Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, Abantu Commissar: engobomi, amabhaso, iifoto

Litvinov waba yaBantu Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle ye-USSR kwiminyaka 1930-1939. Ngeli xesha, eSoviet Union wenze ukuqondwa lokugqibela uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Abantu elizayo xa Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich wazalwa ngoJulayi 17, 1876 ukuya kwintsapho yamaYuda. inkwenkwe Education wangena kwisikolo wokwenene Bialystok. Oku kwalandelwa iminyaka emihlanu yenkonzo emkhosini. Native ku Litvinov yaba 17 abaseAfrika nomkhosi butho omi Baku.

Ngowe-1898 walandela yi kwamabutho. Ke Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich ujoyine RSDLP. Ukufika e Kiev, waba lilungu lekomiti iqela lasekuhlaleni. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi ekusekeni Litvinov indlu yoshicilelo mthethweni, nto leyo eziprintiweyo izinto phulo. Amaphetshana kunye neencwadana yenzelwe abasebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nabalimi.

Ukubanjwa kunye nakusinda ebusweni Russia

Ngowe-1901, amapolisa tsarist imfihlelo kulandelelwa Kiev Socialist abaqeshwe ukushicilela mthethweni. Ilandelwa yi khomiwile. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich waba entolongweni. Kodwa ezayo, ngo-1902, yena, kunye nenye namaqabane 10 ubalekile entolongweni. Once ezamahala, revolution, bafudukela eSwitzerland elikude, apho ngelo xesha laba ikhaya kwiinkokheli ezininzi iqela. Apho Litvinov benza nezolo. Waba ngomnye ngabanikezi eziphambili iphephandaba "Iskra" eRashiya.

Ngo-1903 kwakukho odumileyo II Party Congress, apho iqela bahlukana alwayo ezimbini - yamaBolshevik kunye Menshevik. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich ujoyine uLenin kunye nabalandeli bakhe. Ngelo xesha yena wahlala ubuhlobo kunye bemoya abathile Mensheviks, kuquka i-Vera Zasulich, Leon noTrotsky, Yuliem Martovym, njalo-njalo. D.

I revolution lokuqala

Kungekudala revolution elide lulindelwe Russian. Ngowe-1905, i-iiBolsheviks ngeendleko imali angaphandle sele ziwuququzelele unikezelo kwezixhobo imibutho uyazazi ngokuchasiweyo abasemagunyeni eRashiya. Lo msebenzi kukhokelele kuquka Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Esifutshane omcimbi party biography ngelo xesha umzekelo umntu othatha inxaxheba eninzi imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo zolawulo.

amava Rich uvumele Litvinov kwixesha elizayo kuba elite kakhulu nelungelo wayelawula urhulumente waseSoviet phezu amalungelo 'amandla awo adibeneyo ". Ithumela iingalo ukuya eRussia umsebenzi yingozi. iinqanawa ezimbini, apho izixhobo iposelwe Litvinov, ekugqibeleni yaphuka, yaye ngaphambi kokuba afike zibuko.

Kwi-UK,

Njengoko ngumququzeleli weqela Litvinov wasebenza Camo. KwiBolsheviks ngexesha Revolution yokuqala Russian nayo uxanduva zokubonelelwa ingalo. Xa mvukelo ethandwayo uze engento, Kamo baba waziphatha ukusoloko okwalo ishishini mthethweni. Yena othe imali ivideo imidlalo ngenxa iphanga lwamaziko karhulumente. Ngoko Tiflis ukuhluthwa yaququzelelwa ngo-1907. It inxaxheba Koba - Stalin elizayo.

Litvinov, kwakunye nezinye comrade iqela ulonwabele imali nobudlova kwimigangatho Russian. Ngowe-1908, wabanjwa eFransi. Isizathu sokuba oko kuvalelwa yaba nokuxhwilwa kweBhili wazama ukutshintsha i yamaBolshevik. France uye wagxothwa Litvinov kwi-UK. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, kude kube revolution elandelayo, Litvinov owayehlala eLondon.

Qalisa umsebenzi kwamazwe

Emva weza amandla iiBolsheviks, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luyathandabuzeka ngayo urhulumente omtsha Russian. Britain zange ayamkele into yokuba urhulumente eSoviet. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele amazwe ngenxa abameli contact sikweni. E London eziqinisekisiweyo waba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. UMkomishinala, intloko owayesakuba yiSoviet Foreign Ministry kwi 30, waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe ozakuzo ngexesha.

Litvinov waba pha. Wayephila iminyaka emininzi eLondon, wayesazi ulwimi IsiNgesi kunye izinto zasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente waseBritani abazange qhagamshelana naye ngqo ngokusebenzisa amaziko karhulumente, kodwa ukuba bafake elifikayo yegosa ekhethekileyo Russian. Ekubeni eYurophu imfazwe usaqhubeka phakathi amazwe Entente kunye iJamani, kwafuneka abasemagunyeni ukuba siqiniseke ukuba ukwazi oko kwenzekayo Petrograd kunye eMoscow.

case Lockhart

Ukunxibelelana Prime Minister Arthur Balfour ngokusebenzisa umveleli yabantu, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov wamazisa malunga uLenin kunye nezigqibo Party. Ngonozakuzaku waba Limbo ngenxa yokuba entsha urhulumente waseSoviet wathembisa inani kwihlabathi ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo kwakuthetha kokusayina isivumelwano ahlule amaJamani. Kodwa kuqala sengqondo iiBolsheviks eLondon wayenobubele kakhulu.

NgoJanuwari 1918, iBritani wathumela eRashiya lommeli walo omtsha. Baba uRobert Lockhart. Litvinov, wadibana naye eLondon, wamnika inqaku ehamba igama noTrotsky, leyo wathetha kakuhle ngale umthunywa. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva waseBritani wabanjwa kwaye uphum'aphele lizwe balihlole. Icala lakhe, kunye imizamo Lenin, yaba ibhaxa ekuqaleni ye-Red Terror. Urhulumente waseBritani, ekhawulelana ukubanjwa inxusa wabanjwa Litvinov. Wachitha iintsuku ezingama-10 entolongweni, emva koko yena kwananwe ngokukhuselekileyo ngenxa Lockhart.

YaBantu Commissariat for Affairs Foreign

Emva eRashiya, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov waqalisa ukusebenza ngqo kwi Commissariat leMicimbi yangaPhandle. umphathi wakhe waba yintloko eli sebe, Georgy Chicherin elide. Ambassador inxaxheba kwingxoxo amaninzi kunye namazwe Entente. Wazama ukuseka ubudlelwane nala mazwe emva kokuba urhulumente waseSoviet esayiniweyo ezahlukeneyo Brest uxolo kunye eJamani Kaiser kaThixo. ngaphambi kwexesha evela imfazwe nangona iimbopheleleko encedisayo ixesha elide yonakalisa isidima iiBolsheviks emehlweni kumazwe Western longxowankulu.

Ngowe-1920, uLenin wamisela ummeli entsha yiSoviet plenipotentiary e-Estonia. Baba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Ngobomi yale ndoda zizele zonke iintlobo iihambo. aseBalti emva kweMfazwe Civil eRashiya, yaphumelela ukuzimela. Ngoku kufuneka ukuba ukwakha Litvinov ke ebengomnye wabo ubudlelwane entsha ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle kokujonga elidlulileyo asebukhosini.

isekela Chicherina

Ngemihla Ekuqaleni bokuphathisana yiSoviet kwi amanani alo aye embalwa kuqhume ezifana Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Mbuso, laso, indoda ulwazi ngokubanzi - kwaba ye'Bolshevik 'endala' yaye ukuzithemba enkulu zobunkokeli lizwe. Ayimangalisi into yokuba ngowe-1921 wamiselwa uSekela Abantu Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

Litvinov waba neentlobano ezinzima Chicherin wakhe kunathi. Bobabini baba ngamalungu Politburo kunye neentlanganiso ubunkokheli phezulu yiSoviet ngokufuthi wagxeka nezigqibo omnye komnye. Wonke umsebenzi wabhala amanqaku ibala banganyelisi kwi imbangi yakhe.

Ukunakanwa malunga nokuvumeleka ngokusemthethweni eSoviet Union

Ngowe-1922, amazwe Western, kunye ne-RSFSR yabamba iNkomfa Genoa, apho waqalisa inkqubo ingqalelo kunye nokuhlanganiswa urhulumente waseSoviet kwipolitiki ngamazwe. Enye amalungu abathunywa eMoscow waba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. biography emfutshane yale ndoda ngumzekelo imodeli eSoviet ixesha laso 20-30th.

Emva kokuba inkomfa e Genoa isekela commissar wenza usihlalo zeKomfa eMoscow ku ukuphucwa emva kokuqala kwehlabathi, leyo ebimelwe lwamazwe angabamelwane - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia kunye Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov kulo mba, ukongeza, waqalisa ukusebenza kwi League of Nations. Xa yiSoviet Union ekugqibeleni obonwa yi wamazwe ngamazwe, Litvinov, kwicala eSoviet baqalisa ukuba akhokele International Commission on kwezixhobo kulo mzimba ezibalulekileyo - owandulela lo UN kaThixo.

Stalin kaThixo Commissar

Ngowe-1930 Chicherin wagxothwa isithuba nguMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphandle USSR. Le posi ekuhlala isekela lakhe Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. YaBantu Commissar Stalin era wazama ukuba balandele umgaqo-nkqubo detente kunye West. Kokuba zenzeke logama nje Stalin wagqiba ke ixesha lokuba sisondela kufutshane Hitler.

ngokwenene Stalin kwi 30 yokuqala kwakufuneka ngonozakuzaku yinzwana, Litvinov Mxim. Photo Commissar rhoqo ingena ndaba Western ngexesha uhambo lwakhe rhoqo aphesheya. Yena rhoqo waya eUnited States, efuna ingqalelo Washington ngayo malunga nokuvumeleka ngokusemthethweni eSoviet Union. Ekugqibeleni ngo-1933, enkosi kwinzame commissar kwabantu, zasekwa ubudlelwane esemthethweni eSoviet-American.

Umbhali nentatheli

Yintoni enye into ayenzayo njengentloko zokubonisana Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Iincwadi Abantu Commissar kwi eninzi lokubhalwa kwi 30, bathi ukuba i Njengomhlaziyi onamava. Yena waba yimbangi iiphamflethi eziliqela kunye namanqaku.

Litvinov wabhala nje yena, kodwa eligunyazisiweyo ukupapashwa ethile ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Ngowe-1931, xa yaseJapan ehlasela China, yaBantu Commissar "wayekholelwa" kwi "Iindaba" umbongo anti-militarist Demian amahlwempu. Eli phulo zange singafani Stalin, ngubani ebengekamazi ukuba ayinonophele njani ithuba imeko ekuyiyo ngoku kwiMpuma Ekude. Emva kwesi siganeko, i Politburo wabalahla isigqibo, owathatha ngabom Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Works wasayina igama lakhe emva kokuba isehlo, iye yapapashwa kuphela emva kokuba ngokuphathelele ngokoluvo yinkokeli.

golide

It kuyeza imfazwe, kwaye okwangoku, Stalin abaqalise ukucoca kuninzi inkokheli ephezulu karhulumente. Phantse zonke izithunywa yesizwe mhlawumbe babanjwa baza babulawa. Litvinov nethamsanqa - wasinda, walahlekelwa kuphela post yakhe. Ngowe-1939 waba ukungavisisani Vyacheslav Molotov - uMongameli kaRhulumente, yaye isandla sokunene Stalin kaThixo. Xa yokugqibela wayindulula Litvinov, indawo yakhe Molotov, ngubani kungekudala utyikitye isivumelwano non-ndlongo kunye Germany yamaNazi.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, njengoko inxusa eUnited States Cuba waba Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. YaBantu Commissariat kunye nezifundiswa zayo basebenzisana kunye US xa ejoyina imfazwe nxamnye eJamani. Abanye abaphandi ziye zaphawula ukuba yaqala yongquzulwano ngezixhobo lukaHitler, Litvinov usisindisile ukubanjwa nokubulawa. I NKVD nokwenza into yakhe, kodwa ayiyi kwaziswa esiphelweni.

Litvinov navalo

Ukuba into yokwenza nangoloyikiso kaStalin ngokwayo Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich kubekho? "Family" ye iiBolsheviks ukwahlula kwi 20, kwaye Commissar elizayo ngoko inkxaso Stalin, yaye ngaloo ndlela wakwazi kukhwela ileli corporate.

Kwaye, umzekelo, xa 1934 Stalin lakuphelisa kwakhululwa lizwe weza evela UK Isazinzulu Petra Kapitsu, ukuba Litvinov wabhala iincwadi eziya Cambridge, ethethelela isisombululo sayo solawulo. Abantu Commissar yaba lifa rhoqo ukuthanda inkokeli, ngokungqinelana ne endaweni yabo negunya.

Ngonozakuzaku wayeka umsebenzi ngowe-1946, xa sachithwa. Ndandihlala eMoscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, amabhaso ezibandakanya i-Order of uLenin Order of the Red Banner lezaBasebenzi, yaba ixabiso Union umhlala-phantsi. Wafa ngoDisemba 31, 1951 ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo.