Ithala le-US Congress: ifa lemveli yoluntu

Ukususela kwixesha apho i-intanethi ingene ebomini bethu kwaye ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile kuyo, iilayibrari ezijikeleze ihlabathi ziye zafumana ukukhanya okucacileyo kwabafundi. Emva koko, kutheni uye elayibrari, ukuba iwebhu yonxibelelwano yonxibelelwano inokufikelela kuyo nayiphi na ingcaciso. Nangona kunjalo, eli bango linokuba ngumngeni xa umntu ecinga ukuba ininzi ininzi yemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, ukuphathwa kwenzululwazi kunye nezinye izinto ezingabonakali. Zininzi izinto ezinqabileyo ezingabonakaliyo zifumaneke kwi-intanethi. Kanye ngokuthintela imibhalo yesandla yamandulo okanye iqabunga nge-yellowed filings yamaphephandaba enkulungwane ngaphambi kokugqibela. Kwaye oku nje kumfundi olula! Iilayibrari ezinkulu kakhulu ezinemali enkulu ziyaziwa. Kuba izazinzulu, abalobi, ezopolitiko nabanye abaninzi, abaxhomekekanga. Enye yezinto zokubaluleka ezibalulekileyo zolwazi lwehlabathi yilayibrari ye-US Congress.

Imbali yendalo kunye nophuhliso

Yayisungulwa nguMongameli waseMerika uJohn Adams ngo-Ephreli 24, ngo-1800, xa wayefudula inkulu ye-United States esuka ePhiladelphia waya eWashington. Kwakhona wabela ama-dollar ayi-5 ukuya kuthenga iincwadi kwiimfuno zeCongress kunye nokudala igumbi elikhethekileyo lokugcina. Kukho ithala leencwadi kwiCapitol. Inokusetyenziswa kuphela ngumongameli, i-vice-president, kunye namalungu e-Senate yase-US kunye neCongress. Yingakho ibizwa igama elithi "iThalayibhile yeCongress".

Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa kuyo yintloko yentloko elandelayo, u-Thomas Jefferson, owayengumabiliophile okhuselekileyo. Wanikela ilayibrari inendima ebalulekileyo, yazalisekisa ngokusisiseko isiseko sayo. Ngexesha lemfazwe phakathi kweNgilani kunye neMelika ngo-1812-1814, iWashington yahlutha kakhulu emlilweni, iCapitol yatshiswa emhlabeni. UJames Madison, owayengumongameli ngaleso sikhathi, wabuyisela ilayibrari waza wathenga eJefferson malunga neesithandathu eziliwaka neencwadi zesiqingatha. Ilayibrari ye-American Congress yasinda ngomlilo ngo-1851, ngelixa ilahlekelwa ngaphezu kwehafu yengxowa yayo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu e-XIX leminyaka, ukufikelela kwavulelwa kubafundisi, amalungu eNkundla Ephakamileyo, izazi zesayensi, abalobi kunye neendaba. Umyalelo obalulekileyo wamukelwa ngowe-1870 yiloo ntloko yelayibrari, i-Einsworth Random Spofford, ukuba ikopi enye yempapasho kawonkewonke eya eUnited States imele ifakwe ku-BC. Inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuhlelwa kweencwadi yaqulunqwa yinkokheli elandelayo, uHerbert Patnem. Ilayibrari yamathala eencwadi ngokwemiqulu engama-81 kunye namaphephancwadi (ikakhulukazi kwimbali yaseRussia) ngumthengisi waseRussia -bibliophile uYudin Gennady Vasilyevich ngo-1907 wathengwa kwaye wathunyelwa kwingxowa-mali. Indawo apho iqoqo elikhulu kwiincwadi zaseRashiya ngaphandle kweRashiya yiThala leNkcazo. ILayibrari yeSizwe yafumana isikhundla sayo ngo-1930.

Ilifa labo bonke uluntu

Imali yokuqala ye-BC yayiqulethe kuphela iincwadi ezingama-740 kunye neemephu ezintathu zeendawo. Kule minyaka, nangona imililo, ingxowa-mali ikhule kakhulu, kwaye ukuhlawula ilayibrari ye-US Congress iyona inkulu kwihlabathi. Namhlanje kugcina izigidi ezili-150 kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuba ulinganisa ubude bee-bookshelves, uza kufumana ngaphezu kwe-1000 km. Ilayibrari yeNgqungquthela inikeza izixhobo ngeelwimi ezingama-470. Iincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30, ngaphezulu kwemibhalo yesandla yezigidi ezingama-60, ngaphezu kwamaphephandaba angama-miliyoni kwiminyaka engama-300 edlulileyo, malunga neemephu zeemitha ezihlanu nezigidi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezipapashiweyo zorhulumente wase-US, ukuqokelela ithala leencwadi kubandakanya izigidi zeefoto, iifilimu kunye nokurekhoda. Unyaka ngamnye le ngxowa izaliswa yiiyunithi eziyi-1 million.

Ithempeli loLwazi kwiNumeri

Okwangoku, ukufikelela kwilayibrari yeCongress kunokufumana umntu onomdla kwiminyaka eyi-16. Enyanisweni, akusiyo yonke into efumaneka ngokukhululekile, ezinye zihlelwa. Ngeempahla, unokusebenza kuphela kumagumbi okufunda, kukho i-20 kubo, kunye no-1460 wokufunda. Abasebenzi abangama-3 500 basebenza apho. Okwangoku, ukusebenza kwi-digitization ye-fund yekhrayibrari ayenzwanga ngokusemthethweni, kuba ixesha liqhutywa kuphela ngo-10% kuphela. Ngokutsho kwedatha yokuqala, i-volume epheleleyo ye-BK kwifom ye-digital iya kuba malunga ne-20 TB.

Kubonakala

Ngoku iThala leCongress (ifakile iqhotyoshelweyo) itholakala kwizakhiwo ezintathu eziseKapitol Hill, phakathi kwabo zidibanisa ukuguqulwa komhlaba kunye neepositori. Isakhiwo esidala kunye nesisiseko, esabizwa nguTomas Jefferson, sakhiwe ngo-1890 njengommeli oqaqambileyo wokwakhiwa "kwekhulu leminyaka". Ngomnyaka we-1939, isakhiwo esikhulu sakhiwa nguJohn Adams. Isalathiso salo sineengcango zebhedu kunye noothixo beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi eziboniswa kubo. Isakhiwo sesithathu savula iingcango zayo kubafundi kuma-70s ekhulwini lokugqibela kwaye sisikhumbuzo komnye umongameli wase-US - uJames Madison. Kule ngxenye ye-BC yindawo yokudlala yaseMary Pickford, ebonisa rhoqo imifanekiso yefilimu kunye nomabonakude kwiiqokelela zeelayibrari. I-Packard Campus - indawo ebizwa ngokuba yimbonakalo kunye nokugcinwa kwezwi, evuliwe ngo-2007 kwaye iyona isakhiwo esitsha, siseCulpeper, eVirginia. Isakhiwo sakhiwa kwakhona kwi-former boxer, kwaye igama layo livela egameni likaDavid Woodley Packard, intloko ye-Humanities Institute, eyayilungisa i-campus. Enye yeenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo zenkxalabo yi-cinema, eyenziwe kwisitayela se-Art Deco.

Ofisi ye-Copyright

IThala leNgcaciso yeCongress iyingqayizivele kuba ibhalise i-copyright iminyaka eyi-130. Le yilayibrari yesizwe yodwa ehlabathini, efunyenwe ekufakeni, ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoko izisa ingeniso kwaye igalelo ekuzaliseni imali ngokutsha kweefayili ezintsha. I-Ofisi ye-Copyright ayibhalisi imisebenzi kuphela yabalobi baseMerika, ezi nkonzo zingasetyenziswa ngabemi bezinye iindawo. Ungakwazi ukubhalisa ngokupheleleyo nawuphi na umsebenzi, umzekelo wombhalo, umculo, imisebenzi yezobugcisa, imidwebo, iimephu, izinto zokuthengisa, imidlalo kunye neenkqubo ezininzi, kunye nokunye okuninzi. Ungasebenzisa iinkonzo zeBhunga kwi-intanethi, ukuzalisa isicelo kwifomu yekhompyutha kunye nokwenza imali efunekayo kwi-akhawunti.