ukwamkela zibe ezintlwini bangaphandle yayo. Isihloko labo ilifa. A Janissary Lumkela uba ngokuphathelele kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ezivaliweyo. Oku, amandla elizimeleyo ngokwaneleyo yangaphakathi ukuba abandakanyeke ngamayelenqe kwezopolitiko, zakhiwe, kwaye kuyamphenula umthunyelwa मेसेजिंग kwaye wadlala indima enkulu kwezopolitiko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe.

Imilo ye Janissaries

Malunga ngubani Janissaries, yaye yintoni na indawo yawo phakathi kwezinye umkhosi Turkish, kungqinwa iminqwazi eziphakamileyo, ezihonjiswe ngobhedu enkulu bopha ngaphambili - ketch. Kwicala ngalinye ikepusi athungwe yeentsasa zomthi, nto leyo wamnika ngokukhawuleza ngokuqinileyo. Emva eli laphu ngesigqubuthelo hung elide Shlyk, lwathi ibhanti mbono. sleeve Long Shlyk wabonakalisa dervish oyintloko, phantsi intsikelelo kuzo i Janissaries. cap Umbala idibanisa umbala idyasi (Zupan), amadoda enxibe njengegorha.

janissary Outerwear yayiba ingubo ende eshushu, ebizwa Kerey. Ekuqaleni ukucwangcisa umbala Kurei wayengekho, kodwa ekuqaleni 18 ekapa kwenkulungwane janissary kwiimeko ezininzi waba umbala obomvu. Phantsi Kerey yena kwambatha ingubo ngelaphu, ngokuqhelekileyo emhlophe, enemikhono emide, ububanzi. Emacaleni Zupan waba slits elide ukuba avumele Janissaries ukuba ngokukhululekileyo edabini. Yaye emazantsi ingubo oyimfakamfele izintya ezinombala ofanayo njengoko Kerey. Caftan Zazihonjiswe umbhinqo ukuba saber, enombhinqo wentlonze ngokubanzi.

Lo mbala Kurei nebhulukhwe - elide yaye ububanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo bebugubungele nakumphezulu boot ukuya kwisiqingatha.

elements abaninzi Turkish iimpahla zomkhosi yamkelwa kunye Cossacks. Ukulandela umzekelo Janissaries izinxibo zawo kuvela zhupans eqaqambileyo yaqala nebhulukhwe. Ukufana esibonakaliswa imbonakalo. Cossacks and Janissaries ayonakalanga bubudala iindevu, kodwa mustaches zihlume ziyakazele. Kunzima ukutsho oku kwenzeka njani yokuboleka, kodwa into yokuba yenzeka - ayikwazi ukuziphikisa.

Amagosa of the Janissaries

Amagosa enxibe phantse imilo efanayo njengoko kwezinye Janissaries. Kunokuba umnqwazi kunye Shlyk bakudinisa phezulu, phezu apho libotshelelwe nonkontsho, ngokuqhelekileyo emhlophe ngebala. Ngamanye amaxesha umnqwazi enxebeni ibhanti, unkontsho zokwexeshana ehonjiswe ngaphambili idla ikhonkco - ring okanye brooch ngamatye. Endaweni isikhumba amagosa ibhanti esasifake ibhanti velvet ehonjisiweyo okanye isikhafu sisityebi basePersi.

izikhali Janissaries

Ekuqaleni, lo zithwala iyunithi le Janissaries baba abatoli, ngoko ke isixhobo yokuqala abalindi Turkish baba amatswele. Ngokungafaniyo izixhobo amajoni eziqhelekileyo, amatswele janissary kwakunzima, uluhlu enkulu lomlilo. Ngokuthe ngcembe indawo nezaphetha umpu. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-15 ekhulu yokugcina ezo janissaries aba ikrele, scimitar, kunye ngezembe. Into yokuba janissary saber nendlela waye isixhobo loyikekayo, ungenza kugwetywa amaqhekeza lwembali igcinwe.

Scimitar waba elide (70 cm) blade, kujikwa ngokohlobo iimpondo yenkomo. Ngokungafaniyo hsen blade scimitar wayengekho engaphandle kunye ngaphakathi. Handle kwaphela uhlobo le lesiquluba. I sixhobo kwaba kanjalo ezimbi ukuba ilungelo ukunxiba scimitar waba Janissaries kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, ngenkulungwane ye-17 yokuba balelwa ukuya ngaphaya Ports zabo ngemela. Scimitar, njengezinye izixhobo, waba premium okanye kwikhompyutha. Ukuba ekuqaleni kwemfazwe Orts yafakwa ayizizo zobuqu, ekhutshwe yeenjengele zakhe.

Janissaries nokuxubana

Malunga ngubani Janissaries Turkish, kunye nokusebenza zemikhosi yamajoni kwaziwa ngokubanzi. Akumangalisi ukuba iiyunithi ezinjalo baye bazama ukwenza amanye amazwe. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zonke ngaphandle imbonakalo kunye nenjongo, le janissaries kwi umkhosi Commonwealth ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka namesakes zabo Turkish.

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-18, phambi kokuphela Northern War, emkhosini sithe sahlaziywa ngenxa thethwano phakathi inkcaso kunye ababawa kaKumkani Augustus II. amabutho lwethutyana wanika indlela eya inxalenye yomkhosi rhoqo, eyakhiwa elihamba, enabantu ababini inkampani Janissary (izibhengezo). Yayidlala indima Yabalindi - namajoni hetman yaye wona odolo ngamnye siqu nokhuseleko.

zomkhosi

Izibhengezo kunye neminqiwu zabo umculo wabo. Ezi bands babebizwa Janissary enzelwe. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi le sonto igubu - amatyeli amabini ngaphezu kwezinye regiments labadlali elihamba. Ndlwana yayizinyaswe ziimvumi ezintandathu nangaphezulu, ebizwa Surmach. Ababephila ukuchaza band Ottoman emkhosini njenge "okungenaluzsini" kunye "ezoyikekayo."

Ekupheleni kwawo Janissaries

Janissaries Belarusian iya kuyeka ukusebenza emva kokoyiswa Stanislas Radziwill. Emva uthotho yeentsilelo zomkhosi yena lweMedia amazwe. umkhosi wakhe ngasese aye ohlulwa Kwaye, oko kwakhona ndakhululwa kunye Janissary kwecala.

Ngakumbi ukufa kabuhlungu ilindelwe noogxa babo Turkish. Kule Ottoman, wonke umntu wayesazi ngubani Janissaries. Mu kuya kwa nshita Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, la majoni ezingezozakhe unogada lobuqu Sultan, waza waphila njengokuba ngokuphathelele evaliweyo wamajoni, kude kube 1826. Ke Turkish Sultan Mahmud II ayalela ukuba kutshatyalaliswe Janissaries. Ekubeni ekulweni evulekileyo bunzima kwaphumelela amadoda anamava zazingabalulekanga, Sultan waya iqhinga. Ngaphezulu kwama-30 amawaka. Man abambeke lemidyarho yamahashe, waqhama ukusuka grapeshot kunaso. Yaphela ke Ixesha Janissaries, uye ngobugcisa babo bokulwa.