Ultradeep kakuhle kwi Kola kuSingasiqithi: imbali kunye ezifihlakeleyo

Kwiqula, ibekwe kwi kummandla we-Kola Peninsula, singene kwindawo yokuqala kuluhlu "super-nzulu kakuhle woxolo." Kuye yamba ukuphanda isakhiwo enzulu zeengxondorha komhlaba. Ngokungafaniyo neminye imithombo iiplanethi ezikhoyo, ukuba kugrunjwa kuphela yophando ngengcamango kwaye isetyenziselwa injongo nokusengwa kwemithombo yobutyebi kwezimbiwa.

Indawo Kola station ultradeep

Uphi Kola ultradeep kakuhle? на располагается в Мурманской области, вблизи города Заполярный (примерно в 10 километрах от него). On ibekwe endaweni Murmansk kufuphi polar (malunga 10 neekhilomitha kude). Indawo nequla ekhethekileyo ngokwenene. Wawubekwe phezu kummandla kwiBaltic Shield kwi Kola Peninsula. Kwaba apho, apho ilizwe ngemihla kudala ukuya kumphezulu iintlobo lamatye yamandulo.

Kufuphi lomgodi Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga ingxabano nomkhombe, kwakheka ngenxa nandzu.

Kola ultradeep kakuhle: imbali ingenzeka

Wokuwonga elaa ikhulu kumsitho yokuzalwa Vladimira Ilicha Lenina ukuqalisa amaqula yokomba lwaqaliswa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-1970.

May 24, 1970, emva kokuba kufunyenwe imvume kwiphulo zejoloji indawo wequla, waqala umsebenzi. Ukuze ibe nobunzulu malunga 7000 eemitha ngayo yonke into waya ngokukhawuleza kakuhle. Emva kokuwela umsebenzi ezisixhenxe sewaka waya phesheya waza waba nzima kakhulu, kukho landslides rhoqo.

Ngenxa yoko, nizame kunye nekhefu bakuwufunqula iintloko ngokumba, kwakunye ehlala rhoqo kakuhle iindonga bazizisulu ukuba inkqubo ekuqiniseni. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba ukungasebenzi kakuhle rhoqo umsebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka emininzi yaye kade kakhulu.

Juni 6, 1979 ubunzulu kakuhle lidlulile ukungakwazi kweemitha 9583, bese ephula irekhodi lomhlaba imithombo yeoli kwi United States uBerta Rodzhers, elise Oklahoma. Ngeli xesha kwi Kola awusi gqolo wasebenza iilebhu zenzululwazi malunga elinesithandathu kwaye inkqubo yokomba liphethwe nguMphathiswa Geology eSoviet Union Kozlovskim Evgeniem Aleksandrovichem.

Ngowe-1983, xa ubunzulu Kola super-nzulu kakuhle lifikelele leemitha 12.066, imisebenzi emkhenkceni okwethutyana ukulungiselela i-International Geological Congress ngowe-1984. Njengoko akugqiba, ukuba yaqalwa.

Omisa umsebenzi yawa ngoSeptemba 27, 1984. Kodwa wachacha kombiwa umtya yokutshabalala zamaqula kwenzeka kwakhona run yokuqala. Umsebenzi waqhubeka evela nobunzulu malunga 7000 eemitha.

Ngowe-1990, ubunzulu drill emngxunyeni yafikelela irekhodi leemitha 12.262. Emva kwenye breakage column bafumana ukuze ayeke ukubhola kunye ukugqibezela lo msebenzi.

Imeko ekhoyo ngoku ye-Kola awusi

Ebutsheni bowe-2008, ultradeep kakuhle kwi Kola Peninsula yayigqalwa ishiywe, dismantle izixhobo, kwaye iprojekthi ekutshatyalalisweni kwezakhiwo kunye neelabhoratri ezikhoyo ukuba sele isebenza.

Ebutsheni bowe-2010, umalathisi Kola Geological Institute uthe ngoku equleni unenzondelelo inkqubo ngolondolozo wayitshabalalisa ngokwabo. Ukususela ngoko, umbuzo ngaye akavukanga.

Ubunzulu wequla umhla,

Okwangoku, Kola ultradeep kakuhle, ifoto leyo ebonisa umdla womfundi kwinqaku yenye a iiprojekthi zokomba omkhulu emhlabeni. ubunzulu yakhe esemthethweni kweemitha 12.263.

Izandi ku Kola awusi

Xa isixhobo wawela umbundu amawaka 12 eemitha, abasebenzi baqalisa ukuva izandi wasemzini evela ezinzulwini. Kuqala zange ufake naliphi na nkoka kule. Noko ke, xa wonke izixhobo zokomba bhuxe, kwaye cwaka kakuhle ababexhonyiwe ibulalayo, weva izandi engaqhelekanga ukuba abasebenzi ngokwabo ngokuba "neyaboni esihogweni." Ngokuba umsindo kakuhle super-nzulu yayigqalwa kakhulu ezingaqhelekanga, kwagqitywa ekubeni wazibhala kunye nombhobho ubushushu ezingatshiyo. Xa iirekhodi esazivayo, bonke bathi manga - zazifana imikhwazo kunye squeals zabantu.

kweeyure ezimbalwa kamva, emva kokuphulaphula abasebenzi ezirekhodiweyo baye bafumana imizila ye dubulo enamandla ngaphambili imvelaphi ezingaziwayo. Imisebenzi wanqunyanyiswa okwexeshana de ukucaciswa iimeko. Noko ke, babuye baqala kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva. Kwakhona wehla waya emthonjeni, bonke impefumlo bated belindele ukuva abantu ukukhala, kodwa kwakukho ngokwenene cwaka lokufa.

Xa Icala laqala imvelaphi izandi, saqala ukucela imibuzo malunga ngubani yaye oko ndeva. abasebenzi nqa unoloyiko bazama ukunqanda ukuphendula le mibuzo, yaye wayindulula kuphela athi: "ndeva into engaqhelekanga ..." Kuphela emva kokuba ixesha elininzi kunye uguqulelo sele eza wokuvala projekthi, kwizandi imvelaphi unknown - oko isandi intshukumo ziitectonic plates. Le nguqulelo ke lwabonisa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Yentsumantsumane yenza kakuhle

Ngowe-1989, Kola ultradeep kakuhle, ukusuka apho izandi useza ukuyila womntu, yayibizwa ngokuba 'indlela eya esihogweni. " Ilivo wazalelwa kwi-US umabonakude, eyamkele eso inqaku lango April kwiphephandaba eFinland malunga Kola kakuhle njengoba iqiniso. Eli nqaku kusithiwa wonke ngekhilomitha proburonny endleleni eya 13 bazisa intlekele eqinileyo eli lizwe. Ngokutsho legend, unzulu 12,000 iimitha umsebenzi waqalisa zibonakala bekhalela sifune uncedo zarekhodwa kwi imibhobho supersensitive.

Nayo yonke ikhilomitha endleleni eya 13 kweli lizwe kwakukho iintlekele, njalo kwi umendo ngasentla eSoviet Union iwa.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuba, ukuba izaba kukugrumba amaqula ukuya ku-14.5 amawaka eemitha, abasebenzi Bakhubeka phezu "amagumbi 'umngxuma apho lobushushu kufika kumgomo 1100 Celsius. Ubuza komnye umzi kuloo mingxuma yenye imibhobho thermostable ebhalwe encwina rattles ekhala. Ezi izandi ibizwa ngokuba 'ilizwi lemimoya "kunye iqula silidle musani kubizwa ngokuba' indlela eya esihogweni."

Noko ke, eli qela uphando elifanayo kakhulu ukulahlile le lamandulo. Izazinzulu wathi ubunzulu equleni ngelo xesha-12 kuphela 263 leemitha kunye ubuninzi lobushushu ibhalwe ngu degrees 220 Celsius. Bangaphazanyiswa kwakukho kuphela inye, ngenxa leyo imbeko ethandabuzekayo Kola ultradeep kakuhle - izandi.

Udliwano-ndlebe kunye nomnye abasebenzi Kola super-nzulu kakuhle

Kudliwano-ndlebe abazinikele okuchitha legend le Kola awusi uDavide Mironovich Guberman wathi: "Xa ndibuzwa I malunga ukuchana welivo kunye ubukho indimoni ukuba abawafumana khona, ndithi ukuba oku bububhanxa. Kodwa xa kuthethwa inyani, nam singenako ukuyiphika le yokuba sijamelene nento engaphaya. Okokuqala, siye saqalisa ukuba ukuphazamisa izandi imvelaphi ongaziwayo, ngoko kwabakho ukwanda. Xa wabajonga kakuhle, kwi kubunzulu enye, yonke into eqhelekileyo ngokupheleleyo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ... "

Ziziphi iingenelo obangele Kola super-nzulu kakuhle ukugrumba?

Kakade ke, omnye amancedo engundoqo kokuvela kakuhle ingabizwa inkqubela ebonakalayo kwinkalo wokugrumba. kuye kwakhiwa iindlela ezintsha kunye neendidi wokugrumba. Kwakhona ngokwakhe Kola super-nzulu kakuhle ukugrumba kwaye wadala izixhobo yenzululwazi esetyenziswa unanamhla.

UNYE umdibanise yaba kuvulwa indawo entsha kwezibonelelo zendalo, kukho phakathi kwazo nalo igolide.

Eyona njongo ephambili zenzululwazi ekufundweni zomaleko ezinzulu emhlabeni le projekthi iphumelele. iithiyori ezininzi ezikhoyo ziye wawancamisa ekuhleni (kubandakanywa emhlabeni abangelwe umaleko).

Inani amaqula super-nzulu zehlabathi

Lonke ihlabathi, kukho malunga 25 namaqula ultra-nzulu.

Inkoliso yabo zimi kummandla elalisakuba yiSoviet Union, kodwa malunga 8 ibekwe ehlabathini lonke.

imithombo Ultradeep elise kwintsimi USSR

Ngomhla kummandla yiSoviet Union, ukuba kubekho inani elikhulu yemithombo ultra-nzulu, kodwa ngokukodwa kufuneka kwabiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Muruntau kakuhle. Ubunzulu womthombo ufikelela itotali ka-3 amawaka eemitha. Ifunyanwa kwiRiphabliki Uzbekistan, kwidolophana encinane Muruntau. Ukubhola womthombo yaqala ngo-1984 kwaye sele akukagqitywa.
2. Krivorozhskaya kakuhle. Ubunzulu ifikelela 5383 kuphela leemitha ukusuka amawaka 12 ukuya ukubonakalisa. Ukubhola yaqala ngo-1984 kwaye yaphela ngo-1993. Indawo womthombo kuthathwa eUkraine, kufuphi nesixeko Krivoy Rog.
3. Dnieper-Donets kakuhle. A countrywoman kowangaphambili, kwaye ibekwe e Ukraine kufuphi IDonetsk Republic. Ubunzulu wequla umhla kweemitha 5691. Ukubhola yaqala ngo-1983 kwaye kuyaqhubeka unanamhla.
4. kanye nemvelo. It has a nobunzulu kweemitha 6100. Le ise kummandla Sverdlovsk, kufutshane nedolophu Verkhnyaya Tura. Kakuhle lomsebenzi wokugrumba kwathatha iminyaka engama-20, ukususela ngo-1985 zize ziphele ngo-2005.
5. Biikzhalskaya kakuhle. Ukujula kwawo ifikelela iimitha 6700. Well ukubhola kwenzeka ukususela ngowe-1962 ukuya 1971. Sikhoyo kwi lweCaspian uxinezeleko.
6. Aralsolskaya kakuhle. ubunzulu yakhe ngekhulu leemitha ngakumbi Biikzhalskoy kwaye 6800 kuphela mitha. Ngonyaka kwiindawo ukubhola kunye Iqula ziyafana ngokupheleleyo Biizhalskoy endaweni yakhe.
7. Timan-Pechora kakuhle. Ukujula kwawo ifikelela iimitha 6904. Ise kwiRiphabliki Komi. Ukuze ube ngqo ngakumbi, kummandla Vuktylsky. Kakuhle lomsebenzi wokugrumba kwathatha iminyaka emalunga ne-10, ukususela ngo-1984, ophela ngonyaka ka-1993.
8. Tyumen kakuhle. Ubunzulu ifikelela 7502 m ocwangcisiweyo 8,000. ebekwe Well kufuphi nedolophu Mbovy Urengoy kunye kwilali Korotchaevo. Ukubhola kwenzeka ukususela 1987 ukuya ku-1996.
9. Shevchenko kakuhle. Kuye agrunjiwe kwenye ngo-1982 ngenjongo yokuba kwimveliso ye-oyile kwintshona Ukraine. Ubunzulu kakuhle kweemitha 7520. Ifunyanwa kummandla zeCarpath.
10. Yong-Yakhinskaya kakuhle. It has a nobunzulu malunga 8250 eemitha. Le chink kuphela, oluthe lwagqitha kwesicwangciso yokomba (yasekuqaleni 6000). Ifunyanwa e West eSiberia, kufuphi nesixeko Mbovy Urengoy. Ukubhola wasebenza ukususela ku-2000 ukuya ku-2006. Ngelo xesha langoku yaba wokugqibela amaqula ultradeep lenze eRashiya.
11. kakuhle Saatli. Ukujula kwawo ayi 8324. Ukubhola lwaqhutywa kwisithuba ukususela ngowe-1977 ukuya 1982. Le ise Azerbaijan, ngeekhilomitha ezili-10 ukusuka kwidolophu Saatli, ngaphakathi Kursk Velile Lolwana.

World imithombo ultradeep

Kwamanye amazwe, kakhulu, kukho ezinye namaqula super-nzulu, nto leyo awukwazi ngoyaba:

1. Sweden. Ring ubunzulu Siljan kweemitha 6800.
2. Kazakhstan. Tasymov mpumalanga ubunzulu kweemitha 7050.
3. US. nzulu Bighorn kweemitha 7583.
4. Austria. Tsisterdorf ubunzulu kweemitha 8553.
5. US. University ubunzulu kweemitha 8686.
6. Germany. KTB Oberpfalz-kubunzulu 9101 eemitha.
7. US. Beydat-Unit ubunzulu kweemitha 9159.
8. US. UBerta Rodzhers ubunzulu kweemitha 9583.

iirekhodi World for namaqula ultra-nzulu kwihlabathi

Ngo-2008, ingxelo ihlabathi Kola zamaqula sichithakele ioli kakuhle Maersk. ubunzulu yakhe kweemitha 12.290.

Emva koko, oko kwabhalwa iirekhodi zehlabathi ezimbalwa ngaphezulu ultradeep amaqula:

1. Ekuqaleni kuka January 2011 irekhodi kwimveliso ye-oyile projekthi amaqula aqhekekileyo "Sakhalin-1", ofikelela ubunzulu kweemitha 12,345.
2. NgoJuni 2013 irekhodi kwaphulwa intsimi manzi Chayvo, nto leyo ubunzulu kweemitha 12,700.

Noko ke, iimfihlelo Kola kakuhle super-nzulu ukuzokuthi ga ngoku akukabikho eyaziswayo kanjalo wachaza. Relative izandi phambi ngexesha zokomba layo, kude kube namhlanje kukho iingcamango ezintsha. Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi lo ngokwenene isiqhamo muntu enogonyamelo? Kaloku, njani, ke, njengoko kwamangqina amaninzi? Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo iza kuba ngumntu oza kunika ingcaciso yenzululwazi ngokuba kwenzeka ntoni, yaye mhlawumbi kakuhle kwaye uhlala banentsomi ukuba balibalise kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ...