IKomiti Emergency: ukucazulula izifinyezo, imbali

sekudlule phantse-25 iminyaka ukususela loo mzuzu xa eendaba yabhengeza ukuqaliswa lwemo yonxunguphalo. Yaba ngentsasa Agasti 19 Wajika eSoviet Union ngo-1991. Iziganeko xesha abantu ngokubanzi. Ke ababandakanyekayo bobabini abemi nabezopolitiko. Yonke le nto yaqala kunye nezenzo eqela labantu wazibiza segama iKomiti Emergency, okotshiweyo leyo eyaziwa ukuba wonke ummi abazi waseUSSR, umvambo funky kunokwenzeka kweMfazwe Civil. Oko kwaba: ukuzama ukulondoloza ilizwe okanye, icala, umzekelo kwayo ukuwa?

prehistory

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1990 e-Congress elilandelayo Abantu yamaSekela le manyano yali, kwagqitywa yokuphelisa amanqaku loMgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ebonisa indima ekhokelayo ye-Communist Party. Ngelo xesha umongameli elifanayo USSR wakhetha MS Gorbachev.

Ngo Meyi kunyaka omnye otyunjwe ligosa eliphezulu RSFSR njengoko kuya kuba kamva, umongameli elizayo Russia, Boris Yeltsin. Kwacaca ukuba iinkokheli yiSoviet Union kukho okhuphisana ebusweni abasemagunyeni baseRashiya, bona bebedlala kwindawo enye. Xa ihlobo Boris yamkela isiBhengezo Yolongamo, ukubonelela ukongama nemithetho Russian phezu Allied yolawulo.

Ngaxeshanye kunye kwezi nguqu isizwe yokusebenza yaqala e Tbilisi, ngoko e Vilnius, wakhupha ingxelo malunga bangene Lithuania kwi eSoviet Union, nempixano kamva inter-yobuhlanga phakathi eArmenia ne Azerbaijan.

Zonke ezi ziganeko kufuna inyathelo kwicala karhulumente. Emva koko yaphakanyiswa ukuba wokuhlaziya nakwiiriphabliki yali ibe amazwe azimeleyo. Oku isizathu kwixesha elizayo ukudala kwiKomiti Emergency. Ziqonde izifinyezo eyayikrolwe kwimbali ngokuwa Union njengoko yiKomiti State kwi State of Emergency.

Bonke-Union nokhetho

Ekupheleni 1990, kwintlanganiso elandelayo ye-Mongameli uMikhail Gorbachev ecetywayo ingcamango All-Union ivoti kazwelonke umba kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-Union of kumazwe xa intliziyo umanyano entsha. namasekela Abantu yesigqibo ukubamba-zimvo samkelwa.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1991 asithoba republic eSoviet Union wabanika imiyalelo UHlaziyo umanyano ezivuselelweyo amazwe azimeleyo. Ngelo zimvo efanayo abantu RSFSR inkxaso ukuqaliswa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumongameli. Kungekudala wonyulwa BN Yeltsin.

Emva okuthandwayo abasemagunyeni baqonda ukuba owayesakuba Socialist Union apho kuya kubakho mfuneko umnqophiso omtsha ubuhlobo. Nje ngoAgasti 20, kwacetywa ukuba basayine uxwebhu malunga Gorbachev Confederation amagunya. Kwaye phezu olwandulela esi siganeko sibaluleke wadala iKomiti Emergency State, ogama zokucazulula isigodlo kubemi Soviet njengoko yiKomiti Emergency.

Ukulungiselela Emergency

Ngethiyori, ukuqaliswa imo yonxunguphalo kweli lizwe ngendlela siseko iye ixoxwe abasemagunyeni ngo-1990. Xa kufikelelwa kwinkalo yokwenziwa komsebenzi, wafudukela ngomnyaka, emva kokuba June seshoni ePhakamileyo yiSoviet USSR kunye yengxelo iNkulumbuso nentlekele enkulu. USihlalo iKGB, uMphathiswa Interior, uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo, zanyanzelisa imo yonxunguphalo ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuwa noqoqosho lweli lizwe. Noko ke, umongameli we-USSR akazange ukuxhasa abalingane babo.

Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-7 ukuya kowe-15 Agasti kwiziko KGB ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubanjwa VA Kryuchkov intlanganiso namalungu elizayo eKomiti Emergency. Ziqonde le unciphiso belingekafiki kwaziwa umntu avareji, kodwa ke amalungu yelenqe inxaxheba ngokuzimisela ekulungiseleleni i-revolution elizayo. Koko wabubhekisa iqela likamongameli we USSR GI Janaev.

UMikhail Sergeyevich ngeli xesha sikwiholide kwi eCrimea.

Imo yonxunguphalo

Morning umabonakude kunye neendaba zikanomathotholo Agasti 19, 1991 waqala kunye ukuphindwa kwabo bathetha uxwebhu lwaseburhulumenteni, "Declaration of kubunkokheli eSoviet." Ndamgocagoca ulwazi malunga nokungakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi lukamongameli, MS Gorbachev, ngenxa ukuvuthuluka yakhe impilo, utshintsho wegunya Gennadiyu Ivanovichu Yanaevu.

Kwaba ngoko ukuba ixesha lokuqala kwabonisa ezama mdibi. Ukuze usebenzise le lizwe isaziso ngokusekwa kweKomiti Emergency State. Luquka ezi iintloko kwizikhundla eziphezulu eSoviet Union: iNkulumbuso, uMphathiswa woKhuselo, uSihlalo we iKGB, uMphathiswa Interior, ukuba umncedisi uSihlalo weBhunga Defense yokuqala.

iphakheji

Le mini sivakaliswe iinjongo eziphambili kunye nezenzo yeKomiti Emergency. Ziqonde le komiti phezu imilebe wonke ummi Soviet, bakhathazekile kuba ilizwe labo.

Eyona njongo amalungu elisandul 'ukusekwa State komiti Ukuthintela nokusayinwa Union iSivumelwano kwaye ekuweni USSR. Ngaphandle kwintshayelelo lwemo yonxunguphalo isithuba seenyanga ezi-6, ababandakanya manyathelo alandelayo zokuphelisa Resolution weKomiti Emergency:

• Ukupheliswa kolawulo negunya lamabutho izakhiwo perechaschih imithetho-siseko ye-USSR.
• Kuqala-union umthetho.
• Ukupheliswa umsebenzi nemibutho yoluntu, amaqela ezopolitiko, ethintela umsebenzi ukubuyisela isimo endaweni.
• Ukumisela ulawulo phezu eendaba.
• SokuPhepha babambelele irallie, imiboniso kunye uqhankqalazo.
• Introduction to the amajoni eyinkunzi kunye nezithuthi vehicles.

eliphikisayo

Ngokomyalelo DT Yazov kusasa ngo Agasti 19 kwikomkhulu yabangela Kantemir Tank Division kunye Taman zithuthi Rifle Division. wafika Malunga namawaka amane amajoni ukuya kwiiyure ezili-12 e Moscow, apho ahlala khona isixeko kwiziseko ezingundoqo. Abantu baqalisa ukoyika ukuqala kweMfazwe Civil kunokwenzeka.

Ukongeza, ezi putschists basiwa kwafa imikhosi ezizodwa Alpha endlwini yelizwe Yeltsin. Kodwa emva kokufumana ulwazi malunga kwenzeka ntoni kwikomkhulu, Boris ugqiba ukuza ngoko nangoko kwi-White House. Uvimba iqela umphathi ufumana ukuze kunokuthintela Ukumka nguMongameli RSFSR.

Ukufika kwi House of qumrhu, Yeltsin utsho ukwala ukuba basebenzisane kunye namalungu eKomiti Emergency, echaza ukuziphatha kwabo anti-siseko. Ngoko nangoko mdibi wathumela umkhosi kwiNdlu White ukuba abanjwe. Umsebenzi ngokuba "Thunder". Kodwa kwakukho fiasco: libunile ulawulo paramilitaries, abaye ngakwicala Yeltsin.

izenzo Gorbachev ngayo

Ukuze abonakale abantu imisebenzi yabo esemthethweni, iKomiti Emergency State (IKomiti Emergency), yazisa abemi malunga nesifo ngumongameli okweso uMikhail Gorbachev. Kusuku ngaphambi kokuba iziganeko sibi ye-USSR ngoAgasti 19 lika: Baklanov, Varennikov, Boldin, Chenin kunye Plekhanov - vuphukuphuku ku Foros ukuya uMikhail Sergeyevich ultimatum. Kwakugcwele yamagunya yokuzithandela uzinikele Yanayev. Ukuze benze oku, abo babemenzele iyelenqe Gorbachev wathembisa ukurhoxa, emva kokusayina umthetho kunye neemfuno ukuba ufake imo yonxunguphalo.

Lo myalelo zingamkelwa, kwaye ngenxa yoko - bodwa epheleleyo kuMongameli Foros phezu mdibi. Ngaba Gorbachev wayesazi malunga iyelenqe nokucwangciswa mdibi? Ziqonde imbali kwezi ziganeko liye lancitshiswa US ukubandakanyeka ngokuwa USSR. Ngomhla olwandulela mdibi, ngoJulayi, eli lizwe watyelelwa owayesakuba ngumlawuli CIA George HW Bush. Siyazi ukuba wayedibana Gorbachev kunye Yeltsin. nengxoxo yabo ayaziwa, kodwa uthungelwano intelligence lifumene umyalelo ukugcina nabavukeli.

Nokuziphatha kwe uMikhail Gorbachev akucaci ngokupheleleyo. Agasti 3 wanikela intetho ukuba imeko enzima lizwe yaye kuyimfuneko ukwazisa imo yonxunguphalo, yaye ngemini elandelayo waya kuhlala eCrimea.

Ukubanjwa mdibi

NgoAgasti 21 intlanganiso ze. ngayo. UMongameli GI Yanaeva apho amalungu ekomiti wagqiba ukuthumela igqiza ku Foros ukuya uMikhail Sergeyevich. Kwakhona, Supreme yiSoviet ye-USSR wathi ekugxothweni uMikhail Gorbachev uphambene babefuna Yanaeva khansela imiyalelo kunye urhulumente akhuphe yonxunguphalo. Ngokuhlwa ngaloo mini wakhupha ummiselo ukuba ukubanjwa amalungu eKomiti Emergency. Kamva, ngowe-1994, baya kuzixolelwa.

I-Agasti ntlekele baphela ngokuwa USSR. Zonke kwavela yanjalo, siyakuxela wayo inkululeko. Abemi eSoviet nasemva eSoviet Union atyikitye lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na le mdibi" ezama ingqekembe isampuli ka 1991 nalo enxulumene kunye neziganeko ze -Agasti kombuso, kodwa numismatics kancinane emva koko.

Inye kuphela owenza yelenqe - lo ukupheliswa wokutyikitywa i-Union iSivumelwano. Ubunzima bokuqonda into eyenzekayo kukuba lika yaqala yedwa, wayigqiba imikhosi yakhe eziphikisanayo.

Numismatics: mdibi, zokucazulula phezu ngqekembe

Sokonakalisa kweManyano yashicilelwa kuzo zonke iinkalo ngamnye ziiriphabliki bangaphambili. Russia - akukho ngaphandle. Ngowe-1991, waqala imali zetyeleba kunye nomfanekiso obverse le Spasskaya Tower kunye neBhunga Ephakamileyo. Bona ke kwimbali numismatics bakhumbula njengoko kwiKomiti oluNgxamisekileyo imali ezinkozo. Ukutolikwa ezi engamaphepha phakathi ezinye ilula, ukuba eSwitzerland de-1992, ngoxa obverse aliveli ukhozi.

Rare ikopi lwemali 1991 yi "engange-10", bimetallic, uphawu le Moscow Mint.

ndlovu Rare kubalwa iLeningrad Mint, kukwamela ixabiso eliphambili "engange 10" ngo-1992.