Ngokusemthethweni - kuba ... Imbali kunye nenkcubeko ngokusemthethweni. Normans State

Ngokusemthethweni - yenye amagama abantu wasentla. Ngoko ke abemi Central kunye Southern Europe kwi VIII-XI eminyaka ngokuba ngamatutu okulwa bungwanyalala, ngomkhombe kumazwe abandayo. Kuphangwa zaye ngezigaba rhoqo zaye similise emkhosini, yaye ngenxa yoko imephu eYurophu ezizotywe ngokutsha.

izithethantonye ezininzi

It shwaka ebusweni bomhlaba ubukhosi enkulukazi Franks, ummeli ezisekiweyo ubukhosi Carolingian, uCharlemagne. Kuye ahlasela eNgilani. BaseSpeyin, kweli lizwe nto leyo babehamba nezihange, bezibiza ngokuba izilwanyana zobuhedeni - madhausami ngokutyala egameni bonke ububi phambi kwabo. I-British askemanami wababiza, okt ukukhwela inqanawe wentaba eyomeleleyo. In Russia yamandulo ukuba babebizwa Vikings. Kananjalo eyaziwa phantsi kwegama "Viking" (ukuba kamva wabonisa ukuba igama elithi "Viking" Norsemen ababezibiza uhambo elwandle). Sinokuthi ngokusemthethweni - sayo soyise njengoko Franks uthe imbongi, "namagorha anxile." Ngenxa ukungafihlisi, ngaphandle koloyiko, amajoni ajike bagqogqa kuzo zisoloko zaba yimpumelelo, kodwa eyahlukileyo inkohlakalo. Udumo kubo wazolula kude - boyika bonke abalawuli yaseYurophu, kodwa ndandifuna ukuba enkonzweni yakhe.

Warriors kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana

Ngokusemthethweni imfazwe azalwe. Hayi nje uhlobo ngqwabalala kunye neemeko zobomi kunxweme beelwandle esemantla yenza kubo. Inkolo kunye nemithetho yelizwe, enyanisweni, i zobumfazwe. Xa kokufa abonwabileyo, apho baya kusoloko kwalunga Valkyries wavuka kuphela amajoni ngokwakhe emfazweni. Nkqu ababuleweyo kunye nejoni ofayo akakwazi ukushiya edabini kwaye kwafuneka ukuba kubulawe iintshaba kuwo umoya wokugqibela. Kwaye ke emva kwakhe yena kwedin ngokwakhe (isithixo ephakamileyo), wabuyisa kwilizwe enisinike wasezulwini Volholl for lempilo engunaphakade. Ngokusemthethweni - bona abantu abangamaziyo akukho inceba iintshaba, okanye kuye. imithetho yabo wambetha inkohlakalo. Omnye kubo abantwana ababuthathaka abadala kunye nabakhubazekileyo (nkqu ezinxaxhileyo minor) babulawa. Norms yobomi babo bavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.

Izizathu kuphangwa

uhlobo Idla, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba ukukhula ukutya ngokwaneleyo, kunyanzeleke ukuba ukuphathwa kakubi izalamane, limisela imfuneko behlasela kummandla ekufutshane otyebileyo kunye nezityebi, ezibe apha ngasezantsi kunye empuma nasentshona. Musa eya boyisa kunye nemimandla ezingaphiliyo emantla, ke ngenkuthalo ezinikezelwa elimiweyo kubo, ukwakha apho kuyo. umhlaba Rich ibekwe phesheya kolwandle, kunye nezithuba amanzi intsimbi Normans ikhaya yesibini. Baba iinqanawa ezintle, oluzinzileyo ixesha elide. Warriors baye bengababheqi, ukuba ngokupheleleyo Musani ukuboyika elwandle wadada ukuya kude kwelizwe. Kudala phambi Columbus wafumanisa Melika, bona, ke, North.

Isiyalo mncane

Ngokusemthethweni - kuba omkhulu kakhulu, nezinto ezamhlelayo ngokugqibeleleyo sinqanawa sibheqwayo apho kunye ngomkhombe, umoya yaye ngokuchaseneyo nayo. amadoda abalaseleyo yaye akazange ukumoyika oovulindlela, ukoyika leyo ifikelela iikona ezisemaphandleni Europe ziye engqongwe amavo. Amadoda zezona ngcali zinetalente, nesibindi labanobungqwangangqwili baba barsekami bakholwayo abadla. Baba gidi. Loo mkhosi waphawula ingqeqesho engqongqo, ngaphantsi ngokungagungqiyo amajoni elikwisikhundla esiphezulu abaphathi, kwakukho ikhowudi uzuko. Yokuba lukhuni kweentliziyo ekufikeleleni kule njongo kunye uzibambile, ngokunganikezeli ukuqalisa ngokupheleleyo. Umlinganiswa waba 'Nordic, ezinzileyo. " Okona kubalulekileyo, baye le njongo - ukudala imeko yabo esisityebi, yaye zonke iindlela ukuba kulungile. Kodwa zitshintshe ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Qala ukwanda ebanzi

Imbali ngokusemthethweni (kwaye zibhalwa khona) busuka emva kwiminyaka 789. Ngu kunxweme eNgilani, zifike iinqanawa ezintathu apho Danes avela Harland, ngabalawulwa yokumkani Beotrika. Kodwa emva kokuba yokubhuqwa isigodlo Lindisfarne Island, ilandelwe emi-4 neli wafumana eninzi emphakathini, a kuphangwa ezimbalwa kwenziwa phambi kokuphela kwenkulungwane. Ngoko ke iminyaka engama-40 kuzolile. Kodwa ngomnyaka 835, kunye ukutshatyalaliswa Sheppee - siqithi British kufuphi nonxweme Kent, konke oko yaqala. Kulandele ungenelelo yonyaka ezigqugqisileyo ngokusemthethweni ukuya kunxweme kumazwe ezikufuphi aseYurophu. Kwezinye maphulo British Islands Vikings kwenziwa ikakhulu entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni, ubusika.

Iinjongo zifezekisiwe

I-Anglo-amaSaxons wazibiza nabahedeni, okanye abantu emantla. Igama "uNorman" wabanika Franks. I-855-856 kaThixo umkhosi omkhulu eeNtlanga afike kwimpuma England ngonaphakade. Kodwa oyisa ngokupheleleyo iNgilani elisecaleni iNkosana eNormandy (yommandla osemantla France), uWilliam, ngubani iyaziwa imbali koloyiso kuphela ngo1066. Oko kukuthi, kuqala ngokusemthethweni ahlasela kumantla eFransi, nkqu eParis, elasekwa kwintsimi luwela ngaphantsi izithonga zabo amakhosi wakhe Empire State, yaye ukusuka apho wahlasela eNgilani. Imbali ngokusemthethweni kunye Ukuvuma itrone IsiNgesi naseSisili ngokubanzi, uyaphela. Kwaye babizwa ngoko sele ngokusemthethweni. Kuphangwa engaphezu, kuba amajoni zaba balimi. Ngoku ilizwe ngokwaneleyo echumayo, nokuqinisekisa impilo engcono kunokuba ngaphandle kokubhenela ezingalweni.

wazalelwa ukuba uwine

Norman ukoyisa kwandiswa phezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Ngenxa yoko, yoyiswa ngenkulungwane IX of Ireland Scotland. iinzame Ukusoloko ukoyisa eNgilani kwakhokelela ekubeni kwi IX-X iinkulungwane, ngokusemthethweni ukuba ahlala kwiindawo ezisemantla, empuma eyintloko yelizwe. Wabiza lamaFilisti Danelare ( «Area umthetho Danish").

Benza behlasela kwi owawukuDonga - ummandla oselunxwemeni phakathi namhlanje Denmark kunye Netherlands. Norman ukoyisa waphuma kungekuphela eSpeyin kunye Portugal. Ngo-859, iqela elikhulu eliquka weenqanawa ngaphezu kwama-60, igcwele zizele kudliwe, eSpeyin, weza elunxwemeni North Afrika. Nge 844 iminyaka behlasela eSpeyin baba rhoqo, ngexesha, baze bakwazi ukufaka Seville.

Baye ukungena nakweyiphi na ingingqi

Ngexesha onke amaphulo Normans, Vikings liziqhelanise kakuhle kakhulu okusingqongileyo kunye ihlanganiswe kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Emazantsi eItali, bangena ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XI, yaye 1071 zonke zaba phantsi kolawulo ngokusemthethweni.

A indima ebaluleke kakhulu waya Vikings kwi leeMfazwe. Ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ekudalweni zobukumkani waseYerusalem. Kwi imilambo Volkhov, Lovat ', Dnieper kunye iVolga Normans, Vikings ifikelele yeBlack Sea, waya kunxweme yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Ezinye zazo ababandakanyekayo kurhwebo, phezu iVolga River kunye noLwandle lweCaspian, waya Baghdad. Hayi nje sifudumeza umhlaba umdla ngokusemthethweni. Yayingeyiyo Viking Erik Ryzhy ngo-985, waseka ithanga eGreenland, leyo, phezu kwazo nje iimeko ezinzima kakhulu kwimozulu kunye zokuphila ezinzima, lweminyaka 400. Inkokeli odumileyo abahla- azinikele Saga, apho kuthiwa ukuba omnye woonyana Erik the Red emhlabeni nyaka-1000, watyelela North America.

Kuphangwa - asikokuphela ngokwakho

Kuba Vikings, ingakumbi X-XI iinkulungwane, kuphangwa baba asikokuphela ngokwalo. Kwiindawo ezininzi kokuba besihlawule, uyila urhulumente, indawo ye-koloni. Icandelo kuhlala eScotland, inxalenye nelasezantsi Italy. Urhulumente wadalwa ngokusemthethweni esasiseSisili, eFransi, eNgilani. Kwafa japan kwaphunyelelwa capture ngqo lizwe kunye ukubhukuqwa kumkani ezisemthethweni, njengoko eNgilani. Abendlu ka-ukumkani wokugqibela i Anglo-amaSaxons boyiswa Godwinson Harold e Hastings. Winner esihlalweni sobukhosi ukuya koloyiso lukaWilliam. Okwilizwe Aversa kwafika imeko yokuqala Normans emazantsi eItali. Ilandelwe yi Melfi kunye Salerno, eCalabria, Puglia nelase. Kamva, zonke ezi zinkampani zadityaniswa ubukumkani Sicilia. Njengoko umthetho, kuqala Vikings wangena inkonzo yezikhulu zasekuhlaleni, yaye emva koko wabhukuqa kubo.

Ukuvela eNormandy

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngokusemthethweni yaba yingqondi zolawulo. Abazitshabalalisa isakhiwo amandla elidlulileyo, ukuthatha konke okuhle evela ephunyelelweyo. Vikings yagubha i amangalisayo aziqhelanise sele kwasekwa amaziko zomthetho kunye nenkcubeko iimfuno zabo. Ayewahlonela izithethe kunye nempumelelo ezizwe oyiswe. Isimo ngokusemthethweni eFransi ekuthiwa eNormandy waqala umsebenzi kula mazwe kwinkulungwane IX yi-Vikings Norwegian kunye Danish. I ukuphatha Hrolf abahambi ngeenyawo, ogama njalo ngenxa yokuba akukho ihashe nako ukuthwala umzimba wakhe omkhulu kubo, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ahambe ngeenyawo. Ngokusemthethweni ngenkani uCharles III Simple loo mhlaba kwi umlomo Seine nempahla yabo. Hrolf walivuma ingumbuso kaCharles, wathatha intombi yakhe, waza wathabatha igama yobuKristu Rollo. Ngokusemthethweni, owafika naye, yaye ubuKristu ngokuzithandela wamkela ugalelwe kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni. Ukuthatha ilungileyo feudal eFransi, ngokusemthethweni akha isakhiwo elungileyo kwamandla karhulumente eNormandy kwaye eNgilani eSisili.

Ukuthandwa savuka

Igama elithi "uNorman" yinto elula. It Uguqulela ngokoqobo ukusuka kubaphangi northman - «umntu esemantla". Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, aba bantu ababehlala eScandinavia, ndizuze udumo ngenxa yokwanda kakhulu kwi VIII-XI eminyaka. Normans idibanisa amajoni, Noomateloshe, abarhwebi, abahloli kunye nabahambi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abaninzi baba izithethe zabo, inkolo, uncwadi. UNorman inkcubeko nesebe inkcubeko zesiJamani. Okuvelayo amaphulo emininzi zaye kudluliswe ngomlomo emlonyeni, Saga elide. Imbeko okhethekileyo iimbongi, ebizwa yothula. Religion Vikings, ubanjisiwe zeemposiso awawanikela kuthi ga namhlanje amagama oothixo babahedeni - engundoqo isithixo kwedin no-12 - Aqui, Loki, Braga, Heymndall kunye nabanye. Kwakukho 4 ka-tempile wothixokazi - Frigg, freya, Idun, Sif. Neentsomi kwabunjwa ukususela kwinkulungwane V kwaye phambi kokwamkelwa ubuKristu. Ibhalwe vesi, "uMdal Edda" kunye iprozi "Edda" - eyona mithombo iphambili kwiintsomi kubaphangi. Ngokubanzi mmandla, apho ngokusemthethweni okanye wabaleka indlela yabo tshe alondolozwe, iimpawu nemixawuka neRunic amaxesha zethu, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana izacholo kunye abaye. Yonke into ekhathaza Normans, yabangela namhlanje pop inkcubeko enamandla - ngamakhulu ivideo imidlalo, iikhathuni, iinoveli ethandwayo.

elinye igama

Abahlala yaseScandinavia waba ezininzi amagama kwilizwe ngalinye ukuba nabizelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo - eRashiya babenikwa igama "Vikings". Ngokusemthethweni, owafika eRashiya emntla, zaye abaqeshwe kwinkonzo iinkosana Russian, ngubani ngokuzithandela lweenkobe kubo, njengoko bona emithanjeni zabo owehla igazi Rurik, yasekwa kwinkulungwane IX ubulawuli Novgorod. Waba ngunozala yentsapho njengenkosana, owathi kamva waba ubukhosi yokuqala Russian yasebukhosini. Ngokusemthethweni eRashiya ubusoloko eziqulathwe anamandla, gorhandini gidi. Ngoko ke, lo wempi wanikwa igama "Varyag" kunye namazwi ale ngoma, bedumisa inkalipho nokunyaniseka iLizwe loobawo, yaziwa ukuba abaninzi ngoku.