Yintoni na imithombo yembali: imizekelo iintlobo zoovimba

Ukufunda imbali, ufanele wazi ukuba kwenzeka phakathi kwesiganeko yokugqibela kunye nomfanekiso njengoko kuchaziwe kwi iincwadi mbali, kukho nomlomo omkhulu. Lo mthombo zembali. Ngamafutshane, nasiphi na isifundo zembali iqala kuphela ngokufunda onke amaxwebhu ezikhoyo kwelo xesha. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa izatifikethi ababephila okanye abo abanolwazi malunga neli xesha lekhefu, unako ibanjwe ngokutsha umgangatho emva kweziganeko.
Ngoko ke yintoni na imithombo yembali luxhomekeke kangaka? Makhe sixubushe lo mbuzo ubalulekileyo ngokweenkcukacha.

iinkcazelo esisiseko

Ngoko ke kuquka ingcamango "Imithombo yembali"? Inzululwazi kungaba njalo kuxokwa bonke ubungqina Abasindileyo elidlulileyo, ukuze abanike injongo umfanekiso kwakusenzeka ntoni. Kakade ke, kukho ukuhlelwa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo data hlobo, ecetywayo ngabo bobabini mbali basekhaya angaphandle kunye zakudala. Ngoko ke, ngokoluvo lwabaphandi abadumileyo, imithombo yembali? Ingcaciso-gama ezinye zazo ziya kunikwa kweli nqaku.

Umzekelo, LN Pushkarev uchaza ndidi zilandelayo:

• Ubungqina kuhlobo ebhaliweyo.
• Imithombo yokwenene yembali.
• Ulwazi efunyenwe iziphumo zophando ngenkcazo.
• amasiko Oral adluleyo ezantsi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
• Ubungqina iilwimi.
• Film and photo indaba.
• Ukurekhoda. Le mithombo yembali (kunye nokuhlelwa yazo ngokunjalo) mitsha noko, kodwa kusinika ithuba ukuva amazwi abo isigqibo bayahlelwa ihlabathi kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo!

ngezigaba Schmidt

Nje phambi kwexesha lethu, ngowe-1985, S. O. Schmidt wacebisa kucalulo elifuna iinkcukacha ngakumbi, isigqibo ukuba bayisebenzise iintlobo kunye iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela. Yintoni eyenza ukuba imithombo yembali? Ukumiselwa eziphilayo, esilishumayelayo ngezantsi.

1. Njengoko kwimeko yangaphambili, bonke ubungqina izinto ngeyantlukwano yabo: ukusuka eqingqiweyo ukuba inkunkuma yasekhaya ezifumaneka ngexesha bemba.
2. Imithombo ezinxulumene ubugcisa obubonwayo:
a) I-bhanyabhanya (filimi nokufota);
b) graphic (canvases, imizobo ezilula);
c) I-graphic-yendalo (iifoto zokugcina eziqhelekileyo wasekhaya).
3. Imithombo sohlobo ngamazwi:
a) imithombo yomlomo yembali, kuquka zonke iintetho kunye iintlobo-ntlobo zolwimi;
b) iintsomi, kuquka isithethe ezinqabileyo, ifumaneka kuphela kwiindawo ezithile;
c) yonke ezikhumbuzo ebhaliweyo eziqaphelekayo kubani ukuze ngolo hlobo, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na injongo okanye wadalwa; Ngamafutshane, uluhlu ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo zemathiriyeli kunganika kakhulu lokwenene yaye ebanzi umfanekiso yehlabathi ngaphezu kwincwadi evunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni okanye indaba; ukuya iintlobo efanayo ezixhalabisayo kunye ngezithuba ezilinganayo.
4. eziQhelekileyo imbali imithombo yolwazi. Uphawula, thelekisa kwi abenzi bamachiza kunye ekhemisi, izazi nabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi, nokuncipha kwezoqoqosho, njalo-njalo. D.
5. ulwazi yokuziphatha. Ezi meko ke azibandakanyi nje kuphela amasiko kunye nezithethe nezizwe nobu-, kodwa lweziko kunye nezinye izithethe abantu namhlanje, ukuba iingcambu zawo babuyele iinkolelo ezifanayo kwakudala.
6. Sound. Nale hlobo lwe data icacile: yinto ezitho ingoma ibhalwe ngexesha yembali.
Nantso into iincwadi zembali, ngokwemimiselo kwinkcazelo kwekota zenzululwazi. Kodwa akukho, nkqu ulwazi inokuthenjwa akanako ukunika intetho kakuhle Umphandi ngoko kwenzekayo, ukuba nako ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nabo, ukuzichaza.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba imithombo yembali kunye nokuhlelwa lwabo - nayo ingqiqo kunokuba mbaxa. Njengoko ezintsha iindawo zokugcina kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi, zonke ezi zintlu ziza kwandiswa kwaye mbalwa. Yiloo nto sinemithombo yembali.

Yintoni kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ukufumana iinkcukacha ukusuka kuxwebhu?

Xa usebenza ubungqina ubudala kufuneka sikhumbule mathuba ezimbini ezibalulekileyo.

1. Kubalulekile! kufuneka kuthathwe njengomthombo wayenovimba iimpendulo lilungile. Uya kufumana kuphela kuphela ulwazi ibalulekileyo malunga nawe uyakwazi ukucwangcisa kunye sinxibelelane iinkcukacha zakho ezikhoyo esandleni. Kule nkalo, ukuze babe amanqaku kubaluleke ngokugqithisileyo kwaye izitetimenti manani eziqhelekileyo endaba, leyo, nakuba "ubuhlwempu" yayo ibonakale, ziqulathe rhoqo ulwazi oluninzi luncedo. Le mithombo yembali kunye neentlobo townsfolk thaca "iphepha lingeloncedo ', nangona ngamanye amaxesha zinenani ngokwenene!

2. Xa kungekho tyala musa ukuthatha igunya ukubonakaliswa kwinjongo ehlabathini njengoko sadalwa ngumntu oye iimbono zabo. Oku ingongoma ebalulekileyo kakhulu, nto leyo esingaziboniyo ngamanye amaxesha, nkqu abaphengululi abanamava abadumileyo!

Hayi ukuba ubala kwi indawo yokugqibela, makhe ukuchaza. Thatha idabi odumileyo Aleksandra Nevskogo kunye balwa. Okokuqala, le nto mbali Russian ababuthandabuzayo ubunyani kwenzeka ntoni, ukuba nje ngokuba in Swedish logcino akukho bungqina kubhaliweyo kuloo mfazwe.

Mhlawumbi bakhetha ukuba athule yesehlo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba chroniclers yasekhaya (of "Ukuze obuvela phezulu", njengoko ngoku wayethanda esithi) thaca nje imiqolo kumlo cross-umda njenge idabi zobuqhawe. Enoba yayiyintoni na, kodwa kusoloko kubalulekile ukuhlola imithombo ezinikwe ngamaqela omabini.

Ukongeza, yemihla asekuhlaleni (yaye ngokufuthi eYurophu) basoloko elithi "ubumnyama". amajoni Ubumnyama, abakhonzi ezimnyama, ehlasela ezimnyama ukulwa ... kuthetha njani yonke le nto? Ukuba uqala evela tumens Mongolian, i 'ubumnyama' ibhekisa inani lamajoni 10 000. Kwaye yintoni, ngelo idabi efanayo kunye balwa, xa umlambo 'ubumnyama' iinqanawa zabo, ukuba zonke iinqanawa kwelo xesha? Lutho. Apha siza kwenye inkalo - ukutolika.

ngokuphathelele

Khumbula ukuba imithombo yembali, imizekelo apho thina endiyinikileyo kwaye langoku, owadala ndoda, njalo ngokushushu ezinye iinjongo, ngokufuthi yokuzingca. Ukwazi malunga iinjongo neyenza umbhali, ungafunda okuninzi malunga era zayo zembali. Vele ubeke, yonke imithombo kufuneka zitolikwe kakuhle.

Eli gama lithetha ukuzama ukufumana phandle kanye umbhali uphose yonke into amagama namabinzana afumaneka emsebenzini wakhe. Xa kanye ukutolikwa, kukho iinkalo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo.

1. Okokuqala, kukho umthombo oyinzalelwane umxholo. Kufuneka ngaso amaxwebhu embali kubalulekile, zwi anikholwanga iingxelo, anikwe apho.

2. Ukuba ekulungiseleleni olu xwebhu umlamli (transcriber, umguquleli), kubalulekile ukuba sinikele ingqalelo izimvo zakhe kunye nentsingiselo (ukuba ikhona). Kakade ke, kule meko, kubalulekile ukuba uthathe ingqalelo umgangatho izongezelelo ezinjalo, oko kuxhomekeke iziqinisekiso umhleli.

3. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda yakho kunye nokucaciswa umthombo.

Kwimeko yokugqibela, umphandi uya ngqo uhlalutyo lwe data yayo ekhoyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukwazi ukujonga ezo ziganeko ngokusebenzisa amehlo ababephila; ngokuba lowo xesha lomthonyama ngokupheleleyo. I umphandi kufuneka anike inkcazelo yabo ukuthembeka umthombo, sithembele ulwazi zethu kwaye ukwazi ukuzisebenzisa ukuze balwele isigxina sabo phambi kwezinye izazinzulu.

Khumbula ukuba naziphi na iincwadi zembali, imizekelo apho uzise, kufuneka nje ngomlomo, kodwa ibhalwe!

Kubaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba atyhile yangasemva uxwebhu, ukuze ufumanise malunga, ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ngokutsho umbhali we "phakathi kwemigca". Kuyimfuneko ukuba ithathele ingqalelo yonke imiba kunye utoliko ngokoMthetho ezifumaneka umthombo. Ukuze kube lula ukuyiqonda, cinga ngale "umlaliso wabantu."

Yintoni unxulumano amazwi kunokubangela umntu namhlanje? Kuphela i negative. Ngelo xesha, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, le heroin ethengiswa nakwiikhemisti njenge "amathontsi khohlo", yaye umlaliso endulo yayigqalwa phantse painkiller ephambili ephelisa ubuhlungu. Ke niwubone umahluko? Umthombo lokuqala utyale imali kula mazwi malunga ngqo ngokwexabiso yangoku.

yokuqaphela

Kuphela emva kokuba ukuqokelela zonke iinkcukacha uyakwazi uqale iimeko umsebenzi wabo esiphelweni. Konke oku ekuthiwa. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba nkqu nkcukacha ziyinyani, zichanekile kwaye zithembekile ingabonakaliswa kuzo zonke ezo ziphumo, ekwakumele ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Ukwahluka imithombo, kuxhomekeke kwixesha kwimbali

Asimele silibale ukuba imithombo azisetyenzwa ngamaxesha ezahlukeneyo imbali, kuthwala yamanyala ubudala nganye. Kwaye oku ibinzana Nakuba, njengoko kwi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo nomlando yamkela indlela eyahlukileyo ukuba isifundo kunye nokucaciswa kwamaxwebhu.

Ngokomzekelo, amaxwebhu ye-17 neyama-18 nga azakubalulwa nawuphi na umntu ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi abafundileyo, njengoko utshintsho oluphawulekayo kuvandlakanywa mphini wumbi.

Ngoko ke, ngeli xesha kakhulu kwandisa isixa ubungqina obungamaxwebhu, kodwa umxholo nganye kuzo kakhulu lula. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ngexesha lokuba ekuveleni kwakhe okokuqala zemithombo elikhulu ngokwenene yolwazi evela leyo sele ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwezo iinxalenye labemi, ngubani yathatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lonke eli lizwe. Ukongeza, kuloo minyaka, kufikwa phantse engqondweni yanamhlanje manani kunye namaxwebhu uxanduva karhulumente.

Zonke ezi mithombo yembali, amaqela esiye kuchaziwe ngentla, nje kuphela uthembeke ngokwaneleyo, kodwa injongo kakhulu, ukuqonde zembali - frustratingly kunqabile kukho ukuxolelwa.

Oolindixesha nobuntatheli waba ngaloo era impembelelo mhlawumbi ngaphezu onke amaziko inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni neengcinga ezithile. Iqala kangaka nje imithombo zobuqu, memoirs kunye iibhayografi. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu nje ngenxa yokuba sikwazi ukubona inkqubo yomiliselo lweForam babantu ezithile ezo zifumaneka ngamaxesha yembali, ukuba bagcine utshintsho imibono yabo.

indida Russian

Ngokomzekelo, abanye ababhali-mbali ebhekisela kwimeko apho imithombo yamandulo zembali kwiinkulungwane 13-14 kwilizwe lethu wafunda apho imithombo kakhulu kwinkulungwane yokuqala oluphakathi 20. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ngamazwi ngalo oku egqibeleleyo.

Konke ukubandezeleka Power lethu libe namava neziphithiphithi ezintathu, iimfazwe ezine ezinkulu (zamadoda isixa yenzeka ngeziganeko local) iminyaka elikhulu. Konke oku kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo kumaqumrhu karhulumente ezintlanu waphumelela enye. Musa ukulibala malunga inguqu enkulu yezoqoqosho, oko kudale eli xesha, akukho guqula Stolypin, azazi ulwakhiwo efanayo Krasnoyarka HPP kuloo minyaka kwafuneka nje akukho analogue amazwe.
Kakade ke, kule minyaka eSoviet Union eziphambili imithombo yolwazi ezi izisombululo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengxelo ye-Central Committee CPSU. Le mithombo yembali (ezibhalwayo ezininzi bhanyabhanya kunye photo umlando) zithiwe thaca kuyo yonke iyantlukwano yabo. Kwaba lelo xesha ke, azifihle nokuphelela: ukufumana 'buka ngaphandle ", ababhali-mbali abaninzi kufuneka ukufumana imvume yokungena kwi-US Library of Congress , kunye namaziko ezifanayo, njengoko baqokelela inani elikhulu yamaxwebhu, ezibe zenziwe ngamalungu ethambisayo urhulumente tsarist, kwaye elula abavela kwamanye amazwe. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iinkumbulo "lokutshangatshangisa yokuqala 'ukuba zizakubalulwa, kwaye abo bantu kwafuneka babaleke kweli lizwe ngethuba nasemva kweMfazwe Civil kunye nongenelelo Western, ukuba ahambe naye.

Inyaniso yokuba ngo-1905 eyemka ngayo kweli lizwe abantu abaninzi ejongelwe kwixesha elide elizayo kwi iinkumbulo apho unako ukufumana uqikelelo ngokwaneleyo eneenkcukacha oluchanileyo ekuweni bukhosi. Ngowe-1918-1924 e Old and New World bathutha ixesha lokuphuma amalungu asebukhosini kunye neengqondi, kodwa abaxhasi nababefudula iiBolsheviks, ogama iimbono yehlabathi zahluke kwezinye nje kuphela.

Ngawaphi amaxwebhu kakhulu ebalulekileyo isifundo?

I hate ndivume, kodwa kude kube ngoku, izazinzulu ezininzi kunye yokungathembani ethile namathandabuzo kuyi- zomthetho, izixhobo zeofisi, oolindixesha. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngaphantsi wasemzini kuyo kukuba ezi memoirs abaphandi abaninzi zibonwa phantse isityhilelo esivela phezulu, inyaniso ekugqibeleni. Esi simo sengqondo - yimpazamo gross, ngenxa yokuba apho kukho iimpazamo ezininzi lwembali engachananga.

Zonke ezi mithombo zembali kunye neentlobo kufuneka ingakhethi cala nokuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha kuyo nayiphi na imeko!

Ngaphandle kokuba memoirs kufuneka ithathwe onombono documentary, nkqu uhlobo oluthile kakhulu, bangakhethi cala wambi ngumba omkhulu. I Skorzeny efanayo memoirs zakhe ngokunzulu iqinisekisa "neenjongo ezintle" ngamaNazi eJamani, kodwa siyakholwa kunjalo nzima ubuncinane.

iinkumbulo uhlobo

Iinkumbulo - ityala eyahlukileyo kancinane. La maxwebhu kuhlala ebalulekileyo kuvuselelwa sisiganeko ezimbalini, njengoko ibonisa izimvo zabantu maxa wambi random ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, yonke into elula kunjalo, kuba ngokunjalo kwi iinkumbulo abantu basoloko bazandlala ihlabathi lwabo ukusuka kwindawo umbono Mathews isandla, ukuba noko malunga amanqaku amaninzi.

Ngamafutshane, njengoko memoirs kunye iinkumbulo - a amaxwebhu kuphela luluvo, ekufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo lininzi neliso ebalulekileyo. Oku ethile, kwelinye icala, ukufunda le mithombo, ungenza umfanekiso wenene ngokupheleleyo indlela yexesha zembali. Kakade ke, ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba babe nako ukwenza azihlole, ukufunda izinto ingenalo novelwano.
Ngoko ke yintoni na imithombo yembali, ethetha memoirs? Njengokuba kude njengoko exabisekileyo kwaye zithembekile?

Kucazululo oluchanekileyo memoirs

Enoba lwalunjani, memoirs zakhe basoloko ngumthombo oxabisekileyo lolwazi, nto leyo abangakhathalelwanga - kusibiza ngokuphandle. Amaxesha amaninzi, umntu onyanisekileyo, owabhala kubo, oko kungaba lula kungqinisiswa ngokuthelekisa indlela yabo minyaka nezibhaliweyo.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye inkcazo into: umntu okanye isiganeko eyenzeka phambi ubungqina (okanye ngaloo minyaka). Inkcazelo amanani kufuneka aphathwe ngokuqaphela othile, ekubeni loo nkcazelo ubotshiwe ukuba luluvo kakhulu, kodwa iziganeko (ingakumbi abo apho abantu abazalani ngqo) kudla kuchazwe kangangoko. Ngoko ke, njani ukuba indlela ekufundweni memoirs?

Okokuqala kubalulekile uyazi ngalo mntu wawabhala. Kakade ke, kungcono ukuba basebenzise imithombo yolwazi eziindidi, yaye ukuba kunokwenzeka - "ukuphila" iinkumbulo usaphila ababephila ngexesha lakhe. Le yokugqibela kubaluleke kakhulu kuba phantse ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuvumela ngokuthembekileyo ukuchonga umbhali indima Ke kaloku kwathi, phofu ngokwenene Windows RT abangakhathaliyo okanye uthathe ngazo inxaxheba ngqo.

Ukongeza, kufuneka ufake yonke imithombo yolwazi yombhali kunokwenzeka. Amaxesha amaninzi, ngokusebenzisa le ndlela lubonisa amaxoki ngokuphandle owayezama isihlalo umxakatho ye ababephila adumileyo kunye ngaphantsi odumileyo.

Kakhulu kwimeko kubaluleke kukuba isicelo yamaxwebhu esemthethweni iinkumbulo. Umzekelo, oku luphawu kakhulu edume Wrangel. Amanqaku amaninzi kwexesha nobutyobo ezilahlekileyo okanye ubone, ukuba ezi zinto zibe ixabiso nje bakwelona.

Phantse zonke nye ngenene, ukuba sithethe ngayo iinkumbulo intombi edume ka P. A. Stolypina, leyo isebenza izicelo onke amaxwebhu kusetyenziso lomhlaba, eziye zenziwa nguyise wakhe. Noko ke, ukuba Wrangell zifakiwe ezingqondweni zenu ezi izibambiso ngokwabo, izicelo kwi memoirs intombi yakhe Stolypin kufanele indlu zokupapasha "Contemporary", nto leyo ingqalelo ukuba la maphepha ngokuqinisekileyo nomdla kumfundi elithile. Njengoko ubona, abasebenzi indlu epapasha zilungile ngokwenene.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuhlolwa ngeendlela okanye omnye ebezisoloko ndawo: .. Ukuba kukho iiseti lonke ngokubaluleka zesizwe ngexesha lethu, kwamaxesha, kwiZigaba Aphakathi, kwaye ngoko ke kumhloli karhulumente kakuhle kakhulu ukoyika ngenxa yobomi bakhe. Ngoko ke, qiniseka ukuba bagcine ixesha apho le okanye nayiphi na enye uxwebhu - rhoqo umbhali ikhankanya amanye amaxesha nje, kodwa usoloko (kwimeko) ibuyiselwe kubo kwakhona kwaye kwakhona, eyenza usingiselo ezithile umbono wakhe.
Ekugqibeleni, nini yaye babhala kwimbali yobomi? Ukuba umntu othatha nkumbulo wabo kwidayari, nto leyo eyakhokelela ixesha, okanye nje eyenziwe iinkumbulo yamaxwebhu ezinjalo, ulwazi leyo bathi, ingathenjwa. Ukuba umbhali memoirs zaye zabhalwa ebudaleni ikwandim, ntonje ke enokubonwa ezininzi eziyinyani. Practice ibonisa ukuba abantu balibale ngaphezu kwe-90% ye-lwazi, iinkozo ngamnye nanto, sele emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emithathu.

Nantso into imithombo yembali. Siyathemba ukuba ukufunda eli nqaku luncedo kuwe.