US-Mexican War, iminyaka 1846-1848. Ukuqhambuka impi, nabathetheli, zindawo uphikise

Imfazwe US kunye Mexico ngenxa elawula eTexas kukhokelele kwinto yokuba baseMerika ziqhotyoshelwe eTexas nje kuphela, kodwa yonke yayo yaseMzantsi yanamhlanje. Eli phulo lwaqhutywa izimpi eziliqela yakhunjulwa alwela nanto.

Impikiswano phezu eTexas

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, Yehlabathi Elitsha iye wabona enye yeyona ibalulekileyo iimfazwe kule ngingqi. Impalalo gazi yaqala ngenxa wengxabano izilangazelelo USA ne Mexico. Amazwe awunokwazi ukwahlula eTexas. Ngowe-1836, lo mmandla wahlukana kude eMexico, ukuzimela (ayaziwa geqe Mexico kunye ingqalelo ummandla neenkani Republic lutsha, ezo separatists kuthinjwa okwethutyana).

Texas, elingumthombo, waqalisa ukuseka abafowunelwa kunye eUnited States. Mexican-American imfazwe ngenxa umnqweno Washington ukuba bajoyine i kwiriphabliki ku ngokwayo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo abathi Democrats. Ngowe-1844, uMongameli US waba umgqatswa lwabo Dzheyms polk. Xa uluntu American ukuya nokudliwa Texas elide ngayo ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, ukuba angathanda abahlali ngasezantsi lezolimo, yaye kwelinye - oku uphikiswa ithi mveliso ezisemantla, baba kokuyaphula wabanini makhoboka esemazantsi.

i akunakuphepheka bempi

Phezu kwazo zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo bebangisana imimandla sekunjalo yaba yinxalenye eUnited States. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1845 xa Texas waba imeko 28 le akhawunti. Mexico nangoku iqwalasela Republic inxalenye nommandla wayo, ngoko ke urhulumente layo phantsi ngamandla isigqibo Washington kaThixo. Relations phakathi kwamazwe amabini ziye zehla kabukhali. Le meko wayesondele kakhulu.

Xa impixano wazama ukuba angenelele France neBritani. Amagunya ezimbini yaseYurophu wayeyiqonda Republic of Texas wathanda eqale wayo eUnited States isisombululo njengombuso ozimeleyo. Bekhokelwa ezi ngcamango, eParis kunye London wabiza Mexico ayithethi zenze imfazwe kwi US. Noko ke, imigudu yabo naziqhamo.

Ukusilela zokubonisana

Isizathu nomda US-Mexico uye emfazweni. Ngenxa Texas ubume impikiswano kweli lizwe akavumelani ngubani ongumnini kulo mmandla. Mexico ingqalelo phesheya Nueces River, kwaye US - Rio Grande. Imbambano malunga nalo mba xa intwasahlobo ka-1845, amabutho aseMelika wangena eTexas. Kulwandle bexhobe ngeteknoloji entsha butho.

Urhulumente US elungiselela iphulo ezizayo indlela Ukufihla oluphuculweyo. Society ivuso igazi ezayo. Kuba iintlobo izinyathelo iintetho kuthenga US kumazwe Mexico. States baye izixa ezahlukeneyo ngenxa kummandla ongasentshonalanga eTexas. Yaba California ($ 25 ezigidi) kunye New Mexico (5 million). Kulo mzekelo, ilizwe ephikisana phakathi Rio Grande kunye Nueces Free yasiwa eTexas. Isindululo sakhatywa.

Imeko yezopolitiko Mexico

Ngomhla olwandulela imfazwe, Mexico wangena ixesha kozinzo kwezopolitiko. Ngowe-1846, eli lizwe umongameli izihlandlo ezine zatshintsha ezintandathu - uMphathiswa wezoKhuselo, elinesithandathu - uMphathiswa wezeMali. Sizitsibe kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko ekhula abavakalelwa anti-American. Uluntu imisiwe lobuzwe kakhulu. Nabani na aspired ukuba amandla omela yokuhlaliswa esinoxolo kwimpixano kunye eUnited States, waba kwaoko kuye umgxothwa.

Xa kwasekwa urhulumente BaseMexico, iqulathe isizwe, baya ukuqhubela phambili lobudlelwane kunye nommelwane wasentla. Umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha ingxelo ekuhleni amabango abo eTexas. Mexican-American War zazikufuphi zonke engaphephekiyo. Ekuqaleni kuka-1846 e Washington ifumene umyalezo echaza ukuba abachasi walile ukudibana umthunywa ekhethekileyo elandelayo.

Arista Mariano

Matshi 8, 1846 le Army US wawela Rubicon baza bangena kummandla Mexico. Isigqibo ukuqala imfazwe labanjiswa Washington izolo. Ngasechwebeni yomkhosi Rio Grande baqalisa ukwakha iinqaba kunye iibhetri zokwakha. Kodwa emva ukuvimba utshaba namachweba.

Impixano zomkhosi ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo phakathi kwe US kunye Mexico yaqala ngo-Aprili 23, xa Mexico wathi US imfazwe. Commander in the yokuqala, wakhethwa Arista Mariano. umsebenzi wakhe umkhosi Wakha emva umkhosi Spanish. Emva Mexico lasungula umzabalazo wezigalo inkululeko, igosa ajoyina nabavukeli. Mariano wayengumxhasi iingcamango zobunene. Xa Mexican-American Imfazwe yaphela, waqala ukwakha wezopolitiko umsebenzi, yaye kwiminyaka 1851-1853. Waba njengoMongameli Mexico.

UMajor General Taylor

Mexico wasabela US isibhengezo lemfazwe 13 Meyi. American waba yintloko ye Zakari Teylor. Wazalwa e Virginia kwaye sele lubonise ngexesha lemfazwe Anglo-American. Ukongeza, wachitha ixesha elininzi ahlasela entlango Indiya. Kwindawo yokuqala wayeza kweyona Mexico kumntla-mpuma, yaye kwimeko ukuba utshaba wala ukuba banikezele, xa kusehla Mexico.

Ngenxa uloyiso phezu ummelwane emazantsi UZachary Taylor wayengazange yabamba-ofisi yoluntu, wavula indlela eya kupolitiko emikhulu. Ngowe-1848 wonyulwa ngumongameli 12 US. Nangona kunjalo, xa impilo yakhe yayisiba sele phantsi zizifo ezininzi ebandakanya emkhosini ngexesha nomkhankaso wakhe. Taylor wafa unyaka emva kokuthatha ofisi. Ngenxa yoko, impumelelo yakhe engundoqo engasilindanga kwi-ofisi kaMongameli, kwaye uloyiso phezu baseMexico.

Ukubuya Santa Ana

Kungekudala emva kokuba umda US-Mexico wasala ngasemva, wathimba umkhosi American isixeko Matamoros, emva bechuba kuyo zokudubula. Abahlaseli baye inzuzo zobugcisa, ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani, ngenxa zoloyiso babo ubhalo nezendalo. Emva Matamoros wanikezela izixeko ezininzi Seralvo, Camargo kunye Reynosa.

Ukuqhambuka impi ezakhokelela kutshintsho ngamandla eMexico. ulawulo State wathabatha benkululeko. Bachitha iinguqu eziliqela bebuyile ekuthinjweni of Jikelele Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana. Njengoko umongameli, wayiqhubela thethwano ezintsha kunye abaseMelika.

Sturm Monterrey

Ngelo xesha, September 20, umkhosi 1846 Taylor kaThixo wawungqinga umzi iMonterrey. Iindonga kweentsuku ezimbalwa akazange aphendule zokudubula. Awuthatha baba inzuzo kuphela emva kwecala eTexas Rangers wathabatha iinduli ezimbalwa ukuya ngasentshona iMonterrey. indawo lula eye wavumela baseMerika ukuthatha ehlaselwa kumacala amabini, nto leyo yimpumelelo.

Ngosuku lwesihlanu baseMexico ekwanti ziphelelwe iimbumbulu, baza bayishiya. Thina bahlasela yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 ziye zafakwa - yase 300 Taylor umkhosi. ilahleko enkulu kwanyanzeleka umphathi ukuba imikhosi yokhuselo Mexican, lo gama kugcinwe izixhobo zabo nezibhengezo. Sturm malini Monterrey. yatshatyalaliswa eninzi komzi, itshiswe. Imbali Mexico izele iziganeko ezimangalisayo, kodwa ukuba zokungqinga baseMexico bakholelwa isimboli ibalulekileyo imfazwe eUnited States.

umkhankaso oluqhubekayo

Emva Monterrey amaMelika teta Coahuila inhloko Saltillo. NgoNovemba, bambamba izibuko isitshixo Mexican of Tampico. Lonke eli xesha, Santa Ana waqhubeka ukuqokelela amandla elungiselela kwidabi. Injongo yawo umkhosi emi Taylor kufuphi Saltillo. Elikhulu kakhulu ngobukhulu imikhosi Mexico babesilwa kunye baseMelika 22-23 Februwari 1847 kwi-Battle of Buena Vista. Abantu of Santa Anna kwafuneka ukoyisa indlela iikhilomitha ezingama-300, kwintlango eyomileyo. Amajoni nesifo kukungabi ukutya kunye namanzi. Kwakukho desertions abaninzi. Ngu ekuqaleni edabini isimo salo umkhosi Mexican eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo.

Le ndawo sele gazi ephambili Saltillo entabeni emxinwa. Ngosuku lokuqala baseMexico kudlula umkhosi utshaba ephangweni ngasekhohlo, wangena ngasemva waziqhekeza iphiko, umthetho yi Taylor. Ezinye amaMelika lihambe ukuya Saltillo. Idabi kuqaliswe nge-23 Februwari. Ngokuhlwa, Santa Anna ngesiquphe lweMedia. isigqibo sakhe, wachaza ukuba waziva ukungabi emthethweni emkhosini. EMexico abalahlekelwe wababulala abantu malunga 1,500, amaMelika - 700.

Revolution e Mexico

indawo Mexico yaba mandundu. Nangona eTexas, eCarlifonia kunye namanye amaphondo baqhubeka Ndoniphumelisa phantsi kolawulo eUnited States, abaye bahlulwa omnye emva kwelo zwe ukuba imali ekupheleni. Urhulumente wayalela nerikhwizishini wepropati ibandla. yokuthengisa kwakhe kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhubeke imfazwe. Noko ke, imilinganiselo efana akazange avume oomaleko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zoluntu waseMexico.

waqalisa ukuvukela Anti-government. Santa Anna wakhawuleza ukushiya ngaphambili waya ukubuyisela ucwangco kwikomkhulu. E Mexico, elingumthombo, iye ibhukuqwe urhulumente. Santa Ana wajoyina kubavukeli. Emva kokuwa ngurhulumente wangaphambili, wafumana amandla ngoozwilakhe.

Battle of Veracruz

Ngoxa e City Mexico idlabhuzwe ngxabano yoluntu, i-Mexican-American War yaqhubeka indima yawo. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela eli phulo, i-US Army, ngebhayisikile ukuya emantla, wayeka ekhubekisayo kwakhe yaye wafudukela kwindawo wokhuselo abangene. Ukuya elikomkhulu utshaba liphela emaqeleni and semi-iintlango, apho kwakungekho manzi, amaMelika akabanga nabuganga. Endaweni yoko, amabutho zabo wathimba kwizibuko Veracruz. Ukususela ukuba le ndlela imfutshane eMexico City.

In-Oyintloko umsebenzi omtsha wonyulwa Winfield Scott. Taylor akakholiswa Democratic Party, njengoko nencum ethandwayo kuye ibango kwi-Ofisi kaMongameli emva konyulo olulandelayo. Ukuhlasela 12000th igqampe yaqala ngoMatshi 9, 1847. Le bamba Veracruz yayihanjelwe Amaqhawe elizayo ezininzi American Civil War, kuquka George Meade kunye Robert E. Lee.

phambi entsha

Veracruz kwiNgxowa ngomhla wama-29 kuMatshi. AmaMelika wehla nge-80 kuphela abulawe, kodwa ukuqhambuka icesina emthubi emkhosini zabo. Eqhutywa iimeko Winfield Scott ungxamile. Aprili 17 nempi yakhe wadibana amajoni Mexican, ngubani kwakhona umthetho yi Santa Ana. AmaMelika athimba eziphakamileyo qhinga, efakwe kuyo howitzers kwaye waphumelela idabi.

Aprili 22 Wawa isixeko Perote, kwaye ngomhla we-15 Meyi - Puebla. Attack kuthintele impi zenzeka ngeenxa Veracruz. Bavukeli wahlasela ngezigaba kunye convoys ezincinane bahlaseli. Ezi lemigulukudu ophangiweyo izithuthi, ezikhethiweyo nezixhobo kunye nezibonelelo. Ngaphandle kwendlela, apho Scott, amaMelika khange abonakale kweli lizwe, ukulawula kuphela unxweme kunye namazibuko ngobuchule ebalulekileyo.

ekuchithweni Last

Zonke ngokusebenzisa lasehlotyeni lika-1847, abameli umongameli Mexican bazama ukuthethana kunye norhulumente US ukuphelisa imfazwe. Amaqela ayikwazanga ukufikelela kwisivumelwano iimeko inkqubo ngokuxoxa kotsalo isigxina. Ngelo xesha, umkhosi Scott wema e Puebla, ukuze uqokelele amandla phambi jerk lokugqibela. Mexico kakade ekufutshane. Agasti 20, 1847 edabini kufuphi nomlambo Churubusco baseMerika woyisa umkhosi Manuelya Rinkona.

Won enye loyiso, imikhosi Scott bakaThixo nje kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka ikomkhulu Mexico. September 13, amaMelika langena inqaba Chapulteke. Namhlanje le ndawo kucingwa ukuba abe kwiziko City Mexico ombaxa, kukho malunga nama-9 million abemi. Kwidabi kwikomkhulu zabulala abangaphezu kwama-2,700 US abasebenzi zomkhosi, 383 kubo amagosa.

Uthethwano kunye nemigomo uxolo

Ngo-Oktobha 1847 umkhosi esaphethe Mexico, apho sele 43 amawaka abantu ababenaye. Urhulumente ofe, Santa Anna ubalekile kweli lizwe. Nangona nemibutho ukumelana zaphela, waqhubeka zeenkcuba kunye kuzinze ongenelelo.

Inkqubo-thethwano lwathatha iinyanga eziliqela. Uloyiso US wajika intloko yakhe njengoko amagunya kunye noluntu. ezifunwa american saba sibi ngakumbi yaye unesimilo. Ezinye unjalo waze wathi bahlomela Mexico xa iyonke. Against la mazwi icala yokulahlekelwa kwakufuneka enze umnyinyiva elikhulu, kwaye athathe zonke iimfuno ezisesikweni.

Le isivumelwano soxolo sasayinwa ngoFebruwari 2, 1848 e Guadalupe Hidalgo. Xa ngenxa $ 15 million, Mexico wanika US ngaphezu kwesigidi ezikwere zeekhilomitha ye nommandla wayo. Ezi emazweni namhlanje California, Texas, Nevada kunye Utah. Wabelwa uninzi Arizona kunye New Mexico. Wavakalisa umda umlambo karhulumente Rio Grande. Kwidabi lokulwa waqhubeka US ukwanda ukuya ngasentshona. States bafumana ukufikelela kwi-Pacific Ocean.