Iinguqulelo eziliqela kutheni Baty akazange aye Novgorod

umgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo ukuze bambambe amazwe ezintsha 12-13 kwiinkulungwane th, negalelo ekukhuleni pastoralism loonothwal nokunqwenela ukuba zifake ubutyebi wasentsomini sineziveliso angqonge kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu. Kodwa iphulo lokulwa Novgorod, hayi Batu akazange athathe indawo. Ekubeni mbuya yavelisa nto kodwa ukutya iimfuno zabo, nobunewunewu ukuba beluqhuqha okanye izifundo ezinomsebenzi wezandla, okanye (leyo ngokufuthi) kwinkqubo wabaphangi kunye nokuphanga. Kumazwe angabamelwane, i Mongols wabona ukwehla nembambano lwangaphakathi, kungenzeka ukuba uqalise imfazwe loloyiso babefezekile. Makhe sihlolisise isizathu sokuba Baty akazange aye Novgorod.

Amacala impahla Genghis Khan bakaThixo benkulungwane ye-13

Great imikhosi Khan kaThixo wathimba ezi nkalo zilandelayo:

• Central kunye Middle Asia.
• Southern eSiberia.
• Khorezm phakathi kwezi emphaya ezimbini.
• North Caucasus.
• Wahlasela imikhosi Georgian-Armenian kunye Alans.
• KuLwandle Azov.
• Russian-okwenziwa Polovets umbutho kwi p. Kalka.

Emva kokufa Genghis Khan ngo-1227 ubunini yoBukhosi Mongol yahlulwa ulus eziliqela. Abalawuli baye oonyana bakhe nabazukulwana.

Isigqibo kwiphulo Mongolian ukuya eNtshona

Isigqibo kuloyiso kwintsimi Russian yenziwa intlanganiso jikelele Mongol yezikhulu (Kurultai) ngo-1235. Mongolia ngokucokisekileyo ulungiselela imfazwe. iinkosana abaliqela, nabaphathi-mikhosi, kunye best nukers Mongols bathatha inxaxheba kwezi Butha ixesha elide. Njengoko ubukhosi ento abasemathanga wasentshona waya ndatu, umzukulwana Genghis Khan, wayiqhubela iphulo kula mazwe atyebileyo. Injongo ukuba eMpuma Yurophu.

Ukuqala ayehlasela Batu

Ukuze akhusele ngasemva kwakhe, Batu woyisa izizwe Polovtsian kuqala, emva koko watshabalalisa iVolga Bulgaria. Le meko iye yaphela. Ngowe-1237 umkhosi loonothwal waya phezu North-Eastern Russia. I Mongols wayitshisa xa kuhlasela kwaye ngenkohlakalo wayonakalisayo imizi zilandelayo:

• Ryazan yawa emva kokuba zokungqinga ngeveki.
• Somnikelo Kolomna, yaseTver, Pereyaslavl, eMoscow.
• Emva kweentsuku 4 zokungqinga, langena kunye uVladimir elinyukayo.
• ngesibindi iiveki 2 inkani, kodwa ke wawela Torzhok.

Inani elikhulu zombini zokuhlala ezinkulu nezincinane ye North-East of Russia zatshatyalaliswa, kunye nabahlali ngexesha ekwindla-ebusika kwiminyaka 1237-1238 ixesha. Uhlaselo iimvula kwentwasahlobo kunye nokungakwazi ukuhambisa neenqwelo ezinkulu emhlabeni anodaka yaba sesinye sezizathu zokuba Baty akazange aye Novgorod. I Mongols akazange afike isixeko km ezimalunga ne-100.

Ngokuhlaselwa yesibini imikhosi Batu kaThixo

Ukuqhubeka zomkhosi idlulisela emva konyaka, kwakhona ekwindla-ebusika. Sayibamba eCrimea, wawa waza watshisa Kiev, galich, uVladimir-Volyn, ezinye izixeko emzantsi ntshona of Russia. ngoko Batu wabahlula nomkhosi wakhe. Icandelo waya Poland kunye iHungary, enye - kunxweme eBaltic.

Kutheni Baty akazange aye Novgorod? Ngenxa yokuba amajoni akhe bafudukela kwelinye icala. Wayithimba Sandomierz, Lublin, Krakow, Wroclaw. kartel Polish kwaye isiJamani boyiswa. amabutho Mongol esaphethe iHungary, Austria, Croatia, kwelaseDalmati, i-Czech Republic, weza Vienna, bangezi Venice. waphula capture noloyiso Europe Batu, ndakuba ndamkele ulwazi malunga ukufa Khan Udegeya e Karakorum. Noko ke, ukuba babuyele eMongolia, Batu Khan waseka urhulumente phezu ezisezantsi iVolga, othi zolotaya Orda. imida yayo Wasolula ukusuka iDanube ukuya Irtysh.

Kodwa kuthekani na Novgorod?

Umbuzo xa Baty wayithimba Novgorod, uye impendulo enye: ayizange yenzeke loo nto. I Mongol ehlasela yesibini akazange iphulo elinye. Batu wakhokela ekuthatheni imimandla uthotho uhlaselo saa. Khan, ebonisa amandla yomkhosi womkhosi wakhe, wabongoza isixeko ukuba angenise Nuker wayo. ngenkani kuphela bamelane batshatyalaliswa amatyotyombe.

Ngokuzithandela kwingxowa zokuhlala ehlawulwa indemnity Khan amahashe, ukutya kunye nokutya. Ukongeza, umkhosi loonothwal nemfuyo yabo neenqwelo ayikwazanga ngesiqhelo ukulwa ngokwemigaqo ezihlanjeni, amahlathi, imilambo kunye nemigxobhozo. Yiloo nezimbuku kunye nobudlelwane entwasahlobo kuba ixesha lesibini ukucima iphulo Batu Novgorod wazinceda isixeko esikhulu ukuhlala soyiswe.

Kwangaxeshanye, Novgorod wabiza ukukhusela Knights Livonian ahlasela North-West of Russia, Aleksandra Nevskogo. Mhlawumbi phambi kwale umphathi abancinane qela wadlala indima ekusindiseni isixeko ukudliwa Nomad.

Enye inguqulelo impendulo umbuzo malunga kutheni Baty akazange aye Novgorod, uthi emva xesha ubusika kwiilali Russian ifana akukho oovimba ziyinike amarhamncwa elizwe. Ukonakalisa lali, ukuthatha silungiselwe amahlwempu yasebusika ifula, abasemathanga wondla amahashe zabo neenkomo. Kwakufuneka ukuba bayeke kwindawo inyathelo lomkhosi, njengoko kwakungekho nto ukondla imfuyo yabo.