I-revolution yamaphephandaba eNgilani: umhla, ebangela, iziphumo

I edumileyo bourgeois revolution waseNgilani (1642-1660) yaziwa kwilizwe lethu phantsi kwegama efanayo zezifundo yiSoviet, ezo zijolise ingqalelo umzabalazo yeklasi kuluntu IsiNgesi kwinkulungwane XVII. Ngelo xesha, ezi ziganeko eYurophu, eyaziwa nje njenge "imfazwe yamakhaya." Kuye waba ngomnye iziganeko eziphambili era yakhe kuchazwe kumda wesangqa lophuhliso eNgilani kangangeenkulungwane elandelayo.

Ingxabano phakathi kwenkosi nepalamente

Esona sizathu siphambili imfazwe yaba ungquzulwano phakathi zesiGqeba -mthetho. Kwelinye icala omnye Korol Karl I of the Stuart ubukhosi, owayelawula eNgilani njenge mlawuli ngokupheleleyo, angabi abemi amalungelo abo. Nxamnye naye benyuka epalamente, apho yayikhona lizwe ukususela ngenkulungwane XII, xa lanikwa kuMagna Carta. The House of Representatives of kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo akazange afune ukwamkela into yokuba ukumkani wasusa amagunya ayo kwaye nkqubo ethandabuzekayo.

I-revolution yamaphephandaba waseNgilani wazala abanye kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo. Ngexesha lemfazwe, uzama uku bana phandle abameli ulwalamano yamahlelo ezahlukeneyo zamaKristu (amaKatolika, iTshetshi, sithi). Le mpi yaba intlokoma esinye isiganeko esibalulekileyo yaseYurophu. Ngowe-1618-1648 gg. kwi kummandla oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma, ziyashukuma War Years '. Waqala njengendlela ngumzabalazo amalungelo obuProtestante, nto leyo babengafuni amaKatolika. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imfazwe owawanyayo onke amagunya kakhulu yaseYurophu, ngaphandle eNgilani. Noko ke, nkqu kwisiqithi ekwanti dispute benkolo zisonjululwe ngezigalo.

Enye into eyahlula le revolution yongxowankulu eNgilani, yaba inkcaso kazwelonke amaNgesi, kunye iScots, Welsh kunye Irish. Aba bantu abathathu ezoyiswa ukumkani yaye wayefuna ukuphumeza inkululeko, sibambe zemfazwe ebukumkanini.

Qala i revolution

Izizathu eziphambili ezibangela yoohlohlesakhe revolution eNgilane, echazwe apha ngentla, kufuneka kungekudala kukhokelela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Kodwa kwakufuneka isizathu ebalulekileyo kulo. Wafunyanwa ngo-1642. In kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwimvukelo kazwelonke Ireland, abantu balapho uya kwenza nantoni na ukuze amgxothe abahlaseli British ukususela kwisiqithi zabo.

E London, ngoko nangoko baqalisa ukulungiselela ukuthumela umkhosi ukuya ngasentshona, ukuze iyamcamagusha i zaneliswe. Kodwa ekuqaleni kweli phulo kuthintele ingxabano phakathi kwePalamente kunye noKumkani. Amaqela ayikwazanga akuvumi ukuba ngubani oza kukhokela umkhosi. Ngokutsho imithetho kutshanje wamkele, umkhosi ukubheka ePalamente. Noko ke, uCharles ndifuna ukuthatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo. Ukuba oyike amasekela, ke ngequbuliso wagqiba kubamba kakhulu ngogonyamelo abachasi bakhe epalamente. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezopolitiko ezifana Dzhon IPim kunye uDenzil Hollis. Kodwa bonke babaleka unogada elithembekileyo nokumkani ngomzuzu wokugqibela.

Ke uKarl, watyhwatyhwa, ngenxa ngeempazamo zabo ziya kuba lixhoba impendulo, wabalekela eNew York yena. King ukude uqalile ukuvavanya amanzi yokubonisa amalungu ngokulinganisela ePalamente aye ecaleni kwakhe. Abanye babo okunene baya Stewart. Kwakunjalo yomkhosi. Abameli yezikhulu endala ababefuna ukuba alondoloze umyalelo omdala kobukhosi ngokupheleleyo, baba umaleko yoluntu eyayiyixhasa ukumkani. Ke Charles, kholwani ngokwawo, kunye nomkhosi waya eLondon banyamezele ipalamente enemvukelo. iphulo lakhe yasungulwa Agasti 22, 1642, kunye nayo yaqala kwaye yoohlohlesakhe revolution e England.

"Roundheads" nxamnye "namanenekazi"

Abaxhasi yePalamente babebizwa Roundheads, kwaye abavikeli ongenayo - the Cavaliers. Le mfazwe yokuqala enkulu phakathi imikhosi ephikisanayo wathabatha indawo Oktobha 23, 1642 kufuphi kwilali Edgehill. Ngenxa manene yayo yokuqala uloyiso likwazile ukulwela Oxford, ezaba yokuhlala Charles I.

Ukumkani wayenza umphathi wakhe oyintloko wamajoni umtshana wakhe Rupert. Yena unyana Elector iPalatine Frederick, ngenxa apho Mfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi waqala eJamani. Ekugqibeleni, umlawuli wamgxothela intsapho Rupert ngaphandle kweli lizwe, yaye lo mfana waba nanceba. Ngaphambi kokutyelela England yena, baba nobutyebi yamava zomkhosi ngenxa inkonzo eNetherlands nokufunda eSweden. Ngoku Umtshana kakumkani, wakhokela Cavaliers athumele umkhosi, efuna ukufaka eLondon, apho wahlala ezandleni abaxhasi ePalamente. Ngenxa yoko, England ngexesha revolution yongxowankulu wohlukana iziqingatha ezibini.

Roundheads inkxaso oohlohlesakhe litsha kunye abarhwebi. Ezi klasi zentlalo yaba yeyona lithathe kwilizwe labo. Benza uqoqosho, wabulela kubo ukusungula. Ngenxa yomgaqo-nkqubo yokubulala zasekhaya ukumkani kuhlala usomashishini eNgilani yaba nzima. Kungenxa yoko le nto oongxowankulu phezu kwicala yePalamente, enethemba ukuwina ukufumana inkululeko wathembisa ukuba ukulawula imicimbi yabo.

ubuntu Cromwell

Iinkokeli zezopolitiko eLondon yaba Oliver Cromwell. Weza kwintsapho landowning esisityebi. impembelelo yawo kwaye uyakwazi ukufumana ngokusebenzisa nezahlulo wengcibi ineempahla ecaweni. Kunye kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe , waba igosa yomkhosi yasepalamente. italente yakhe yabonisa umphathi kwi Idabi Marston YamaSilamsi, esenzeka ngoJulayi 2, 1644.

Kuyo nxamnye nokumkani nje kuphela ngeenxa-intloko, kodwa iScots. Olu hlanga kangangeenkulungwane wawalwela ukuzimela kubamelwane ngakumzantsi wayo. IPalamente e England waqukumbela umfelandawonye iScots nxamnye noCharles. Ngaloo ndlela ke ukumkani ubanjwe phakathi miba mibini. Xa imikhosi eManyeneyo akumanyileyo, baya egxalabeni York.

Xa Battle of Marston YamaSilamsi kwakukho abangama abantu malunga 40,000 macala omabini. Abaxhasi kukumkani, wakhokela Prince Rupert, nive ubunzima elihlazo, emva koko yonke kumantla eNgilani, iye kuvunwa yi-Cavaliers. Oliver Cromwell , owamahashe yakhe igama "Ironsides 'ukuba amandla akhe nonyamezelo ngexesha elibalulekileyo.

Uhlaziyo Army in ePalamente

Ngenxa loyiso Marston YamaSilamsi Oliver Cromwell waba njengomnye weenkokheli ePalamente. Ekwindla ka 1644 kwiNdlu nabameli counties, eziye inyanzele irhafu inkulu (ukuba siqinisekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-mkhosi). Bathi akaba saba ukwenza imali wokulondoloza imali. Esi siganeko umfutho zokubuyekezwa ngaphakathi umkhosi Roundheads.

Iminyaka emibini yokuqala iziphumo imfazwe hayi ezanelisayo ePalamente. Impumelelo e Marston YamaSilamsi yaba uloyiso yokuqala Roundheads, kodwa akukho mntu wayenokuthi kakuhle ukuba amathamsanqa iza kuqhubeka kuhamba ezintshabeni zokumkani. IPalamente mkhosi luphawulwa amaqondo aphantsi uqeqesho, kuba bezele ikakhulu ngenxa kufunyanwe abanye nolungafanelekanga, ngubani, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nazo walwa akathandi. Abanye abaqeqeshwayo esolwa yokuba amakhonkco kunye namanenekazi ewolo.

impi entsha imodeli

IPalamente e England wayefuna ukuphelisa le meko esibuhlungu emkhosini. Ngoko ke, ekwindla ka-1644 nokuvota kwenzeka, nto leyo ekhokelele kolawulo umkhosi single-handedly waya Cromwell. Yena wayethunywe ukwenza iinguqu, kwaye oku kwenziwe ngempumelelo kwixesha elifutshane.

umkhosi New uye wabizwa 'umkhosi entsha imodeli ". Luqulunqwe yi "Ironsides" umfuziselo webutho, leyo ukususela ekuqaleni ukhokelwa Cromwell ngokwakhe. Ke kaloku IPalamente impi phantsi ingqeqesho ngqwabalala (akuvumelekile ukuba ukusebenzisa utywala, ukudlala amakhadi njalo njalo. D.). Ngaphezu koko, enza intsimbi main zamaPuritan. Yaba zokubuyekezwa malunga ngokupheleleyo lobuKatolika monarchical uStuart.

Puritani wayehluke ubomi kakhulu kunye nomlinganiselo sacral yeBhayibhile. I Army iye yaba udidi ukufunda entsha isampuli iVangeli ngaphambi kokuba umlo kunye nezinye izithethe namaProtestanti.

Ekubulaleni lokugqibela uCharles I

Emva kokuba inguquko, Cromwell kunye nomkhosi wakhe wajamelana novavanyo ebalulekileyo edabini nxamnye Cavaliers. Juni 14, 1645 okwilizwe Northamptonshire zabanjwa Battle of Naseby. Cavaliers lahluleka obukhulu. Emva koko, lo revolution yokuqala yoohlohlesakhe eNgilani, wafudukela kwisigaba esitsha. Ukumkani akazange nje kutshatyalaliswa. Roundheads wathabatha impahla yakhe yaye ukufikelela imbalelwano ezifihlakeleyo, apho uKarl Styuart ebizwa ziyabanceda isiFrentshi. Ukusuka imbalelwano kwacaca ukuba umlawuli wathengisa ngokoqobo ilizwe labo bamanye amazwe, nje ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone.

Kungekudala La maxwebhu aya kufumana iqashiso emphakathini, yaye ekugqibeleni uluntu wabuya wemka uKarl. kuqala kumkani kwi ezandleni iScots, owathi ngenxa yentwana isixa esikhulu semali wathengisa ngayo kwi British. umlawuli wokuqala igcinwe entolongweni, kodwa okwangoku ngokusesikweni wazidla. Nge Karl wazama ukufikelela kwisivumelwano (ePalamente, Cromwell, basemzini), unika iimeko ezahlukeneyo abuyele ngamandla. Emva kokuba asinde kwikhamera, waza waphinda yathinjwa, Isiphelo sakhe kokuvalelwa. Karl Stewart uye ematyaleni waza wagwetyelwa ukufa. January 30, 1649 wanqunyulwa intloko.

Likhupheni Ikratshi ngayo iPalamente

Ukuba sicinga revolution eNgilane njenge ungquzulwano noCharles kunye nePalamente, kusenjalo yaphela ngo-1646. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali batwabulule phezu ukutyhilwa ebanzi kwekota, nolwenzelwa lonke ixesha karhulumente ezingazinzanga igunya kweli lizwe phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII. Emva woyiswa ukumkani, impixano baqalisa ePalamente. alwayo Different ilwela igunya, efuna ukuba balahle ezinamandla.

Uphawu eziziintloko ekwabelwana nkqubo yaba nenkolo azoba kuyo. EPalamente, walwa phakathi kwabo amaRhabe nezizimele. Ezi abameli utyekelo ezahlukeneyo Protestantism. NgoDisemba 6, 1648 kwakukho Likhupheni Ikratshi ngayo ePalamente. Army inkxaso ezizimeleyo kunye amaRhabe agxothwe. Ipalamente entsha, ebizwa nomsila, ngowe-1649 ngokufutshane waseka republic.

Imfazwe iScots

Ezinkulu-scale iziganeko zembali kukhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Ukubhukuqwa ukumkani banda kuphela wobuzwe. I-Irish kunye iScots nokuzama ngezigalo ukuze bafumane inkululeko. IPalamente wathuma kubo umkhosi, ikhokelwa ngu-Oliver Cromwell waphinda wavuka. Izizathu yoohlohlesakhe revolution eNgilani lwaluquka nayo kwindawo olungalinganiyo zabantu ezahlukeneyo, ngoko nje oku impixano ayenziwanga zaphela, oko iphele ngoxolo. Ngowe-1651, umkhosi Cromwell kaThixo woyisa iScots kwi Idabi Worcester buziphelise ukuya kumzabalazo kwabo inkululeko.

Ulawulo ngokozwi lakhe Cromwell

Ngenxa yempumelelo yayo Cromwell kwaduma nje kuphela, kodwa ngokwemeko yezopolitiko nempembelelo. Ngowe-1653, yena apheliswe ipalamente yaye kwasekwa Protectorate. Ngamanye amazwi, Cromwell waba uzwilakhe kuphela. Wasithabatha isihloko beNkosi noMkhuseli eNgilani, eSkotlani kunye Ireland.

Cromwell yakwazi ngokufutshane ukubazolisa lizwe wabulela imilinganiso yalo ezinzima ngokunxulumene kumhlaba wokukora. Enyanisweni, eli lizwe ayekwimeko yemfazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni le yoohlohlesakhe revolution e England. Le theyibhile ibonisa ukutshintsha indlela amandla kweli lizwe kule minyaka elide yemfazwe yamakhaya.

Isiphelo Protectorate

Ngowe-1658, Cromwell wabulawa yesifo. Weza amandla, unyana wakhe uRichard, kodwa yena ngemvelo yaba isichasi kayise eyomeleleyo unothanda. Xa eqala isiphithiphithi, kwaye ilizwe kwagcwala ithuba elivelayo ezahlukeneyo abo babefuna ukumbamba amandla.

iziganeko zembali ziye zenzeka omnye emva komnye. NgoMeyi 1659 Richard Kromvel uziyekele, enika iimfuno umkhosi. Kwezi meko, wesiphithiphithi wePalamente zaqala ukuxoxa kunye nonyana kubulawa uCharles I (Kwakhona Carl) kwi-indlu yasebukhosini.

Ukubuyiselwa yookumkani

Ukumkani omtsha iye yabuyela ekhaya evela ekuthinjweni. Ngowe-1660 waba Yibone elandelayo uStuart. Yaphela kanjalo uguquko. Noko ke, ukubuyiselwa kwakuthetha ukuba absolutism inqanyulwe. yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo feudalism Old. I-revolution yamaphephandaba eNgilani, ngamafutshane, kukhokelele ukuvela yongxowankulu. Wavumela England (yaye kamva British) abe amandla ezoqoqosho eziphambili ehlabathini kule nkulungwane XIX. Abanjalo iziphumo yoohlohlesakhe revolution e England. Waqalisa ukuvukela mveliso lwezenzululwazi, liye laba isiganeko ukuba inkqubela lonke uluntu.